Resumo Este artigo analisa a importância dos atrasos portuários para a competitividade da indústria de transformação no Brasil. Com base em estimativas recentes sobre o custo diário dos atrasos comerciais e em bases de dados do Banco Mundial e do GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project), revela a magnitude destas barreiras sob a forma de seus equivalentes ad valorem. Em seguida, por meio de simulações em equilíbrio geral, estima o impacto da melhoria dos processos aduaneiros sobre o desempenho da indústria de transformação no Brasil, sob diferentes cenários. Os resultados obtidos ressaltam o caráter estratégico da facilitação do comércio para a economia Brasileira, em particular sua indústria de transformação e sua inclusão como item relevante para a agenda de crescimento de longo prazo do país.

Abstract This article evaluates the importance of delays at customs for the competitiveness of the transformation industry in Brazil. Based on recent estimations of one-day costs of delays for trade as well as in databases of the World Bank and GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) it reveals the magnitude of the time barriers under its ad valorem equivalent form. Next, through general equilibrium simulations, this paper estimates the impacts of streamlining customs procedures over the performance of the transformation industry in Brazil, under different scenarios. Simulation results highlight the strategic character of trade facilitation reforms for the Brazilian economy, particularly for its transformation industry, and the priority of its inclusion as a relevant topic in the long-term growth national agenda.

Abstract This article explores new tools for the ex-ante analysis of PTAs using large scale CGE models. The traditional impact analysis based on tariff cuts and gross trade performance is then extended to incorporate new features of the ongoing globalization process, such as non-tariff barriers (NTBs) and the so-called trade in valueadded. Several methodological as well as conceptual issues are then readdressed, including the proper use of estimated ad-valorem equivalents of NTBs as inputs in perfect competition CGE models as well as the very concept of a “preferential trade partner” in a world where nearly 65% of global exports correspond to trade in intermediates. The article concentrates its impact analysis on the Brazilian economy-providing an overview of its trade policy over the last decades-and the likely consequences of a hypothetical PTA involving Mercosur and China.

Este artigo estima os impactos das medidas TBT/SPS sobre as exportações brasileiras, baseado na literatura recente de modelos gravitacionais. Um modelo de seleção de Heckman é proposto - com fundamentos teóricos no modelo de firmas heterogêneas de Melitz - que destaca a relevância dos fluxos nulos de comércio, assim como da heterogeneidade das firmas, dois fatores usualmente omitidos em especificações convencionais. Nós mostramos que ambas as margens, intensiva e extensiva, das exportações brasileiras são, em média, negativamente afetadas pelas TBTs e SPSs. Ademais, contribuímos para a literatura empírica provendo ampla evidência no nível setorial para as exportações domésticas. Encontramos que medidas TBT/SPS, embora predominantemente prejudiciais, podem estimular as exportações em vários setores da economia Brasileira.

This article estimates the effects of TBT/SPS measures on Brazilian exports, based on the recent literature of gravity models. A Heckman selection model - theoretically grounded on the seminal Melitz model of heterogeneous firms - highlights the role played by zero trade flows as well as firm heterogeneity for estimations using gravity equations, two factors usually omitted in standard specifications. We show that both extensive and intensive margins of Brazilian exports are, on average, negatively affected by pre-existing TBT and SPS measures. Moreover, we contribute to the empirical literature by providing comprehensive evidence of the sectoral effects of such measures over domestic exports. We find that TBT/SPS measures - though predominantly harmful - can foster exports in several sectors of the Brazilian economy.

RESUMO Objetivos Descrever a influência do Programa de Valorização do Profissional da atenção básica (Provab)na aprovação no processo seletivo da residência médica da Secretaria de Saúde de Pernambuco 2014. Métodos Estudo transversal com 67 médicos que realizaram o Provab e foram aprovados na residência médica. Foi aplicado um questionário semiestruturado, com questões sociodemográficas e sobreatividades do programa. Resultados O principal motivo alegado para participação no Provab foi o bônus para aprovação na residência (70,14%), enquanto o interesse em participar na Estratégia de Saúde da Família foi apontado como sem nenhuma importância por 35 dos residentes (52,23%). Quanto à participação e frequência da supervisão, 34,32% afirmaram que teve muita importância e a sua frequência foi adequada. As condições físicas da Unidade Básica de saúde foram consideradas insatisfatórias ou muito insatisfatórias por 56,7% dos residentes. Dos candidatos que utilizaram o adicional na nota da prova de residência, 30 (44,77%) dependeram desse bônus para sua aprovação. Conclusões A principal motivação dos residentes para a realização do Provab foi a bonificação para o processo seletivo da residência médica. São necessárias melhorias nas questões relativas a supervisão e infraestrutura para que seu êxito seja duradouro.

ABSTRACT Objectives To describe the influence of the Provab programin the approval of candidates to have participated in the selection process for residency at the Health Department of Pernambuco in 2014. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 67 physicians to have participated in the Provab program and been acceptedon a residency program. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied in February 2014, inquiring into socio-demographic issuesand the program activities. Results The main reason given for participation in the program was the bonus for approval in residency programs selection tests (70.14%), while an interest in participatingin family health strategy was considered as unimportant by 35 physicians (52.23%). In terms of participation and frequency of supervision, 34.32% affirmed these to be highly important, with thefrequency adequate. The physical conditions of the basic health units were considered unsatisfactory or very unsatisfactory by 56.7% of physicians. Of the candidates who used the bonus on the residency test, 30 (44.77%) depended on it for their approval. Conclusions The main motivation for joining the Provab program was the bonus in the selection process used in public service residency programs. The program still needs improvements on issues concerning supervision and infrastructure,in order to demonstrate its success and remain successful in the long term.

The debate on the link between trade rules and rules on exchange rates is raising the attention of experts on international trade law and economics. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impacts of exchange rate misalignments on tariffs as applied by the WTO - World Trade Organization. It is divided into five sections: the first one explains the methodology used to determine exchange rate misalignments and also presents its results for Brazil, U.S. and China; the second summarizes the methodology applied to calculate the impacts of exchange rate misalignments on the level of tariff protection through an exercise of "misalignment tariffication"; the third examines the effects of exchange rate variations on tariffs and their consequences for the multilateral trading system; the fourth one creates a methodology to estimate exchange rates against a currency of the World and a proposal to deal with persistent and significant misalignments related to trade rules. The conclusions are present in the last section.