ABSTRACT The tropical forest is extremely exploited and fragmented, making it essential to collect native seeds to meet the growing demand for its restoration and maintenance of biodiversity. Thus, the objective is to select potential forest fragments with a higher degree of conservation for seed harvesting, through the use and association of landscape ecology with fuzzy logic. The study was carried out in the watershed of the Itapemirim river. The stages of selection and photointerpretation of the images were carried out; error determination; application of landscape ecology metric indices; application of fuzzy logic in a computational application and validation of the methodology in loco. 7,515 forest fragments were determined, corresponding to 19.21% of the study area, with 89.53% of hits. Fragments smaller than 5 ha are the most fragile and are at risk of extinction, while those larger than 300 ha have a lower risk of extinction, even with the increase in the edge. With the application of fuzzy logic, the mean was between 0.15, standard deviation of 0.24 and the coefficient of variation at 161.73%. Scenario 1 (FLONA of Pacotuba), has 10.25% of families, 25.92% of genera and 33.62% of species more than Scenario 2 (PEAMA Ifes Campus of Alegre), among the identified individuals. The association of landscape ecology techniques and fuzzy logic made it possible to identify fragments with a higher degree of conservation, with potential for harvesting forest seeds.

RESUMO A floresta tropical é extremamente explorada e fragmentada, sendo imprescindível a coleta de sementes nativas, a fim de atender a crescente demanda para sua restauração e manutenção da biodiversidade. Dessa forma, objetiva-se selecionar fragmentos florestais potenciais com maior grau de conservação para a colheita de sementes, via utilização e associação da ecologia da paisagem à lógica Fuzzy. O estudo foi realizado na bacia hidrográfica do rio Itapemirim. Foram realizadas as etapas de seleção e fotointerpretação das imagens; determinação do erro; aplicação dos índices métricos de ecologia da paisagem; aplicação da lógica Fuzzy em aplicativo computacional e validação da metodologia in loco. Foram determinados 7.515 fragmentos florestais, correspondendo a 19,21% da área de estudo, com 89,53% de acertos. Os fragmentos menores que 5 ha são os mais frágeis e possuem risco de extinção, enquanto os maiores que 300 ha possuem menor risco de extinção, mesmo com o aumento da borda. Com a aplicação da lógica Fuzzy, a média ficou entre 0,15, desvio padrão de 0,24 e o coeficiente de variação em 161,73 %. O Cenário 1 (FLONA de Pacotuba) possui 10,25% de famílias, 25,92 % de gêneros e 33,62% de espécies a mais que o Cenário 2 (PEAMA Ifes Campus de Alegre), entre os indivíduos identificados. A associação das técnicas de ecologia da paisagem e lógica Fuzzy possibilitou identificar os fragmentos em maior grau de conservação, com potencial para colheita de sementes florestais.

ABSTRACT Forest fires have affected large areas in different regions of the planet. The emission of gases during these accidents is the cause of several problems to the health of the combatants and the population in general. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze and quantify polluting gases and particulate materials emitted during the occurrence of forest fires in different types of biomass and the correlation with the possible health problems of the brigadiers. For this purpose, fires in eucalyptus, pine, teak and pasture biomass were simulated in an experimental table in the south of the state of Espírito Santo. With a portable gas detector, CH4, CO, CO2, NH3 and H2S gases released during the combustion process were captured and analyzed. Using the remaining ash, the size of the particulate materials was measured. To determine the influence of materials on the release of gases, a completely randomized design and the Tukey test at 5% probability were applied. The burning of pasture biomass resulted in a greater release of CO (796.52 ppm), CO2 (490.52 ppm) NH3 (32.58 ppm). Therefore, it is concluded that the particulate materials emitted by the treatments of the present study were larger than those indicated as inhalable by humans, in relation to the damage to human health, it is concluded that the burning of pasture and eucalyptus biomass are the most harmful. The results elucidated the importance of the use of PPE's by the combatants and all those directly involved with forest fires.

