ABSTRACT Objective Discrimination and bullying are common conditions among LGBT people. During schooling, these practices compromising education. The aim of this study is to evaluate educational attainment among Brazilian transgender women (TW) and how their education level affects the risk of HIV infection. Study design a cross-sectional population-based study. Subjects and methods 95 adult TW were selected. Information concerning verbal and physical aggression, school dropout, school years (SY), and educational level were assessed. HIV status was screened using a fourth-generation immunoassay followed by western blot testing. Results The mean of SY was 9.1 ± 3.8 ys. The mean age at school dropout was 16.3 ± 3.4 ys old. Verbal aggression was reported by 83%, physical by 48%, and 18% of the TW dropped out school immediately after being physically assaulted. Participants who suffered physical aggression attended school for almost 4 years less than those participants who did not suffer this abuse (OR = -3.96, p < 0.0001). A similar result was found for verbal aggression (OR = -4.35; p < 0.0001). HIV/AIDS prevalence was 18% (n = 17). The mean of SY among HIV/AIDS positive and negative individuals were 6.8 ± 43 versus 9.7 ± 3, respectively (p = 0.004). Lower education was associated with higher frequency of HIV/AIDS among TW and this relationship was sustained after adjustment for injectable drug use and sex work (OR = 0.79, p = 0.04). Conclusion Among Brazilian TW, lower education level was a risk factor associated with HIV. The reasons for low schooling among TW are multifactorial, but verbal and physical harassment strongly contribute for it.

ABSTRACT High environmental temperature is limiting factor in broiler production. In order to minimize the undesirable consequences of acute or chronic heat stress, the techniques of fixed dietary electrolyte balance and early heat conditioning were evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible interactions and effects of dietary electrolyte balance and early heat conditioning on feed intake, body weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality, energy bioeconomic index, fecal moisture, abdominal fat, and breast meat color (L*a*b*) of broilers submitted to chronic or acute heat stress. In total, 1280 chicks, were equally divided in experiment I (chronic heat stress, 6h/day at 32ºC from 35 to 39 d of age) and II (acute heat stress, 36 ºC for 6h at 38 days of age). The data of both experiments were combined and analyzed according to a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement (early heat conditioning (ETC) or not; fixed dietary electrolyte balance (EB) or not; and exposure to acute or chronic heat stress). ETC consisted of exposing 5-d-old birds to 36.0 °C for 24 hours. No interaction among the evaluated factors was detected. Birds exposed to acute heat stress presented significantly higher compared with chronic heat stress. Fixed dietary EB resulted in significantly higher fecal moisture. Lower abdominal fat percentage was obtained in birds exposed to chronic relative to acute heat stress. Higher breast meat L* and b* values were observed in birds exposed to acute heat stress than those submitted to chronic heat stress, indicating worse meat quality.

For proper plant growth, soil substrates must be successful for chemical and physical properties in a way that ensures a high capability to reach the nutritional demand of the plant. A suitable nutritional method is the application of organic compounds, urea and, recently, biochar. Here, using the photoacoustic absorption spectroscopy in the visible range, it was analyzed the nutritional capacity of soil samples, submitted to different treatments. This analysis was carried out through the absorption peaks of A and B chlorophylls and cuticle of papaya leaves planted in soils with addition of biochar and with (without) mycorrhiza. All treated samples showed an increase in the peaks of chlorophyll activity in relation to the base sample. Moreover, the samples containing both mycorrhiza and biochar presented the highest peaks of chlorophyll activity, proving to be the best soil fertilization treatment.

