Abstract Dasatinib, a potent oral multi-targeted kinase inhibitor against Src and Bcr-Abl, can decrease inflammatory response in sepsis. A simple and cost-effective method for determination of an effective dose dasatinib was established. This method was validated in human plasma, with the aim of reducing the number of animals used, thus, avoiding ethical problems. Dasatinib and internal standard lopinavir were extracted from 180 uL of plasma using liquid-liquid extraction with methyl tert-butil ether, followed by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode. For the pharmacokinetic study, 1 mg/kg of dasatinib was administered to mice with and without sepsis. The method was linear over the concentration range of 1-98 ng/mL for DAS in mice and human plasma, with r2>0.99 and presented intra- and interday precision within the range of 2.3 - 6.2 and 4.3 - 7.0%, respectively. Further intra- and interday accuracy was within the range of 88.2 - 105.8 and 90.6 - 101.7%, respectively. The mice with sepsis showed AUC0-t = 2076.06 h*ng/mL and Cmax =102.73 ng/mL and mice without sepsis presented AUC0-t = 2128.46 h*ng/mL. Cmax = 164.5 ng/mL. The described analytical method was successfully employed in pharmacokinetic study of DAS in mice.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o relacionamento entre os níveis cerebrais de ferro e heme e a resposta inflamatória sistêmica e no sistema nervoso central, assim como o papel dos sistemas de defesa contra a toxicidade do ferro e do heme, no sistema nervoso central. Métodos: Avaliamos uma coorte prospectiva de pacientes com quadro de hemorragia intracraniana e subaracnóidea. Realizamos ensaios em amostras de plasma e líquido cefalorraquidiano quanto à presença de ferro, heme, hemopexina, haptoglobina, enolase, S100-β e citocinas nos primeiros 3 dias após um acidente vascular cerebral hemorrágico. Analisamos também as alterações dinâmicas em todos os componentes de ambos os líquidos e seu relacionamento com as taxas de mortalidade precoce. Resultados: As concentrações de hemopexina e haptoglobina foram quase desprezíveis no cérebro após hemorragia intracraniana e subaracnóidea. As concentrações de ferro e heme no líquido cefalorraquidiano se correlacionaram com resposta pró-inflamatória no sistema nervoso central, e os perfis inflamatórios no líquido cefalorraquidiano no terceiro dia após acidente vascular cerebral hemorrágico se correlacionaram com as taxas de mortalidade precoce. Identificamos que os níveis de interleucina 4 no líquido cefalorraquidiano durante as primeiras 24 horas após acidente vascular cerebral hemorrágico foram mais altos nos sobreviventes do que nos que não sobreviveram. Conclusão: Os níveis de ferro e heme se associaram com resposta pró-inflamatória no sistema nervoso central após acidente vascular cerebral hemorrágico, e o cérebro humano não tem proteção contra hemoglobina e heme. Os perfis inflamatórios dos pacientes se associaram com prognósticos piores, e as respostas inflamatórias locais pareceram ter um papel protetor.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the relationships of brain iron and heme with the inflammatory response of the systemic and central nervous systems and to investigate the role of defensive systems against the toxicity of iron and heme in the central nervous system. Methods: We assessed a prospective cohort of patients presenting with intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. We assayed plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples for the presence of iron, heme, hemopexin, haptoglobin, enolase, S100-β and cytokines for the first three days following hemorrhagic stroke. We also analyzed the dynamic changes in these components within both fluids and their relationship with early mortality rates. Results: Hemopexin and haptoglobin concentrations were nearly negligible in the brain after intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebrospinal fluid iron and heme concentrations correlated with a pro-inflammatory response in the central nervous system, and plasmatic and cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory profiles on the third day after hemorrhagic stroke were related to early mortality rates. Interleukin 4 levels within the cerebrospinal fluid during the first 24 hours after hemorrhagic stroke were found to be higher in survivors than in non-survivors. Conclusion: Iron and heme are associated with a pro-inflammatory response in the central nervous system following hemorrhagic stroke, and protections against hemoglobin and heme are lacking within the human brain. Patient inflammatory profiles were associated with a poorer prognosis, and local anti-inflammatory responses appeared to have a protective role.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a atividade da acetil-hidrolase do fator ativador de plaquetas (PAF-AH) e sua relação com variáveis clinicodemográficas, com o controle metabólico, os níveis de apolipoproteínas A e B e a suscetibilidade da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) à oxidação in vitro em pacientes com DM tipo 1 (DM 1). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 42 pacientes com DM1 (27 mulheres) e 48 não-diabéticos (16 mulheres), pareados por sexo, idade e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Os exames realizados foram: glicemia de jejum (GJ) e pós-prandial (GPP), lipidograma, ácido úrico (AU), hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) e coeficiente de oxidação da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) por espectrofotometria. A análise da atividade da PAF-AH foi realizada por espectrofotometria (Cayman Chemical). RESULTADOS: A análise da atividade da PAF-AH mostrou haver maior atividade enzimática nos pacientes com DM 1 do que nos não-diabéticos (0,0150 ± 0,0051 versus 0,0116 ± 0,0041; p < 0,001). Nos pacientes com DM 1, encontramos correlação direta entre a atividade da PAF-AH e a idade e a LDL, e inversa entre a PAF-AH e a HbA1c e a lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL). CONCLUSÃO: A PAF-AH, na amostra estudada, apresentou maior atividade nos pacientes com DM 1, fator que pode estar relacionado ao maior risco de desenvolver doenças cardiovasculares apresentados por portadores dessa doença. Ainda são necessários novos estudos para avaliar a real participação dessa enzima no risco de desenvolvimento das doenças ateroscleróticas nos pacientes com DM 1.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) activity and its relationship with clinical and demographic variables, metabolic control, apolipoprotein A and B levels and the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to in vitro oxidation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM 1). METHODS: Forty two patients with DM 1 (27 females) and 48 control subjects (16 females) matched for gender, age and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated. The following tests were performed: fast plasma glucose (FG) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), lipid profile, uric acid (UA), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation rate using colorimetric assay. The PAF-AH activity was analyzed using colorimetric assay (Cayman Chemical). RESULTS: The analysis of PAF-AH activity showed a higher enzyme activity in patients with DM 1 than in control subjects (0.0150 ± 0.0051 vs. 0.0116 ± 0.0041; p < 0.001). In patients with DM 1, a direct correlation between PAF-AH activity and age and LDL, and an inverse correlation between PAF-AH and HbA1c and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were found. CONCLUSION: In the sample studied, PAF-AH showed a higher activity in patients with DM 1, a factor that may be related to the higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases observed in these patients. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the real participation of this enzyme in the risk of development of atherosclerotic diseases in patients with DM 1.