RESUMO Objetivo: Este trabalho avaliou a modulação da microbiota gastrointestinal, do perfil de ácidos orgânicos e de lipídeos em ratas Wistar ovariectomizadas, sendo que algumas receberam dieta suplementada com 6% de fruto-oligossacarídeos e inulina, a partir do produto a base de yacon, e outras não. Métodos: Analisou-se o peso do ceco, pH e ácidos orgânicos, microbiota do conteúdo cecal, colesterol total e frações. Resultados: No grupo que recebeu a dieta suplementada durante todo o experimento ocorreu modulação benéfica da microbiota intestinal em função da fermentação dos fruto-oligossacarídeos/inulina, bem como aumento do perfil de lactato (p<0,05) e do nível de lipoproteina alta densidade (p<0,05). Conclusão: Isso sugere que o hábito de consumo contínuo do yacon tem potencial para modular a microbiota intestinal, o perfil de ácidos orgânicos e para diminuir as dislipidemias.

ABSTRACT Objective: Fructans, a type of inulin present in yacon based products, can modulate microbiota and fatty acid profile, performing many beneficial roles. From this perspective, this study assessed the modulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota, organic acid profile, and lipid profile of ovariectomized Wistar rats fed or not a diet containing 6% fructooligosaccharides and inulin from a yacon based product. Methods: Cecum weight, pH, and organic acids, cecal content microbiota, total cholesterol, and fractions were analyzed. Results: The group fed the diet supplemented with fructooligosaccharides and inulin during the study period experienced beneficial modulation of their intestinal microbiota stemming from fructooligosaccharide/inulin fermentation and increased lactate profile (p<0.05) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05). Conclusion: This suggests that regular yacon intake can potentially modulate the intestinal microbiota and organic acid profile, and reduce dyslipidemia.

Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of defatted flaxseed meal on the appearance of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in mice treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Materials and Methods: ACF were induced by intraperitoneal administration of 20 mg/kg body weight of DMH for 8 weeks. The animals were divided into three treatments (n=8): AIN93M diet without fibers + DMH (C-); AIN93M diet with defatted flaxseed meal (LIN); and AIN93M diet with defatted flaxseed meal + DMH (LINCA), for 15 weeks. The technique RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of p16, p21, p53, cyclin D1, and cyclin E in the distal colon. In addition, flow cytometric analysis of CD4 and CD8 spleen cells, the quantification of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in stool, the quantification of Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium spp. in feces. Results: LIN and LINCA showed increased Bifidobacterium spp. compared with control (C-). In relation to the weight of the organs, the groups LIN and LINCA showed higher values for the liver and kidney compared with control (C-). Regarding ACF, the group LINCA presented fewer ACF in the middle and distal colon compared with control (C-). When we analyzed ACF with more than three crypts the group LIN and LINCA did not present ACF in the middle and distal segments. LINCA presented increased p53 gene expression. Conclusion: This finding suggests that defatted flaxseed meal reduces ACF by increasing the expression of p53 and increase Bifidobacterium spp.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto preventivo de la harina de linaza desgrasada en el desarrollo de focos de criptas aberrantes (FCA) en ratones tratados con 1,2-dimethylhydrazina (DMH). Material y Métodos: FCA se indujo por inyección intraperitoneal de 20 mg / kg de DMH por kilogramo de peso corporal durante 8 semanas. Los animales fueron divididos en 3 grupos (n = 8): dieta sin fibra de la dieta AIN93M DMH + (C); Dieta AIN93M con harina de linaza desgrasada (LIN); dieta AIN93M y la dieta con harina de linaza desgrasada + DMH (Enlace) durante 15 semanas. RT-PCR se utilizó para evaluar la expresión de p16, p21, p53, ciclina D1, ciclina E y el colon distal. Los análisis CD4 y CD8 se realizaron con citometría de flujo, así como la cuantificación presencia de Bifidobacterium spp. y de Clostridium spp. en las heces. La cuantificación de ácidos grasos de cadena corta (AGCC) fue realizada por lo método de cromatografía de gas. Resultados: LIN y LINCA mostraron un aumento significativo de Bifidobacterium spp., en comparación con el control (C) (p <0,05). Con relación al peso de los órganos, los grupos LIN y LINCA mostraron valores aumentados de hígado y riñón en comparación con el control (C) (p<0,05). Encuanto a la FCA, los grupos FCA LINCA mostró menor en los dos puntos media y distal en comparación con el control (C) (p <0,05). Cuando analizamos FCA con más de tres focos de criptas aberrantes, los grupos LIN y LINCA no presentaron FCA en los segmentos medial y distal, en contraste con el grupo control (p <0,05). LINCA mostró aumento de la expresión del gen p53 (p <0,05). Conclusión: Estos resultados sugieren que la harina de linaza desgrasada reduce FCA, para aumentar la expresión de p53.