ABSTRACT Androgenic insensitivity syndrome is the most common cause of disorders of sexual differentiation in 46,XY individuals. It results from alterations in the androgen receptor gene, leading to a frame of hormonal resistance, which may present clinically under 3 phenotypes: complete (CAIS), partial (PAIS) or mild (MAIS). The androgen receptor gene has 8 exons and 3 domains, and allelic variants in this gene occur in all domains and exons, regardless of phenotype, providing a poor genotype – phenotype correlation in this syndrome. Typically, laboratory diagnosis is made through elevated levels of LH and testosterone, with little or no virilization. Treatment depends on the phenotype and social sex of the individual. Open issues in the management of androgen insensitivity syndromes includes decisions on sex assignment, timing of gonadectomy, fertility, physcological outcomes and genetic counseling.

Este artigo analisa fatores estruturais e conjunturais que impedem ou estimulam o crescimento do mercado de títulos corporativo de dívida privada (MTD) no Brasil, assim como avalia a evolução recente desse mercado a partir da estabilização de preços pós-1994 até o ano de 2008. Dois aspectos são privilegiados na análise realizada: a relação entre o MTD e a evolução do contexto macroeconômico, já que o comportamento da atividade econômica e da política econômica define o ambiente no qual o MTD cresce e reflui; e a relação entre o mercado de dívida pública e dívida privada corporativa no Brasil, que não tem sido na direção de complementaridade e sim de concorrência.

The paper aims at analyzing the structural and circumstantial factors that obstruct or stimulate the development of private debt bond market in Brazil, as well as evaluate the recent evolution of this market since the price stabilization after 1994 until 2008. Two aspects are highlighted in the analysis: the relationship between the private debt bond market and the evolution of the macroeconomic context, as it defines the environment in which this market can grow or shrink; the relationship between the market of public debt and the corporate private debt in Brazil, the have not been complementary.

We used a cultivation-independent, clone library-based 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis to identify bacterial communities present during traditional fermentation in sour cassava starch, cachaça and cheese production in Brazil. Partial 16S rRNA gene clone sequences from sour cassava starch samples collected on day five of the fermentation process indicated that Leuconostoc citreum was the most prevalent species, representing 47.6% of the clones. After 27 days of fermentation, clones (GenBank accession numbers GQ999786 and GQ999788) related to unculturable bacteria were the most prevalent, representing 43.8% of the clones from the bacterial community analyzed. The clone represented by the sequence GQ999786 was the most prevalent at the end of the fermentation period. The majority of clones obtained from cachaça samples during the fermentation of sugar cane juice were from the genus Lactobacillus. Lactobacillus nagelli was the most prevalent at the beginning of the fermentation process, representing 76.9% of the clones analyzed. After 21 days, Lactobacillus harbinensis was the most prevalent species, representing 75% of the total clones. At the end of the fermentation period, Lactobacillus buchneri was the most prevalent species, representing 57.9% of the total clones. In the Minas cheese samples, Lactococcus lactis was the most prevalent species after seven days of ripening. After 60 days of ripening, Streptococcus salivarius was the most prevalent species. Our data show that these three fermentation processes are conducted by a succession of bacterial species, of which lactic acid bacteria are the most prevalent.

A técnica da célula fotoacústica aberta é uma metodologia fototérmica conhecida, baseada no monitoramento do aumento e da diminuição da temperatura das amostras foram realizadas para obter as propriedades termofísicas, difusividade térmica α e capacidade térmica específica ρC, respectivamente, para caracterizar cerâmicas vermelhas em função da temperatura de queima. Posteriormente, através de uma relação matemática simples, a condutividade térmica κ foi avaliada. Valores compreendidos entre 0,0013 cm²/s a 0,0036 cm²/s e 1,05 a 1,51 J/cm³K foram obtidos para a difusividade térmica e capacidade térmica específica, respectivamente. Fases cristalinas foram identificadas por difração de raios X, mostrando que a caulinita é a fase predominante. Além disso, a relação entre propriedades térmicas e difratograma foi apresentada e comprovada.

