RESUMO O ácido aristolóquico é um composto natural tóxico, proveniente da família de uma herbácea perene, Aristolochia. Este pertence à família de ácidos nitrofenantrol carboxílicos e é uma mistura de dois ácidos estruturalmente semelhantes: ácido aristolóquico I e ácido aristolóquico II. As espécies de plantas que contém ácido aristolóquico são utilizadas essencialmente na medicina tradicional chinesa. Este artigo pretende rever a relação entre o efeito tóxico do ácido aristolóquico e a ocorrência de nefropatia e cancro. A ingestão de ácido aristolóquico provoca nefrotoxicidade, genotoxicidade e carcinogenicidade. A nefropatia por ácido aristolóquico e a nefropatia endémica nos Balcãs são causadas pela intoxicação alimentar por ácido aristolóquico e estão associadas à ocorrência de carcinoma urotelial do trato urinário superior. O ácido aristolóquico foi classificado como carcinogénico do grupo I pela International Agency for Research on Cancer. O conhecimento da relação direta entre os efeitos tóxicos do consumo de ácido aristolóquico e de nefropatia por ácido aristolóquico e carcinoma urotelial do trato urinário superior deve ser considerada importante para a sua futura prevenção.

ABSTRACT Aristolochic acid is a natural toxic compound, from the family of a perennial herb, Aristolochia. It belongs to the family of nitrophenanthrole carboxylic acids and is a mixture of two structurally similar acids: aristolochic acid I and aristolochic acid II. Plant species containing aristolochic acid were used primarily in traditional Chinese medicine. The aim of this article is to review the relationship between the toxic effect of aristolochic acid and the occurrence of nephropathy and cancer. Ingestion of aristolochic acid causes nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Aristolochic acid nephropathy and endemic nephropathy in the Balkans are derived from aristolochic acid food poisoning and are highly associated with the occurrence of urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Aristolochic acid was classified as a group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The knowledge of the direct relationship between the toxic effects of aristolochic acid consumption and the occurrence of aristolochic acid nephropathy and urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract should be considered important for its future prevention.

Resumo A Atenção Básica (AB) refere-se ao nível de atenção que permite cidadãos(ãs) acessarem o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) longitudinal e continuadamente. A proposta e operacionalização da gestão em Saúde reafirmam valores sociais como o direito à saúde. Com o objetivo de analisar qualitativamente perspectivas relacionadas a este nível de atenção entrevistou-se gestores(as) de diferentes níveis hierárquicos da AB de um município de Mato Grosso. As informações produzidas foram submetidas à Análise de Conteúdo na modalidade temática, referenciada pelo pensamento e planejamento estratégicos em saúde, no âmbito da Saúde Coletiva. Os dados relativos à gestão em saúde na AB e ao atendimento à população produziram núcleos temáticos envolvendo gestão rotativa, atuação fragmentada e emergencial; oposição entre humanização e técnica; promoção vertical da saúde. Os(as) gestores(as) demonstraram compromisso e busca pela manutenção dos serviços por meio de ações assistenciais e pontuais. A organização top-down, na qual não está prevista a participação dos usuários(as) como condição para o planejamento, parece ter reforçado incoerências entre a proposta abrangente da AB e os diuturnos imprevistos estruturais, dificultando a problematização necessária à transformação dos processos de trabalho. Fortalecer institucionalmente a rede de AB exige investimento, qualificação profissional permanente e participação ativa dos sujeitos.

Abstract Primary Care refers to level of care that allows citizens to access the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) longitudinally and continuously. Proposal and operationalization of health management reaffirm social values, such as right to health. To qualitatively analyze perspectives related to this level of care, we interviewed managers from different hierarchical levels of Primary Care in a municipality of Mato Grosso. The data collected underwent a thematic Content Analysis, referenced by strategic thinking and planning in Public Health. Data concerning health management in Primary Care and the care provided to the population produced thematic nuclei involving rotational management, fragmented and emergency actions; opposition between humanization and technique; vertical health promotion. Managers showed commitment and search for the maintenance of services via assistance and specific actions. Top-down organization, which excludes user participation in planning, seems to have reinforced inconsistencies between the comprehensive proposal of Primary care and the daily structural unforeseen events, hindering the problematization necessary to transform the work processes. Institutionally strengthening the Primary Care network requires investment, permanent professional qualification, and active participation of subjects.

Resumo A Atenção Básica (AB) refere-se ao nível de atenção que permite cidadãos(ãs) acessarem o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) longitudinal e continuadamente. A proposta e operacionalização da gestão em Saúde reafirmam valores sociais como o direito à saúde. Com o objetivo de analisar qualitativamente perspectivas relacionadas a este nível de atenção entrevistou-se gestores(as) de diferentes níveis hierárquicos da AB de um município de Mato Grosso. As informações produzidas foram submetidas à Análise de Conteúdo na modalidade temática, referenciada pelo pensamento e planejamento estratégicos em saúde, no âmbito da Saúde Coletiva. Os dados relativos à gestão em saúde na AB e ao atendimento à população produziram núcleos temáticos envolvendo gestão rotativa, atuação fragmentada e emergencial; oposição entre humanização e técnica; promoção vertical da saúde. Os(as) gestores(as) demonstraram compromisso e busca pela manutenção dos serviços por meio de ações assistenciais e pontuais. A organização top-down, na qual não está prevista a participação dos usuários(as) como condição para o planejamento, parece ter reforçado incoerências entre a proposta abrangente da AB e os diuturnos imprevistos estruturais, dificultando a problematização necessária à transformação dos processos de trabalho. Fortalecer institucionalmente a rede de AB exige investimento, qualificação profissional permanente e participação ativa dos sujeitos.