RESUMO Os incêndios florestais têm afetado grandes áreas em diversas regiões do planeta. A emissão de gases durante esses sinistros se configura como a causa de diversos problemas à saúde dos combatentes e da população em geral. Assim, objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, a análise e quantificação dos gases poluentes e dos materiais particulados emitidos durante a ocorrência de incêndios florestais em diferentes tipos de biomassa e a correlação com os possíveis problemas à saúde dos brigadistas. Para tal, foram simulados incêndios em biomassa de eucalipto, pinus, teca e pastagem, em uma mesa experimental no Sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Com um detector de gases portátil, foram captados e analisados os gases CH4, CO, CO2, NH3 e H2S liberados durante o processo de combustão. Com o uso das cinzas remanescentes, mensurou-se o tamanho dos materiais particulados. Para a determinação da influência dos materiais na liberação dos gases, foram aplicados o delineamento inteiramente casualizado e o teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A queima da biomassa de pastagem resultou na maior liberação de CO (796,52 ppm), CO2 (490,52 ppm) NH3 (32,58 ppm). Portanto conclui-se que, os materiais particulados emitidos pelos tratamentos do presente estudo apresentaram tamanhos superiores aos indicados como inaláveis pelos seres humanos, em relação aos danos à saúde humana, a queima da biomassa de pastagem e de eucalipto são as mais nocivas. Os resultados elucidaram a importância dos EPI’s para os combatentes e todos os envolvidos de diretamente com os incêndios florestais.

Abstract Geoprocessing techniques are generally applied in natural disaster risk management due to their ability to integrate and visualize different sets of geographic data. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of classification and regression tree (CART) to assess fire risk. MCD45A1 product of the burnt area, relative to a 16-year period (2000-2015) was used to obtain a fire occurrence map, from center points of the raster, using a kernel density approach. The resulting map was then used as a response variable for CART analysis with fire influence variables used as predictors. A total of 12 predictors were determined from several databases, including environmental, physical, and socioeconomic aspects. Rules generated by the regression process allowed to of define different risk levels, expressed in 35 management units, and used to produce a fire prediction map. Results of the regression process (r = 0.94 and r² = 0.88) demonstrate the capability of the CART algorithm in highlighting hierarchical relationships among predictors, while the model’s easy interpretability provides a solid basis for decision making. This methodology can be expanded in other environmental risk analysis studies and applied to any area of the globe on a regional scale.

Abstract Decision making and environmental policies are mainly based on propensity level to impact in the area. The propensity level can be determined through artificial intelligence techniques included in geotechnological universe. Thus, this study aimed to determine the areas of greatest vulnerability to human activities, in Amazon biome, through MODIS images of Land use and land cover (LULC) from the 2001 and 2013. Remote sensing, Euclidean distance, Fuzzy logic, AHP method and analysis of net variations were applied to specialize the classes of vulnerability in the states belonging to the Amazon Biome. From the results, it can be seen that the class that most evolved in a positive net gain during the evaluated period was “very high” and the one that most reduced was “high”, showing that there was a transition from “high” to “very high” risk areas. The states with the largest areas under “very high” risk class were Mato Grosso (101,100.10 km2) and Pará (81,010.30 km2). It is concluded that the application of remote sensing techniques allows the determination and assessment of the environmental vulnerability evolution. Mitigation measures urgently need to be implemented in the Amazon biome. The methodology can be extended to any other area of the planet.

