Abstract Background: Currently, Raoultella ornithinolytica is considered an emerging pathogen of community- and hospital-acquired infection, particularly in patients with immunodeficiencies, malignancies, anatomical abnormalities, or after invasive procedures. Pediatric infections with R. ornithinolytica are exceedingly rare, with only six previously reported cases, of which only two were reported as a urinary tract infection. Case report: Here, we describe a polymicrobial urinary tract infection (R. ornithinolytica and Enterococcus faecalis) in a pediatric patient with T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which was successfully treated with ampicillin-sulbactam. Conclusions: To the extent of our knowledge, we report the seventh case in a pediatric patient and only the third case of a urinary tract infection in this age group caused by R. ornithinolytica.

Resumen Introducción: Actualmente Raoultella ornithinolytica es considerado un patógeno emergente involucrado en infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad y en el hospital, en particular en pacientes con algún tipo de inmunodeficiencia, malignidad, alteraciones anatómicas o sometidos a procedimientos invasivos. Las infecciones pediátricas causadas por R. ornithinolytica son sumamente raras, con solo seis casos publicados, de los cuales nada más dos se presentaron como infección de vías urinarias. Caso clínico: Se describe una infección de vías urinarias polimicrobiana (R. ornithinolytica y Enterococcus faecalis) en un paciente pediátrico con leucemia linfoblástica aguda de células T, que fue tratado satisfactoriamente con ampicilina-sulbactam. Conclusiones: Con base en lo que se sabe hasta el momento, se reporta el séptimo caso en un paciente pediátrico y el tercer caso de infección de vías urinarias causada por R. ornithinolytica en este grupo de edad.

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, undifferentiated febrile illnesses are being less detected and / or confused in clinical diagnoses, which implies in late treatments and a worse prognosis. Objective: Evaluate hospitalizations and the mortality rate of undifferentiated febrile illnesses that occurred simultaneously with COVID-19 in Brazil. Method: A descriptive and quantitative analysis of the number of hospitalizations, mortality rates, expenses, and average length of hospitalizations for visceral leishmaniasis, leptospirosis, malaria and dengue were performed. The information was obtained from the Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH / SUS), during the first eight months of 2020 and compared with average values from the same period from the years 2017 to 2019. Results: The number of hospitalizations for visceral leishmaniasis, leptospirosis and malaria in 2020 showed a decrease of 32.87%, 43.59%, 29.31%, while dengue an increase of 29.51% compared to the averages from 2017 to 2019. The mortality rate (2020) increased by 32.64%, 38.98%, 82.55% and 14.26% for the respective illnesses. Expenses and average length of stay fluctuated proportionally according to hospitalizations, with no important variations detected. Discussion: The possibility of underreporting, misunderstanding and late diagnoses was discussed, with a consequent increase in the mortality rate in undifferentiated febrile diseases. It is necessary for the health system to pay attention and not to neglect the undifferentiated febrile diseases already endemic to the country because of the pandemic moment. Clinical and epidemiological investigation should consider a syndromic protocol to reduce the impacts of undifferentiated febrile diseases in Brazil.

Introdução: Em meio à pandemia da COVID-19, as doenças febris indiferenciadas estão sendo menos detectadas e ou confundidas em diagnósticos clínicos, o que implica em tratamentos tardios e a piora no prognóstico. Objetivo: Avaliar as internações e a taxa de mortalidade das doenças febris indiferenciadas que ocorreram simultaneamente a COVID-19 no Brasil. Método: Foi realizada uma análise descritiva e quantitativa do número das internações mensais, taxas de mortalidade, gastos e permanência média das internações por leishmaniose visceral, leptospirose, malária e dengue. Os dados foram obtidos no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS), durante os primeiro oito meses de 2020 e confrontados com valores médios desse mesmo período dos anos de 2017 a 2019. Resultados: O número de internações por leishmaniose visceral, leptospirose e malária em 2020 apresentaram um decréscimo de 32,87%, 43,59%, 29,31%, enquanto dengue um acréscimo de 29,51% em comparação as médias de 2017 a 2019. A taxa de mortalidade (2020) teve acréscimo de 32,64%, 38,98%, 82,55% e 14,26% para as respectivas doenças. Os gastos e os tempos médios de permanência oscilaram proporcionalmente de acordo com as internações, sem importantes variações detectadas. Discussão: Discutiu-se a possibilidade de subnotificações, diagnósticos equivocados e tardios, com consequente aumento da taxa de mortalidade nas doenças febris indiferenciadas. É necessário que o sistema de saúde esteja em atenção, e não negligencie as doenças febris indiferenciadas já endêmicas do país em decorrência do momento pandêmico. A investigação clínica e epidemiológica deverá considerar um protocolo sindrômico para reduzir os impactos das doenças febris indiferenciadas no Brasil.

