ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: In Latin America, liver cancer is one of the top causes of cancer mortality. It is the fifth most common cause of death among malignant tumors in Mexico and is the leading cause in Hidalgo State (43.8% of the population living in poverty). OBJECTIVE: To conduct a correlational analysis on the main risk factors for liver cancer in Hidalgo State, Mexico, including municipal disaggregation and comparison with the national level. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional, correlational, descriptive and comparative epidemiological study using Mexican governmental databases covering 1990-2019. METHODS: A comprehensive review of the databases of the General Directorate of Health Information (DGIS) was performed to analyze official death figures, hospital discharges and national and municipal population projections, using specific search criteria defined in the Global Burden of Disease classification, based on the risk factors for liver cancer. RESULTS: Liver cancer rates showed an evident rise in Hidalgo (183%), moving from 21st place in Mexico in 1990 to 9th place in 2019. This increase was correlated with alcoholism. An increasing trend for liver cancer deaths, of 133.89%, is projected for 2030. Females and the population over 60 years of age are more affected. There are some critical regions with liver cancer death rates twice the national rate or more. CONCLUSION: Targeted effective public health strategies should be structured by identifying, characterizing and regionalizing critical marginalized municipalities that are vulnerable to alcoholism and other risk factors for liver cancer. This approach may be helpful for other states in Mexico or similar countries.

ABSTRACT Evidence suggests that ruminative responses, or rumination, are a predictor, exacerbated, and residual symptom of psychopathologies, especially depression. A common approach is observed, researchers are not focused on previously created interventions to know how to reduce and replace rumination to prevent the development of psychopathologies. Cognitive-behavioral techniques have been demonstrated to be useful to decrease repetitive thoughts. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a proinflammatory cytokine, is present in plasma from persons with depression so it can be used as a biomarker. The present study was conducted to decrease ruminative responses and plasma IL-6 in depressed college students. For this purpose, participants meeting the criteria for "rumination" according to "Ruminative Responses Scale" (n=3) were chosen. In general, the study of a single case with two repetitions demonstrated a decrease of ruminative responses, depressive symptomatology, and plasma IL-6. These data are consistent with previous studies.

RESUMEN La evidencia sugiere que las respuestas rumiativas, o la rumiación, son un síntoma predictor, exacerbado y residual de psicopatologías, especialmente de depresión. Se observa un enfoque común, los investigadores no se centran en intervenciones creadas previamente para saber cómo reducir y reemplazar la rumiación para prevenir el desarrollo de psicopatologías. Se ha demostrado que las técnicas cognitivo-conductuales son útiles para disminuir los pensamientos repetitivos. La interleucina-6 (IL-6), una citocina proinflamatoria, está presente en el plasma de personas con depresión, por lo que puede usarse como biomarcador. El presente estudio se realizó para disminuir las respuestas rumiativas y la IL-6 plasmática en estudiantes universitarios deprimidos. Para ello, se eligieron los participantes que cumplían con los criterios de "rumia" según la "Escala de Respuestas Rumiantes" (n=3). En general, el estudio de un solo caso con dos repeticiones demostró una disminución de las respuestas rumiantes, la sintomatología depresiva y la IL-6 plasmática. Estos datos son consistentes con estudios previos.