Resumo Os incêndios florestais são considerados um dos maiores problemas ambientais em todo o mundo, comprometendo seriamente o desenvolvimento sustentável. No setor público, a prevenção e combate aos incêndios florestais tornaram-se um desafio para os gestores, que precisam lidar, entre outras questões, com a falta de recursos e de políticas públicas orientadas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi contabilizar os gastos operacionais dos veículos e aeronaves do setor público empregados no combate a um incêndio florestal de grande proporção na Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, estado do Espírito Santo, utilizando dados ex post facto na elaboração de equações matemáticas. Os resultados dizem respeito aos gastos com combustíveis, manutenções e seguros, não sendo possível contabilizar os dispêndios com pneus, lubrificantes e graxas, por falta de dados oficiais. Nos resultados, constatou-se o emprego de 36 veículos leves e 27 pesados e 3 aeronaves de origem militar, além da locação de 19 veículos de apoio. Concluiu-se que o maior gasto foi de instituições estaduais, representando 72% do total dos custos com manutenções das aeronaves e 50% do gasto total de combustível, incluindo querosene de aviação. Em média diária, foram queimados cerca de 180 hectares nos limites do entorno da Reserva, demandando um desembolso financeiro operacional médio diário de R$17.595,23 e mais R$64.264,47 de depreciação mensal dos equipamentos. Constatou-se, ainda, que esses gastos só não foram maiores em razão das significativas contribuições de empresas privadas.

Abstract Forest fires are considered one of the biggest environmental issues in the world as they seriously affect the sustainable development. In the public sector, prevention and fight of forest fires has become a challenge for the managers who need to deal, among other issues, with the lack of resources and targeted public policies. The objective of this work was to calculate the operational expenses of vehicles and aircraft of the public sector used in the fight against a large forest fire in the Sooretama Biological Reserve, state of Espírito Santo, using ex post facto data, in the preparation of mathematical equations. The results refer to fuel, maintenance and insurance expenses. Also, it is not possible to calculate expenses with tires, lubricants and greases due to lack of official data. The results showed the use of 36 light vehicles, 27 heavy vehicles and three military aircrafts, in addition to the rental of 19 supporting vehicles. It was concluded that the largest expenditure was from State institutions that accounted for 72% of total costs with aircraft maintenance and 50% of total expenditure with jet fuel (kerosene). On a daily average, around 180 hectares were burned in the limits and surroundings of the Reserve, which required an average daily operating expense of R$ 17,595.23 and a monthly depreciation of R$ 64,264.47. It was also found that these expenses were not higher due to the significant contributions of private companies.

Abstract Fire risk mapping is a basic planning and protection element. This study presents the application of fuzzy logic in a geographic information system (GIS) as an alternative multi-criteria analysis for determining the areas of highest risk of forest fire in natural forest remnants in the Brazil. In the decision-making process, a set of factors that are relevant to fire safety were identified in the study area. For each input variable chosen for the model, a pertinence function was defined that best described its influence on fire risk. Subsequently, the variables were combined for the presentation of the final fire risk map. Concluded in the study that an increased risk of fire occurs at the wildland - urban interface. A strong relationship was observed between the fire ignition points and proximity to roads and urban areas. The proposed model was efficient to integrate the variables and determine areas of greatest risk.

Resumo A quantidade e intensidade dos incêndios florestais têm sido destaque mediante as perdas e os impactos sociais, ambientais e econômicos. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar o perfil dos incêndios assim como suas causas e correlacionar a influência dos elementos meteorológicos sob as ocorrências de incêndios em florestas de produção para direcionar o uso de recursos em técnicas e medidas de prevenção, além de estruturas de combate aos incêndios florestais. O estudo teve como subsídio o banco de dados da série histórica de 10 anos de registro de ocorrência de incêndios e de variáveis meteorológicas oriundas de 45 estações meteorológicas de uma empresa produtora de eucalipto para celulose, no período de 2008 a 2017. De acordo com os resultados, 91,40% das 32.561 ocorrências ao longo dos 10 anos foram originadas por incendiários. Além disso, justificado pela causa do incêndio, a quantidade de ocorrências entre os anos analisados apresentou correlações negativas moderada e baixa respectivamente, para umidade relativa e precipitação e correlação desprezível para temperatura média. A distribuição mensal dos incêndios destacou-se por ser uniforme ao longo do ano, uma vez que, apesar de setembro e outubro apresentarem a maior incidência das ocorrências, eles diferiram apenas de abril ao nível de 5% de probabilidade pelo teste de Tukey. Dessa forma, regiões onde a origem dos incêndios florestais é majoritariamente por ação intencional e criminosa, as ações de prevenção, monitoramento, registro de informações confiáveis e combate aos incêndios florestais devem ser planejadas contemplando todos os meses do ano.

