RESUMO: O fungo Microdochium albescens pode interferir na germinação de sementes e na emergência de plântulas de arroz, porém não há indicação técnica para seu controle via tratamento de semente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de fungicidas em tratamento de sementes de arroz pré-germinado e sequeiro no controle de M. albescens. Sementes das cultivares Epagri 109, SCS116 Satoru, SCS121 CL e SCS122 Miura foram tratadas com os seguintes fungicidas (g i.a./100 kg de sementes): fluazinam + tiofanato metílico (9,45 + 63), piraclostrobina + tiofanato metílico (5 + 45), carboxina + tiram (60 + 60), metalaxil-M + tiabendazol + fludioxonil (3 + 22,5 + 3,75), carbendazim + tiram (45 + 105), carbendazim (45). Sementes sem tratamento com fungicida constituíram a testemunha. As sementes tratadas foram semeadas em meio de cultura de batata-sacarose-ágar (BSA) e incubadas a 25 ± 2°C e fotoperíodo de 12 horas por 14 dias. Sementes tratadas também foram submetidas ao teste de germinação. Fluazinam + tiofanato metílico e metalaxil-M + tiabendazol + fludioxonil apresentaram maior controle de M. albescens, não diferindo estatisticamente entre si, nas cinco cultivares e nos dois sistemas de cultivo. Contudo, os fungicidas testados proporcionaram germinação das sementes superior a 90% nas quatro cultivares.

ABSTRACT: The fungus Microdochium albescens can interfere in the germination of seeds and in the death of rice seedlings; however, there is not technical indication for its control by seed treatment. This research evaluated the efficiency of fungicides in the treatment of pre-germinated and dryland rice seeds in the control of M. albescens. Seeds of the cultivars, Epagri 109, SCS116 Satoru, SCS121 CL and SCS122 Miura were treated with the following fungicides (g a.i./100 kg of seeds): fluazinam + thiophanate methyl (9.45 + 63), pyraclostrobin + thiophanate methyl (5 + 45), carboxin + thiram (60 + 60), metalaxyl-M + thiabendazole + fludioxonil (3 + 22.5 + 3.75), carbendazim + thiram (45 + 105), carbendazim (45). Seeds without fungicide treatment constituted the control. The treated seeds were sown in potato-sucrose-agar (PSA) culture medium and incubated at 25 ± 2 °C and photoperiod of 12 hours for 14 days. Treated seeds were also submitted to the germination test. Fluazinam + thiophanate methyl and metalaxyl-M + thiabendazole + fludioxonil showed greater control of M. albescens, not differing statistically between them, in the five cultivars and in the two cultivation systems. The tested fungicides provided seed germination above 90% in the four cultivars.

ABSTRACT Stalk rots compromise the translocation of water and nutrients, affecting grain filling. This study aimed to quantify the incidence of stalk rots in corn hybrids depending on sowing time and nitrogen topdressing rate, and to assess any correlation with grain yield. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in Atalanta, Santa Catarina state, Brazil, using a split-split-plot randomized block design. The hybrids AG 9025 PRO3 (super-early) and 30F53 VYH (early) were sown in the preferential (September 20) and late (December 5) sowing seasons with four nitrogen rates (0, 150, 300, and 450 kg·ha–1). The population density was 75,000 plants·ha–1 andthe nitrogen topdressing was carried out at the V4, V8, and V12 stages. The fungus Colletotrichum graminicola predominated in both hybrids and its presence was negatively correlated with stalk diameter and yield. The hybrid AG9025 PRO3 was more susceptible to stalk rot (35.1%) than the hybrid 30F53 VYH (8.8%). A higher incidence of stalk rot was observed in the late sowing season (31.1%) than in the preferential sowing season (11.2%). A decrease in the incidence of stalk rot was observed in the hybrid AG9025 PRO3 as nitrogen rates increased, but this behavior was not clearly observed in the hybrid 30F53 VYH.