The artisanal Minas cheese is produced from raw cow's milk and wooden utensils were employed in its manufacture, which were replaced by other materials at the request of local laws. This substitution caused changes in the traditional characteristics of cheese. Due to the absence of scientific studies indicating the microbial composition of biofilms formed on wooden forms, tables and shelves used in these cheese production, the present work evaluated the counts of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, coliforms at 32 °C, yeasts, presumptive mesophilic Lactobacillus spp. and Lactococcus spp. in these biofilms, milk, whey endogenous culture and ripened cheese in two traditional regions: Serro and Serra da Canastra. Also, we checked for the presence of Salmonella sp. and Listeria monocytogenes in the ripened cheeses. The ultra structure of the biofilms was also assessed. Counts above legislation (> 2 log cfu/mL) for the pathogens evaluated were found in milk samples from both regions. Only one shelf and one form from Serro were above limits proposed (5 cfu/cm² for S. aureus and E. coli and 25 cfu/cm² for coliforms) in this study for contaminants evaluated. In Canastra, few utensils presented safe counting of pathogens. There was no Salmonella sp. and Listeria monocytogenes in the cheeses after ripening. Thus, the quality of the cheese is related to improving the microbiological quality of milk, implementation and maintenance of good manufacturing practices, correct cleaning of wooden utensils, and not its replacement.

In this study, the potential of kefir grains, obtained from three different towns/cities in the Southeast Region of Brazil to inhibit the growth of the five pathogenic microorganisms was evaluated. The samples showed the growth inhibition from 42.80-69.15 for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, 30.73-59.89 for Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, 44.99-73.05 for Salmonela typhi ATCC 6539, 41.45-54.18 for Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313 and 70.38-86.80 for Bacillus cereus RIBO 1222-173-S4. These results indicated that the kefir grains evaluated had antagonistic activity toward the different pathogens tested. The ability to inhibit, although differently depending on the regional microbiota, indicated a potential for their use as a functional food.

Species from the genus Enterococcus have been used as probiotic for humans or animals, although this genus is not considered "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS). While enterococci are considered "positive" in food technology, isolates of this genus have emerged as opportunistic pathogens for the humans. The aim of this review is to summarize the characteristics that can determine the use of this genus as probiotics. According to the guidelines used to define the genus Enterococcus strains as probiotic a case-by-case evaluation of each potential technological strain is presented and research perspectives for using enterococci as probiotic is also discussed.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer uma proposta para o processamento do queijo Coalho regional seguindo-se os procedimentos adequados para a obtenção de um produto final de qualidade. Empregou-se leite de vaca padronizado e pasteurizado e culturas láticas endógenas. Foram isoladas, identificadas e caracterizadas culturas láticas endógenas de leite de vaca cru e de queijos Coalho artesanais. Algumas culturas foram avaliadas para a fabricação do queijo Coalho, seguindo-se o fluxograma de fabricação estabelecido neste estudo. O produto final foi submetido a análises físico-químicas, teste de aceitação e teste de fritura. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é viável a padronização do produto tradicional, proporcionando redução de custos, qualidade microbiológica e a manutenção das características sensoriais do queijo Coalho regional, com o uso de culturas láticas nacionais.

The main objective of this work is to propose a manufacturing procedure to make a safe artisan Coalho type cheese. Pasteurized and standardized cow´s milk added with endogenous lactic acid culture was used in the procedure. Endogenous lactic cultures were identified and characterized after being isolated from raw cow´s milk and artisan cheeses. The selected cultures were used in the manufacturing procedure designed for Coalho type cheese. Cheese made with added endogenous lactic acid culture underwent physic-chemical analysis, sensory acceptance and fritter tests. Results showed that it is feasible to make such cheese in a standardized process, with improved microbiological quality, keeping sensory properties of traditional cheese made with raw milk and a reduced cost using suppression on imports of starter cultures.