Abstract The amount and intensity of forest fires has been highlighted by the social, environmental and economic losses and impacts. Thus, the objective of this research was to identify the profile of forest fires as well as their causes and correlate the influence of meteorological elements under the occurrences of fires in production forests to direct the use of resources in prevention techniques and measures as well as structures to combat forest fires. The research had as subsidy the database of the historical series of 10 years of record of occurrence of Fires (ROIs) and meteorological elements from 45 meteorological stations of a company producing eucalyptus for cellulose, period from 2008 to 2017. According to the results, 91.40% of the 32,561 occurrences over the 10 years were originated by arsonists. Moreover, justified by the cause of the fire, the number of occurrences between the years analyzed presented moderate and low negative correlations, respectively, for relative humidity and amount of precipitation and negligible correlation for the average temperature. The monthly distribution of fires stood out because it was uniform throughout the year, since, although September and October presented the highest incidence of occurrences, they differed only from April to the level of 5% probability by the Tukey test. In this way, regions where the origin of forest fires is largely due to intentional and criminal action, the actions of prevention and combating of forest fires should be planned contemplating every month of the year.

RESUMO Muitos estudos sobre ergonomia em operações florestais são pontuais e abordam isoladamente as variáveis ergonômicas, com cada resultado obtido em uma escala específica. Objetivou-se aprimorar um indicador ergonômico por meio de uma classificação de acordo com a urgência da intervenção ergonômica, com vistas a melhorar sua praticidade de aplicação em máquinas de colheita florestal. Esta pesquisa foi realizada em florestas plantadas de uma empresa do Sul do Brasil, a partir de avaliações ergonômicas nas máquinas feller buncher, skidder, processador florestal, harvesters e forwarder, nos turnos diurno e noturno de trabalho. Mediu-se vibração, ruído, calor, iluminância, repetitividade, posturas e ângulos de visibilidade. Os resultados das avaliações ergonômicas foram padronizados pela adaptação do método do Grau de Conformidade (V) ergonômica calculado com as normas da legislação, possuindo valor entre 0 e 1, sendo que quanto maior o valor, maior a conformidade com as efetivas normas e diretrizes. Propôs-se uma classificação do grau de urgência ergonômica em cores distintas. O skidder apresentou os piores graus de conformidade, necessitando medidas corretivas emergenciais, com destaque para vibrações (V 0,0 e 0,1), ruído (V 0,2) e visibilidade no plano lateral (V 0,0) em ambos os turnos trabalhados, em decorrência dos choques e solavancos no deslocamento da máquina e na dificuldade de visibilidade da operação, além de iluminância (V 0,6) no período noturno e o calor (V 0,8) no diurno. O processador florestal apresentou o melhor desempenho ergonômico, sem emergências, porém ressaltando cuidados com ruído (V 0,7 e 0,8) e dose diária de vibração (V 0,8 e 0,7) em ambos os turnos. A classificação por meio de uma escala de cores possibilitou melhor interpretação dos indicadores e facilidade na aplicação prática das intervenções ergonômicas corretivas.

ABSTRACT Many studies on ergonomics in forestry operations are punctual and assess ergonomic variables in isolation, with each result being obtained on a specific scale. Thus, the objective of this study was to improve an ergonomic indicator through a classification according to the urgency of the ergonomic intervention, to improve its practicality of application in forest harvesting machines. This research was carried out in planted forests of a company in Southern Brazil, and based on ergonomic evaluations of a feller buncher, a skidder, a forest processor, harvesters, and forwarder machines during the day and night shifts. Vibration, noise, heat, illumination, repeatability, postures, and visibility angles were measured. The results of the ergonomic assessments were standardized by adapting the ergonomic Degree of Compliance (V) method calculated with the legislation norms, having a value between 0 and 1, and the higher the value, the greater the compliance with effective norms and guidelines. It was proposed to classify the degree of ergonomic urgency in different colors. The skidder showed the worst degrees of compliance, requiring emergency corrective measures, with an emphasis on vibrations (V 0.0 and 0.1), noise (V 0.2) and visibility in the lateral plane (V 0.0) in both shifts worked due to shocks and bumps in the machine’s movements and visibility difficulty in the operation, in addition to illumination (V 0.6) at night and heat (V 0.8) in the daytime. The forestry processor showed the best ergonomic performance without any urgencies but emphasizing care with noise (V 0.7 and 0.8) and the daily dose of vibration (V 0.8 and 0.7) in both shifts. The classification by a color scale made it possible to better interpret the indicators and facilitate the practical application of corrective ergonomic interventions.