A utilização de cobertura do solo nos parreirais é uma prática conservacionista utilizada para diminuir a erosão e melhorar a qualidade física do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar espécies de plantas de cobertura e sistemas de manejo da cobertura sobre as propriedades físicas do solo e sobre o rendimento de uva. O experimento foi conduzido em Bento Gonçalves, RS, sobre um Cambissolo Háplico, num parreiral implantado em 1989, com os cultivares Niágara Branca e Niágara Rosada no sistema de latada. Os tratamentos, estabelecidos em 2002, foram três coberturas vegetais: vegetação espontânea (SS), aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) (BO) e consórcio de trevo branco (Trifolium repens L.) + trevo vermelho (Trifolium pratense L.) + azevém (Lolium multiflorum L.) (MC). Dois sistemas de manejo foram utilizados: dessecado com herbicida (D) e roçada mecânica (M). O solo em uma área de floresta nativa foi coletado como condição de referência. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. As propriedades físicas nas linhas do parreiral não diferiram estatisticamente entre as coberturas avaliadas e foram similares à floresta nativa, demonstrando boa qualidade estrutural. Entretanto, nas entrelinhas, ocorreram redução de bioporos, macroporosidade, porosidade total e aumento na densidade do solo, em razão da compactação da camada superficial do solo. O sistema de manejo da cobertura pela roçada teve maior estabilidade dos agregados do que o manejo dessecado. Os tratamentos influenciaram o rendimento da videira em anos, com excesso ou distribuição irregular de chuvas.

The use of cover crops in vineyards is a conservation practice with the purpose of reducing soil erosion and improving the soil physical quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate cover crop species and management systems on soil physical properties and grape yield. The experiment was carried out in Bento Gonçalves, RS, Southern Brazil, on a Haplic Cambisol, in a vineyard established in 1989, using White and Rose Niagara grape (Vitis labrusca L.) in a horizontal, overhead trellis system. The treatments were established in 2002, consisting of three cover crops: spontaneous species (SS), black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) (BO), and a mixture of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and annual rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) (MC). Two management systems were applied: desiccation with herbicide (D) and mechanical mowing (M). Soil under a native forest (NF) area was collected as a reference. The experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, with three replications. The soil physical properties in the vine rows were not influenced by cover crops and were similar to the native forest, with good quality of the soil structure. In the inter-rows, however, there was a reduction in biopores, macroporosity, total porosity and an increase in soil density, related to the compaction of the surface soil layer. The M system increased soil aggregate stability compared to the D system. The treatments affected grapevine yield only in years with excess or irregular rainfall.

O manejo do solo pode interferir na disponibilidade de nutrientes e na produtividade de frutos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de formas de manejo da fitomassa de diferentes espécies de plantas de cobertura verde sobre características químicas do solo, relacionadas à matéria orgânica e à disponibilidade de nutrientes, e sobre a produtividade de uva. O experimento foi realizado na Embrapa Uva e Vinho, em Bento Gonçalves, RS, sobre um Cambissolo Háplico, num parreiral implantado em 1989, com os cultivares Niágara Branca e Niágara Rosada, no sistema de latada. Os tratamentos testados foram implantados em 2002 e consistiram em três coberturas vegetais: vegetação espontânea, aveia-preta e consórcio de trevo-branco + trevo-vermelho + azevém; e dois sistemas de manejo: dessecado com herbicida e roçado, os quais foram realizados no outono, previamente à ressemeadura das espécies. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Os atributos químicos indicadores da acidez e da disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo foram pouco influenciados pelas espécies de cobertura. A dessecação das plantas aumentou os teores de Ca e Mg trocáveis, P disponível e C orgânico total em relação ao manejo roçado. A produtividade de uva nas safras de 2004 e 2006 foi baixa em relação ao potencial dos cultivares, possivelmente por restrições climáticas, contudo foi maior quando se utilizou a aveia como planta de cobertura do que com o consórcio de plantas.

Soil management can have effects on nutrient availability and fruit yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of phytomass management forms of different cover crop species on soil chemical properties related to organic matter, nutrient availability, and on grapevine yields. The experiment was carried out in Embrapa Uva e Vinho, in Bento Gonçalves, RS, in Southern Brazil, on a Haplic Cambissol, in a vineyard established in 1989, using White and Rose Niagara grape in a horizontal overhead trelling system. The treatments established in 2002 were three cover crops: spontaneous native species, black oat (Avena strigosa), and a mixture of white clover (Trifolium repens) + red clover (Trifolium pratense) + annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum); and two management systems: desiccation by herbicide spraying and mechanical mowing, performed each autumn prior to cover crop resowing. The experiment had a completely randomized block design, with three replications. Soil acidity and nutrient contents were little influenced by the plant cover. In comparison with the mowed management, herbicide application increased exchangeable Ca and Mg, extracted P, and organic C levels in the soil. The grape yield in the seasons 2004 and 2006 was low in view to the cultivar potential, probably affect by climatic limitations, but was higher when black oat was used as plant cover instead of the mixture of plant covers.