Abstract Primary Care refers to level of care that allows citizens to access the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) longitudinally and continuously. Proposal and operationalization of health management reaffirm social values, such as right to health. To qualitatively analyze perspectives related to this level of care, we interviewed managers from different hierarchical levels of Primary Care in a municipality of Mato Grosso. The data collected underwent a thematic Content Analysis, referenced by strategic thinking and planning in Public Health. Data concerning health management in Primary Care and the care provided to the population produced thematic nuclei involving rotational management, fragmented and emergency actions; opposition between humanization and technique; vertical health promotion. Managers showed commitment and search for the maintenance of services via assistance and specific actions. Top-down organization, which excludes user participation in planning, seems to have reinforced inconsistencies between the comprehensive proposal of Primary care and the daily structural unforeseen events, hindering the problematization necessary to transform the work processes. Institutionally strengthening the Primary Care network requires investment, permanent professional qualification, and active participation of subjects.

Abstract: Diosmin is a flavone glycoside clinically used as the main component of Daflon for the treatment of venous diseases. Several studies demonstrated that this natural compound can induce apoptosis in different tumors. However, isolated diosmin has not been studied regarding its effects on glioblastoma so far. Since glioblastoma is a highly lethal and fast-growing brain tumor, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Herein, we evaluated the role of this flavonoid against glioblastoma cells using in vitro assays. Diosmin significantly reduced the viability of GBM95, GBM02, and U87MG glioblastoma cells, but not of healthy human astrocytes, as verified by MTT assay. Vimentin immunostaining showed that diosmin induced morphological changes in GBM95 and GBM02 cells, making them smaller and more polygonal. Diosmin did not inhibit GBM95 and GBM02 cell proliferation, but it caused DNA fragmentation, as verified by the TUNEL assay, and increased cleaved caspase-3 expression in these cells. In summary, diosmin is able to induce caspase-dependent apoptosis specifically in tumor cells and, therefore, could be considered a promising therapeutic compound against glioblastoma.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar características produtivas e qualitativas de Brachiaria decumbens e Brachiaria ruziziensis submetidas a três níveis de sombreamento artificial (0, 36 e 54%) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (N) (0, 50, 100 e 150 mg dm-3 de solo), utilizando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 4, com três repetições. Avaliou-se a produção de matéria seca (PMS), o número de perfilhos, a massa de raiz e os teores de proteína bruta (PB) e de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). Ambas as gramíneas responderam quadraticamente ao N, mas a B. ruziziensis foi mais produtiva nas duas maiores doses de N. A densidade de perfilhos aumentou com a dose de N e diminuiu com o sombreamento. O peso de raiz aumentou com a dose de N, linearmente no sol pleno e quadraticamente na sombra. O sombreamento e o N influenciaram positivamente os teores de PB. Para os teores de FDN, houve redução com o aumento da dose de N. Para a B. decumbens, os teores de FDN aumentaram com o sombreamento; para B. ruziziensis o maior valor foi observado com sombreamento intermediário. A fertilização nitrogenada é uma importante estratégia para o aumento da PMS, do número de perfilhos e dos teores de PB da forragem, para ambas as gramíneas. Contudo, o sombreamento severo deve ser evitado, pois reduz o perfilhamento e o peso de raiz, o que pode comprometer a persistência da pastagem.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the productive and qualitative characteristics of Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria ruziziensis subjected to three levels of artificial shading (0, 36 and 54%) and four nitrogen (N) doses (0; 50; 100 and 150 mg dm-3 soil), using completely randomized design with a factorial scheme 2 x 3 x 4, with three replications. The dry matter production (DMP), the number of tillers per pot, root weight and crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents were evaluated. Both grasses responded quadractly to N, but B. ruziziensis presented greater production under the two highest N doses. The tillers density increased with N dose and was reduced under shading. The root weight increased with N dose, linearly in the full sun and quadractly in the shade. The shading and N showed a positive influence on CP contents. For NDF content, was observed reduction with increase of N dose. The NDF content of B. decumbens increased with shading levels; for B. ruziziensis, the greatest value was observed under intermediate shading level. The N fertilization is an important strategy to improve DMP, tillers density and CP content, for both grasses. However, intense shading should be avoided, as it reduces tillering and root weight, which may threat pasture persistence.