RESUMO A mecanização na implantação florestal exige elevada demanda por energia, tempo e altos custos operacionais e de produção. Assim, estudos relacionados à influência de variáveis sobre a eficiência dessas atividades são fundamentais, para reduzir custos e otimizar as operações. Objetivou-se, com este estudo avaliar o desempenho operacional e de custos das operações mecanizadas de implantação florestal em áreas de plantio de Eucalyptus sp. Os dados foram coletados em plantios de eucalipto localizados na região norte do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. A análise do desempenho operacional determinou a distribuição dos tempos operacionais, disponibilidade mecânica, grau de utilização, eficiência operacional e produtividade das máquinas. A análise de custos estimou os custos operacionais nas atividades de implantação florestal. As operações de plantio florestal foram: afastamento de resíduos, subsolagem, coveamento com adubação, plantio, capina química e adubação de cobertura. De acordo com os resultados, o plantio (39,20%) e o afastamento dos resíduos (15,99%) representaram os maiores tempos do ciclo operacional, os menores tempos produtivos (51,48% e 53,64%) e, por fim, os maiores tempos em manutenção (32,95% e 29%). A capina química e subsolagem, apresentaram os menores tempos em manutenção (4,64% e 3,47%). A adubação de cobertura foi a operação que apresentou maior produtividade (2,99 ha he-1) e o afastamento de resíduos a menor (0,97 ha he-1). Os maiores custos por hora efetiva (13,57 R$ he-1) e menores custos de produção (81,59 R$ ha-1) ocorreram no plantio. A subsolagem apresentou maior custo de produção (112,80 R$ ha-1). O menor custo operacional foi obtido na operação de adubação. Os custos operacionais tiveram como maiores pesos o custo de mão-de-obra, de combustível e de manutenção e reparos.

ABSTRACT Mechanization in forestry implantation demands high energy, time, and high operational and production costs. Thus, studies related to the influence of variables on the efficiency of these activities are essential to reduce costs and optimize operations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the operational and cost performance of mechanized forest implantation operations in Eucalyptus sp. Data were collected from eucalyptus plantations located in the northern region of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The analysis of operational performance determined the distribution of operating times, mechanical availability, degree of utilization, operational efficiency, and productivity of the machines. The cost analysis estimated the operating costs in forestry implantation activities. The forest planting operations were: waste removal, subsoiling, digging with fertilization, planting, chemical weeding, and covering fertilization. According to the results, planting (39.20%) and waste removal (15.99%) represented the longest operating cycle times, the shortest production times (51.48% and 53.64%), and finally the longest maintenance times (32.95% and 29%). Chemical weeding and subsoiling showed the lowest maintenance times (4.64% and 3.47%). The cover fertilization was the operation that presented the highest productivity (2.99 ha he-1), and the removal of residues had the lowest (0.97 ha he-1). The highest costs per effective hour (R$13.57 he-1) and lowest production costs (R$81.59 ha-1) occurred at planting. Subsoiling had the highest production cost (R$112.80 ha-1). The lowest operating cost was obtained in the fertilizing operation. Operating costs had the greatest weight in labor, fuel, and maintenance and repairs.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the penetration resistance (PR) of a red-yellow latosol submitted to two subsoiling depths for implanting a forest plantation. The subsoiling was evaluated at 40 cm (S-40) and 50 cm (S-50) of depth by determining the soil moisture and soil density, while soil PR was evaluated before and after subsoiling at five points transversely to the subsoiling line (furrow) up to a depth of 60 cm using an electronic penetrometer. The soil density in both treatments was not altered by soil management. Before soil preparation, the soil presented PR values above the critical limit in the 0 cm to 30 cm layers, and after subsoiling a reduction in those values was verified at depth. It can be concluded that the 50 cm (S-50) subsoiling depth is the most suitable for soil preparation in a forest stand implantation.