The open photoacoustic cell (OPC) technique and another well known photothermal set up based on the measurement of the increase and decrease temperature of heated samples were carried out to obtain the thermophysical characteristics, thermal diffusivity α and specific heat capacity ρC, respectively, are arranged in order to characterize red ceramics as a function of firing temperature. Thereafter, by means of a simple mathematical relation, we could evaluate the thermal conductivity κ. Values ranging from 0.0013 cm²/s to 0.0036 cm²/s and 1.05 to 1.51 J/cm³K were obtained for thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity, respectively. Crystalline phases were identified by X-ray diffraction, showing that kaolinite was the predominant phase. Furthermore, the relationship between thermal properties and diffractogram was presented and verified.

Este trabalho ilustra o uso de espectroscopia do infravermelho próximo (NIRS) para fins de monitoramento da polimerização em suspensão de cloreto de vinila em tempo real. Resultados inéditos mostraram que é possível acompanhar a evolução de importantes propriedades morfológicas de resinas de PVC [poli(cloreto de vinila)], como por exemplo, BD (densidade aparente), CPA (absorção de plastificante a frio), DTP (distribuição de tamanho de partículas) e Dp (diâmetro de partícula). Mostrou-se também, pela primeira vez, que é possível analisar quantitativamente, com o auxílio da sonda NIRS in situ, a estrutura morfológica da partícula de PVC. Com a possibilidade de predizer a evolução dinâmica dos parâmetros morfológicos em tempo real, mostrou-se que é possível injetar dispersantes e variar a velocidade de agitação durante a reação para fins de controle das variáveis BD, CPA e DTP do PVC, até que o ponto de identificação da partícula seja atingido. Por meio do monitoramento e da estratégia de controle proposta, é possível antecipar fugas de temperatura no reator, aumentar a segurança do processo, diminuir o tempo de desenvolvimento de resinas com características morfológicas diferenciadas, evitando perdas de margem oriundas da venda de produtos fora de especificação, e otimizar os recursos para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos.

This work illustrates the use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for monitoring of the suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride in real time. Obtained results showed that it is possible to track in situ and in real time important morphological properties of PVC resins, such as BD (bulk density), CPA (cold plasticizer absorption), PSD (particle size distribution) and Dp (average particle diameter). It was also shown for the first time that it is possible to analyze quantitatively, with the help of in situ NIRS probe, the morphological structure of the PVC particles. As a consequence, it was shown that is possible to inject dispersants and vary the agitation speed during the reaction for proper control of BD, CPA and the PSD of PVC, before attainment of the particle identification point. Through the proposed monitoring and control strategies, it is possible to anticipate reactor disturbances (increasing the process safety) and to reduce the time needed for development of resins with different morphological characteristics (avoiding losses caused by off-specification), allowing for optimization of the product development process.

Much forensic inference based upon DNA evidence is made assuming Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) for the genetic loci being used. Several statistical tests to detect and measure deviation from HWE have been devised, and their limitations become more obvious when testing for deviation within multiallelic DNA loci. The most popular methods-Chi-square and Likelihood-ratio tests-are based on asymptotic results and cannot guarantee a good performance in the presence of low frequency genotypes. Since the parameter space dimension increases at a quadratic rate on the number of alleles, some authors suggest applying sequential methods, where the multiallelic case is reformulated as a sequence of "biallelic" tests. However, in this approach it is not obvious how to assess the general evidence of the original hypothesis; nor is it clear how to establish the significance level for its acceptance/rejection. In this work, we introduce a straightforward method for the multiallelic HWE test, which overcomes the aforementioned issues of sequential methods. The core theory for the proposed method is given by the Full Bayesian Significance Test (FBST), an intuitive Bayesian approach which does not assign positive probabilities to zero measure sets when testing sharp hypotheses. We compare FBST performance to Chi-square, Likelihood-ratio and Markov chain tests, in three numerical experiments. The results suggest that FBST is a robust and high performance method for the HWE test, even in the presence of several alleles and small sample sizes.

