ABSTRACT During image acquisition, is usually chosen scenes with a lesser cloud cover to avoid loss of spectral information. However, when training samples are collected for image classification, the user finds shadowed areas. Such situation is similar to the presence of clouds since spectral information of these classes is the same in all optical bands of the sensor. This fact becomes more pronounced in mountainous relief areas due to shadow projection on the terrain, which can vary among all seasons during the solar year. With the goal to obtain images with a lower presence of shadow, it was simulated, under the same relief conditions, shading variation in function of latitude (0° to 40° S). Solar radiation models were processed for the days and times passages of the Landsat TM and ETM+ satellite on the Southern Hemisphere. It was verified that over 30° S and 40° S latitudes, a loss of shading area varying between 27% to 91 % and that images should be preferentially taken between October and February. For latitudes comprising 0° and 10° S, the loss was considered negligible, when we set a 10% threshold of loss in the total valid area in an image. According to the amount of radiation in a terrain, South and West areas received less direct solar radiation over the year for all analyzed latitudes in the modeling.

Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a biodigestão anaeróbia de dejetos de suínos. Para isso, foi utilizado esquema laboratorial, constituído de 24 digestores com volume total de 14 L, sendo cada um abastecido com dejetos de suínos em fase de terminação, diluídos em água, perfazendo 10 L de volume útil de substrato com concentração inicial de sólidos totais de 6%. Três grupos formados por oito desses biodigestores foram expostos a três temperaturas (25; 35 e 40 ºC) e a dois níveis de agitação (com e sem) do substrato. A análise da fase de partida foi feita com base na produção média acumulada de biogás, num período de 71 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que a agitação não interferiu e que o melhor desempenho, inclusive o menor tempo gasto para atingir determinado nível de produção de biogás, foi verificado na temperatura de 35 ºC.

In this work was evaluated the anaerobic digestion of swine wastes. For that, a laboratory scheme was used, consisting of 24 digesters whose total volume was 14 L, being each one supplied with ending swine wastes, diluted in water, resulting on 10 L of net volume of substratum, with initial total solids concentration of 6%. Three groups formed by eight of these biodigesters were exposed to three temperatures (25; 35 and 40 ºC) and to two substratum agitation levels (with and without). The departure phase analysis was based in the average accumulated biogas yield along the period of 71 days. Results showed that agitation didn't contribute and that the best performance, including the minor time requested to obtain a specific biogas yield level, was verified in the temperature of 35 ºC.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as secas do Estado do Ceará, com base no índice de severidade de seca de Palmer. Foram utilizadas séries históricas de dados pluviométricos e de temperatura do ar de 21 localidades desse Estado, fornecidas, respectivamente, pela Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste - SUDENE, e pela Fundação Cearense de Meteorologia e Recursos Hídricos - FUNCEME. Foi constatado a ocorrência de secas com diferentes graus de severidade, no Estado do Ceará, sendo as secas moderadas e severas as mais freqüentes.

The objective of this work was to characterize the droughts in the State of Ceará based on the Palmer drought severity index. Historical data series of rainfall and air temperature of 21 localities of this State, were provided by the "Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste - SUDENE", and by the "Fundação Cearense de Meteorologia e Recursos Hídricos - FUNCEME", respectively. The occurrences of droughts of different degrees of severity were verified in the State of Ceará, with frequent moderate and severe droughts.