ABSTRACT Noise can entail irreversible damage to the health of workers exposed to this factor. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate noise levels emitted by chainsaws during forest cutting activity. Noise measurements were performed with dosimeters on the workstation and compared to NR15. The noise dose average of all activities in the operation studied exceeded the maximum allowable limit of 85 dB(A) for 8 hours of continuous work, exposing operators to noise levels that may cause health and physical damages. The most critical situation occurred on felling activity, evidencing the lack of acting in the chainsaws designs aiming to reduce noise levels. The results highlight the requirement to use PPE’s suitable for activities, such as hearing dampers, and point to the need to develop research and new equipment with less noisy sources that aim at maintaining the health of the harvesting operators.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o ambiente de trabalho em uma fábrica de produção de ferramentas. Este processo envolve as atividades de corte, orvado, viragem, forjadora, têmpera, inserção de cabos, esmeril, envernizamento e soldagem. Para avaliar o conforto térmico foi utilizado o IBUTG, para medir a velocidade do vento o anemômetro, luxímetro para avaliar a luminosidade e decibelímetro para analisar a exposição dos trabalhadores ao ruído. Os dados de IBUTG variaram em média de 20,9°C a 27,3°C. A forjadora apresentou os maiores valores de IBUTG em média durante todo o processo produtivo. Todas as atividades apresentaram velocidade do vento abaixo de 0,75 m/s, sendo aceitável para a jornada de trabalho. A iluminância, em média oscilou de 42,9 lux a 393,3 lux. As atividades de envernizamento, têmpera, forjadora e inserção de cabos apresentaram médias de iluminância abaixo dos 150 lux necessários durante toda a jornada de trabalho. Todas as atividades apresentaram ruídos acima de 85 dB(A), exceto o envernizamento e o corte. Os níveis de ruído variaram em média de 79,7 dB(A) no envernizamento às 8 h a 95,7 dB(A) no esmeril às 13 h.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to evaluate the work environment in a tool manufacturing factory. This process involves the cutting activities, orvado, turning, forger, temper, cable insertion, grinding, welding and varnishing. To evaluate the thermal comfort was used IBUTG to measure the wind speed anemometer, lux meter to evaluate the brightness and decibel meter to analyse the exposure of workers to noise. The data ranged IBUTG on average 20.9°C at 27.3°C. The forger had the highest IBUTG values averaged over the entire production process. All activities had wind speeds below 0.75 m/s, being perfectly acceptable for the entire workday. The average luminance oscillated from 42.9 lux to 393.3 lux. The activities of varnish, temper, forger and cable insertion had average illuminance below 150 lux required throughout the workday. All activities presented noise above 85 dB(A), except the varnishing and cutting. Noise levels ranged on average of 79.7 dB(A) in varnishing at 8 hours 95.7 dB (A), in the grinding at 13 hours.

RESUMO Com o crescimento das estruturas de madeira na construção civil, em especial na construção de telhados, surgiu nas empresas a preocupação com a qualidade de vida e segurança dos trabalhadores. A pesquisa teve como objetivo a análise da carga física de trabalho (monitor de frequência cardíaca) e postura (metodologia de MICHIGAN). O trabalho foi realizado nos municípios de Alegre, Jerônimo Monteiro e São José do Calçado, localizados no sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Realizou-se a coleta de dados em três canteiros de obra, durante os meses de setembro de 2010 a maio de 2012, analisando-se 18 trabalhadores. Na análise da carga física de trabalho, as atividades de montagem das treliças, das terças, dos caibros e das ripas foram classificadas como pesadas, sendo necessárias pausas para descanso. As posturas dos trabalhadores levantadas na montagem das ripas são prejudiciais à saúde, demandando a adoção de medidas ergonômicas urgentes.