Nos dias atuais a conscientização sobre a preservação ambiental tem destaque no setor industrial. A indústria cerâmica busca como alternativa de preservação e economia a agregação de diversos resíduos industriais. No entanto, há a preocupação com a emissão de gases poluentes na queima desses novos materiais. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar as emissões gasosas liberadas durante a queima da mistura da argila do município de Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, com diferentes concentrações de resíduo de escória de aciaria do processo LD (Linz Donawitz) de refino do aço. Os corpos-de-prova continham concentrações de escória com 0, 5 e 10%. Durante a queima foram detectados com destaque os gases CO2 e CO via técnica fototérmica. Com 10% de escória de aciaria houve um pico pronunciado de CO2 a 800 ºC, cujo perfil não apresenta na argila pura. Tal comportamento é possivelmente devido à desidroxilação da calcita.

Recently the awareness on the ambient preservation plays an important role in the industrial sector. The ceramic industry seeks, as an alternative of economy and preservation, the aggregation of diverse industrial residues. However, there is the concern with the pollutant gas emission in the clay firing process This work had the objective of analyzing gas emissions during firing the mixture of the clay from Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil with different concentrations residue of steel slag in the LD (Linz Donawitz) process of steel refining. The samples contained slag concentrations with 0, 5 and 10%. During firing, CO2 and CO gases had been detected using photothermal technique. There is a sharp CO2 peak at 800 ºC in the firing of clay with 10% residue, probably due to calcite dehydroxilation, in relation to pure clay.

Parasitismo de duas espécies de Euglossa, E. intersecta Latreille, 1838 e E. anodorhynchi Nemésio, 2006, por moscas conopídeas do gênero Physocephala Schiner, 1861 é relatada pela primeira vez. Um macho adulto parasitado de E. intersecta foi coletado no Acre, noroeste do Brasil, enquanto fêmeas adultas parasitadas de E. anodorhynchi foram obtidas de ninhos armadilhas em São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. Para ambas as espécies de hospedeiros, a associação parasita-hospedeiro foi confirmada pela obtenção de moscas adultas a partir de abelhas adultas parasitadas. Euglossa anodorhynchi foi atacada por P. bipunctata (Macquart, 1843) e E. intersecta por uma espécie não-identificada de Physocephala Schiner, 1861. Apesar do conhecimento corrente ser ainda incipiente, parasitismo por conopídeos pode ser considerado prevalente entre os euglossíneos, a julgar pelos casos conhecidos até o momento que envolvem hospedeiros de diferentes gêneros e espécies amplamente separados geograficamente.

Here we report for the first time data on parasitism of two species of Euglossa, E. intersecta Latreille, 1838 and E. anodorhynchi Nemésio, 2006, by conopid flies of the genus Physocephala Schiner, 1861. A parasitized adult male of E. intersecta was collected in Acre, northwestern Brazil,while parasitized adult females of E. anodorhynchi were obtained from trap-nests in São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. For both host species, the parasite-host association was confirmed by rearing the flies from parasitized adult bees. E. anodorhynchi was attacked by Physocephala bipunctata (Macquart, 1843) and E. intersecta by an unidentified species of Physocephala Schiner, 1861. Although our current knowledge is still incipient, parasitism by conopid flies can be considered widespread in euglossine bees, judging from the cases reported so far, which involve different host genera and species distributed widely apart.

Diante dos problemas ambientais apresentados nas últimas décadas, a preocupação com a emissão gasosa intensificou-se consideravelmente. A indústria de cerâmica vermelha busca alternativas de preservação das matérias-primas naturais utilizadas, as argilas comuns, além de beneficiar o custo de produção. Uma alternativa viável é a incorporação de resíduos industriais à massa argilosa. Isto também contribui para diminuir o impacto ambiental negativo causado pelo lançamento desses resíduos no ambiente. No entanto, pouca atenção tem sido dada à emissão dos gases poluentes liberados durante a etapa de queima desses novos produtos cerâmicos. Neste trabalho, foram preparadas três massas argilosas contendo 0, 15 e 100% de lodo de estação de tratamento de água (ETA). As composições química e mineralógica do lodo foram determinadas. Corpos cerâmicos preparados por prensagem foram queimados entre 150 e 1100ºC. A emissão dos gases liberados durante a queima foi analisada pela técnica fototérmica. Constatou-se em relação à massa argilosa pura que a incorporação de lodo de ETA provocou um aumento significativo na emissão de CH4 e CO2.