Abstract The barley HvAACT1 gene codes for a citrate transporter associated with tolerance to acidic soil. In this report, we describe a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the HvAACT1 coding region that was detected as T-1,198 (in genotypes with lower root growth on acidic soil) or G-1,198 (greater root growth) and resulted in a single amino acid change (L/V-172). Molecular dynamic analysis predicted that HvAACT1 proteins with L or V-172 were stable, although the substitution led to structural changes within the protein. To evaluate the effect of the SNP on tolerance to acidic soil, barley accessions were separated into haplotypes based on the presence of a 1 kb insertion in the HvAACT1 promoter and a 21 bp insertion/deletion. These markers and the SNP-1,198 allowed the identification of five haplotypes. Short-term soil experiments showed no difference in root growth for most of the accessions containing the 21 bp insertion and T or G-1,198. In contrast, genotypes showing both the 21 bp deletion and G-1,198, with one of them having the 1 kb insertion, showed greater root growth. These results indicate that the SNP was not advantageous or deleterious when genotypes from the same haplotype were compared. The occurrence of the SNP was highly correlated with the 21 bp insertion/deletion that, together with the 1 kb insertion, explained most of the barley tolerance to acidic soil.

In this study, we report the preparation of a new tetra-substituted epoxide aldehyde cyclopentane, which acts as a starting material for the synthesis of plinol, from (R)-(+)-epoxy-limonene. The synthesis was performed in three steps and resulted in a good yield. The structural determination was performed by 1H and 13C NMR, and the relative stereochemistry was defined by nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) experiments with computer calculations of molecular modeling, particularly with respect to indirect coupling constant calculations.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of bakery waste inclusion (0; 25; 50; 75 and 100%, DM basis) in proportion to corn meal in the energetic mixture of the concentrate on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal parameters in sheep. Five male lambs with body weight of 30 kg were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Experimental diets were composed of concentrate and Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) hay in a 60:40 forage:concentrate ratio. The concentrate rations were composed of corn meal, soybean meal and bakery waste. The bakery waste:corn meal ratio corresponded to the inclusion of, approximately, 0, 7, 14, 22 and 30% (DM basis) of bakery waste in the diet. There was no effect of bakery waste inclusion on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, nor on nitrogen balance, pH values or concentrations of volatile fatty acids. However, the ammonia nitrogen concentration showed negative linear response in relation to the level of inclusion, in which each increase of 1% bakery waste promoted reduction of 0.11 mg/dL in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen. This fact may be related to the increase in ruminal availability of energy, which allows greater use of ammonia for microbial growth. Bakery waste can replace corn meal in concentrate rations for sheep.

CONTEXTO: As informações sobre o grau de correlação entre força muscular e capacidade funcional em pacientes com doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP) são inconsistentes, além de nem sempre apresentarem protocolos que relacionem apropriadamente medidas de força muscular com desempenho. OBJETIVO: Estabelecer o nível de correlação entre força muscular e capacidade funcional em pacientes fisicamente ativos com DAOP. MÉTODOS: Doze pacientes com diagnóstico da doença e presença de claudicação intermitente participaram do estudo. Todos realizaram testes de força muscular e de caminhada. Grau de correlação entre força muscular e capacidade funcional foi avaliado pela correlação de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Dos 12 voluntários incluídos, 10 eram do sexo masculino e 2 do sexo feminino. Os participantes tinham média de idade de 63 ± 11 anos. Houve alta correlação (r = 0,872; p = 0,0001) entre distância percorrida no teste de deslocamento bidirecional progressivo (TDBP) e carga alcançada no teste de resistência máxima. Não se observou correlação entre distância percorrida no TDBP e tempo gasto para realização das cinco flexões plantares no teste de ponta de pé. CONCLUSÃO: O desempenho funcional em um grupo de pacientes com DAOP, em sua maioria fisicamente ativos, foi fortemente correlacionado com força muscular de extensores de joelho, mas não com desempenho observado funcionalmente pelo teste de ponta de pé. Futuros estudos são necessários para avaliar se força muscular de flexores plantares, mensurada de forma específica e isolada, correlaciona-se com função em pacientes com a doença.

BACKGROUND: Information on the degree of correlation between muscular strength and functional capacity in subjects with peripheral obstructive arterial disease (POAD) is inconsistent and the available studies use protocols that do not adequately correlate measurements of muscular strength with performance. OBJECTIVE: to correlate muscular strength and functional capacity in physically active subjects with POAD. METHODS: Twelve subjects with PAOD and intermittent claudication were enrolled in the study. All subjects performed muscular strength and walking tests. Pearson's correlation was used to determine the level of association between these variables. RESULTS: Twelve subjects, 10 males and 2 females, were included in the study. The mean age was 63 ± 11 years. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.872; p = 0.0001) between the distance walked in the shuttle walk test (SWT) and the maximum load at the maximum strength test. However, there was no correlation between the distance reached in the SWT and the time spent to carry out five plantar flexions in the tiptoe test. CONCLUSION: The functional performance of a group of individuals with PAOD - most of them physically active - was strongly correlated with knee extension muscular strength, but not with performance observed at the tiptoe test. Further studies must be carried out to assess whether the muscle strength of plantar flexion, measured specifically and separately, is correlated with function in PAOD patients.