ABSTRACT With the growing use of wooden frames in construction, particularly in the roofs, companies are concerned with workers quality of life and safety. The research aimed to analyze the physical workload (heart rate monitor) and posture (MICHIGAN methodology). The study was conducted in the municipalities of Alegre, Jerome Monteiro and São José do Calçado, located in southern Espírito Santo. Data was collected in three construction sites during the months of September 2010 to May 2012, analyzing 18 workers. In the analysis of physical workload, activities for the installation of trusses, purlins, rafters and battens, were classified as heavy, requiring rest times. Workers’ posture during the slats assembly favors injuries and requires the adoption of urgent ergonomic measures.

RESUMO As operações de processamento secundário de madeira geram grande quantidade de particulados suspensos no ar. A inalação desse material pode estimular o aparecimento de doenças respiratórias nos trabalhadores expostos nestes ambientes de trabalho. No entanto, no Brasil ainda não há um limite de tolerância definido para partículas de madeira suspensas, necessitando de estudos para embasamento técnico e definição desse limite. Objetivou-se mensurar a concentração e dimensão das partículas de madeira de Eucalyptus spp. suspensas no ar em marcenarias. A análise da concentração das partículas suspensas foi desenvolvida pela utilização de bomba gravimétrica e coletores com filtros. Para dimensionar as partículas suspensas no ar usou-se lâminas, microscópio e fotografias. Os dados foram coletados na lixadeira, serra circular e serra fita, em cinco marcenarias semelhantes, no estado do Espírito Santo. Os particulados mais danosos à saúde humana foram provenientes da lixadeira, que pela pequena dimensão facilitam a deposição nas partes mais prejudiciais ao trato respiratório humano. Constatou-se que as concentrações de partículas suspensas encontradas estão acima dos limites recomendados pelas normas internacionais. Diante do risco de danos severos a saúde, há a necessidade urgente e imprescindível de implementação de medidas para redução dos níveis de exposição (EPC e EPI), bem como a implementação de normatização específica com limites de exposição máximo definidos para o setor no Brasil.

ABSTRACT Wood secondary processing operations generate large amounts of airborne particulates. Inhalation of this material can lead to the development of work-related respiratory diseases. The Brazilian legislation does not define threshold limit values for airborne wood particles, and local studies are required to provide a technical basis for establishing these limits by regulation. This study aimed to determine the concentration and size of airborne wood particles of Eucalyptus spp. in woodworking shops. Analysis of the concentration of airborne particles was carried out using a gravimetric sampling pump and collector filters. The size of airborne particles was determined using microscope slides and an optical microscope coupled to an image capture system. Air samples were collected near different machines (belt sander, table saw, and band saw) at five woodworking shops located in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Of the three machines, the belt sander produced the most harmful type of particulate matter: the small size of these particles allows their deposition deep into the respiratory tract. Particulate matter was above the threshold limit value established by international standards. To prevent the risk of severe health effects, there is an urgent and imperative need to reduce worker exposure levels (by the use of collective and personal protective equipment) as well as for the implementation of specific regulations that define particulate exposure limits for the wood sector in Brazil.

ABSTRACT This research was conducted in wood harvesting and transportation areas in the mountainous region of Espírito Santo, Brazil, aiming to analyze the road transportation of forestry wood operations with self-loading trucks. The study identified and evaluated the times, average speed, mechanical availability, level of use and operating efficiency of three different designs of self-loading trucks. According to the results, there was no statistical difference between the vehicles regarding average speed. The highest mechanical availability was found in truck A (93.2%), followed by B (84.3%) and C (79.8%). The greater degree of utilization was found in truck B (91.8%), with little variation between vehicles C (90.0%) and A (89.9%). The highest operating efficiency was observed in truck A (83.9%), followed by B (77.4%) and C (71.8%). We concluded that self-loading truck A was the most efficient.