Avaliaram-se a composição bromatológica e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) de silagens de milho e sorgo, tratadas ou não com inoculantes microbianos, em diferentes períodos de fermentação. Utilizou-se um arranjo fatorial 6 x 2 x 3 (períodos de fermentação x silagens x inoculantes), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, para avaliação dos teores de matéria seca (MS) e proteína bruta (PB), e um arranjo fatorial 4 x 2 x 3 para avaliação dos constituintes fibrosos e da DIVMS, ambos com três repetições. Observou-se os efeitos da interação período de fermentação <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> silagem <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> inoculante sobre os teores de MS e da interação inoculante <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> período, sobre os teores de PB das silagens. Constatou-se efeito da interação tríplice também sobre os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA). Estimaram-se teores mínimos de FDN nas silagens de milho tratadas com os inoculantes Silobac e Maize-All, respectivamente, de 52,14 e 50,75%, aos 37,34 e 46,1 dias após a ensilagem. Quanto à celulose, verificou-se, entre as silagens de milho, menores valores nas silagens tratadas, mas não foi detectado efeito de inoculante nas silagens de sorgo. Os teores médios de hemicelulose foram influenciados por silagem, período e inoculante, registrando-se na silagem de milho (29,8%) valor maior que na de sorgo (28,4%). Houve efeito quadrático do período de fermentação sobre a DIVMS da silagem de milho tratada com os inoculantes Silobac e Maize-All, estimando-se valores máximos de 71,1 e 71,7%, aos 42,29 e 50,3 dias de ensilagem, respectivamente. As DIVMS das silagens de sorgo, no entanto, não foram influenciadas pelo período de fermentação.

The chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of corn and sorghum silages with and without microbial inoculants after several fermentation periods were evaluated in laboratory silos. A 6 x 2 x 3 factorial treatment combination (6 fermentation periods x 2 silages x 3 inoculants) was assayed in a completely randomized design to evaluate the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) contents and a 4 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (4 fermentation periods x 2 silages x 3 inoculants) to evaluate the fiber constituents and IVDMD; in either case, there were three replications. Fermentation periods <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> silage <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> inoculant and inoculant <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> period interactions were observed for silage DM and CP silage contents, respectively. The neutral (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) had a triple interaction effect. Minimum NDF contents of 52.14 and 50.75% were observed in corn silage inoculated with Silobac and Maize-All inoculants, respectively. Corn silage with microbial inoculant showed lower cellulose content than the untreated silages. However, there was no inoculant effect on cellulose content in sorghum silage. The mean value of hemicelullose content was affected by silage, period and inoculant, higher value being observed in corn silage (29.8%) than in sorghum silage (28.4%). The IVDMD of corn silages treated with Silobac and Maize-All inoculants, increased quadratically with fermentation period, showing maximum values of 71.1 and 71.7% after 42.29 and 50.3 days of fermentation, respectively. IVDMD of sorghum silage was not influenced by fermentation period.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar o efeito do fornecimento de um "pool" de Lactobacillus sp. de origem suína para leitões nas fases de aleitamento e de creche sobre a contagem fecal de Lactobacillus, coliformes, Clostridium e Enterococcus. Foram analisadas 81 amostras fecais coletadas aos 7, 28 e 49 dias de idade, provenientes de leitões distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com três tratamentos (A- ração controle, B- ração contendo promotor de crescimento e C- fornecimento diário de probiótico do 1º ao 49º dia de vida). O probiótico testado não foi eficiente em alterar significativamente a microbiota intestinal dos animais (P>0,10); entretanto, os animais que o receberam por 49 dias obtiveram, numericamente, maior contagem de Lactobacillus e menor contagem de coliformes e Clostridium em relação aos demais tratamentos, proporcionando, dessa forma, um maior desenvolvimento de microrganismos benéficos e inibindo os microrganismos patogênicos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a Lactobacillus sp. pool from swine for piglets in the suckling and nursery phases on faecal counts of Lactobacillus, coliforms, Clostridium and Enterococcus. Eighty-one faecal samples were collected at 7, 28 and 49 days of age coming from piglets arranged in a randomized block design under three treatments (A- control diet, B - diet containing a growth promotor, and C, daily probiotic supply from the 1st to 49th day). The tested probiotic did not change efficiently the intestinal microbiota of the animals (P >0.10). However, probiotic treated animals to 49 days had greater Lactobacillus counts and lower coliforms and Clostridium counts than other treatments. The treated animals received greater development benefits from microorganisms, which inhibit patogenic microorganisms.