In view of the environment problems presented in the last decades, the concern with the gas emissions has been considerably intensified. The red ceramic industry searches alternative of natural raw materials preservation, the commons clays, besides benefiting production costs. A viable alternative is the incorporation of industrial wastes into clayey pastes. This also contributes to decrease the negative environmental impact by release of these wastes in the environment. However, little attention has been given the pollutant gas emissions during the firing step of the new ceramic products. In this work were prepared three clayey pastes containing 0, 15 and 100% of WTP sludge. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of the ETA sludge were determined. Ceramic pieces prepared by pressing were fired between 150 and 1100 ºC. The gas emissions released during firing were analyzed through photothermal technique. It was noted in relation the pure clayey paste, that the addition of WTP sludge provoked a significant increase of CH4 and CO2 emissions.

São revistas as espécies de Euglossa (Glossura) com ocorrência na Floresta Atlântica, incluindo uma chave de identificação para machos e fêmeas. O status de Euglossa annectans Dressler e E. stellfeldi Moure foi reavaliado, com a transferência de E. stellfeldi do subgênero Glossura para Glossurella. É proposta, também, a sinonímia de Euglossa carinilabris Dressler sob Euglossa stellfeldi Moure. Notas taxonômicas e ilustrações de características morfológicas relevantes são apresentadas. Discute-se a variação na cor do integumento ao longo da Floresta Atlântica de duas das espécies aqui estudadas.

The species of Euglossa (Glossura) occuring in the Brazilian Atlantic forest were revised and an identification key to males and females is provided. The status of Euglossa annectans Dressler and E. stellfeldi Moure is reevaluated and the latter species is transferred from E. (Glossura) to E. (Glossurella). Here we also synonymize E. carinilabris Dressler under E. stellfeldi. Taxonomic notes are provided and relevant morphological features are illustred. Latitudinal color variation along the Brazilian Atlantic forest, found in two of the species studied here, is also presented and discussed.

Sintered Pr16Fe76B8 magnets have been produced using the hydrogen decrepitation (HD) process and high-energy planetary ball milling. Investigations have been carried out to evaluate the influence of the milling speed and time. The best magnetic properties obtained were Br = (1020 ± 20) mT, µ0iHc = (1420 ± 30) mT and (BH)max/= (200 ± 4) kJm-3, for a magnet prepared with the alloy milled at 200 rpm for 4.5 ks. Magnets prepared from this powder exhibited a superior intrinsic coercivity compared to that of magnets produced using low-energy ball milling. However, the remanence and energy product of the latter were somewhat lower. An important feature was the dramatic reduction in the processing time (about 90%). Microstructural observation have shown that increasing the milling time and keeping constant the rotational mill speed caused an exponential grain size reduction in the sintered magnet. Increasing the milling speed also reduced the grain size and influenced both remanence and intrinsic coercivity.

Microstructures and magnetic properties of Pr-Fe-Co-B bonded magnets were investigated. The magnets can be represented by the formulae, Pr14Fe63.9Co16B6M 0.1 (M = Ti, V, Cr, Ni, Zr, Nb or Mo), Pr14Fe63.8Co16B6Nb 0.1T0.1 (T/= Al, Si, P, Cu or Ga) and Pr14Fe63.6Co16B6Nb 0.1R0.3 (R = Gd, Tb or Dy). The effects of additions on the magnetic properties of PrFeCoB-based magnets have been studied. Magnetically hard powders have been produced from homogenised alloys using the hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption and recombination (HDDR) process. The HDDR powders were isostatically pressed and bonded with cyanoacrylate adhesive to form permanent magnets.