ABSTRACT Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a rare complication in Rickettsia typhi infections. We report the case of a 2-year-old boy with sudden night-onset fever, pallor, neck adenopathy and erythematous macular rash on the thorax, thighs and buttocks. During admission, he developed hyponatremia, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia, liver damage, hemorrhages and persistent fever. No hematological improvement was observed after the initial management, neoplastic diseases were discarded by bone marrow aspiration and lymph node biopsy; hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis was diagnosed. By immunohistochemistry and indirect immunofluorescence, murine typhus was also diagnosed and doxycycline was started with transitory recovery. Later, the child developed kidney failure and distributive shock that evolved to cardiac arrest and death. This is the first case report in Mexico on a fatal murine typhus associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in which the etiology was evidenced by histopathology.

RESUMEN Objetivo Generar una propuesta preliminar de un sistema integral de vigilancia del síndrome febril agudo para el municipio de Villeta, Cundinamarca, que contribuya en los procesos de recolección de datos en la presentación de casos en humanos y animales. Materiales y Métodos Un estudio retrospectivo transversal de 40 fichas de notificación obligatoria para pacientes con sospecha de dengue captados durante octubre de 2011 y marzo de 2013 en el hospital Salazar de Villeta, que generó una base de datos analizada por el programa Epiinfo 7. Asimismo, debido a la evidencia de circulación de leptospirosis y rickettsiosis en dicho municipio y considerando que estas etiologías son de carácter zoonótico, se realizó una adaptación respecto al evento en canino. De esta manera, estos resultados permitieron diseñar la propuesta de un sistema de vigilancia conformada por definiciones operativas de caso para las etiologías febriles, algoritmos de acción e instrumentos de notificación. Resultados El 60% de las personas que consultaron por síndrome febril pertenecían a la cabecera municipal; el 30% de los pacientes fueron menores de 10 años. Los síntomas manifestados con mayor frecuencia fueron: fiebre (98%), mialgias (85%), cefalea (75%) y artralgias (65%). El mayor número de casos se presentó en septiembre de 2012. El sistema de vigilancia propuesto contribuirá al fortalecimiento de la vigilancia sindrómica, que considera cuatro componentes: humano, animal, comunitario y ambiental, lo que facilita la identificación y la atención oportuna de los casos de síndrome febril agudo. Conclusión El sistema de vigilancia sindrómica permite abordar integralmente las enfermedades febriles con signos comunes haciendo más eficiente el proceso de notificación.

ABSTRACT Objective To generate a preliminary proposal of an integral surveillance system for the acute febrile syndrome in Villeta municipality, Cundinamarca department, with the goal to establish a collection processes and data capture in the presentation of human and animal cases. Materials and Methods A database was generated from a cross-sectional retrospective study of 40 sheets of mandatory reporting for suspected dengue patients collected during October 2011 and March 2013 from Hospital Salazar of Villeta. These data were analyzed by the Epiinfo 7 program. Also, because of the evidence of leptospirosis and rickettsial circulation in this municipality and whereas these etiologies are zoonotic, an adaptation was made regarding the event in dogs. These results allowed to design the proposed system, including operational surveillance case definitions for febrile etiologies, action algorithms and reporting tools. Results Sixty percent of people who consulted for febrile syndrome belonged to the county seat. 30% of patients were under 10 years. Fever (98%), myalgia (85%), headache (75%) and arthralgia (65%) were the symptoms reported with more frequency. The largest number of cases occurred in September, 2012. The proposed system of syndromic surveillance will strengthen surveillance considering four components: human, animal, community and environmental by facilitating the opportune identification and treatment of cases of acute febrile illnesses. Conclusion The syndromic surveillance system allows to relate comprehensively febrile illnesses with common signs, making the reporting process more efficient.

RESUMEN Objetivo Generar una propuesta preliminar de un sistema integral de vigilancia del síndrome febril agudo para el municipio de Villeta, Cundinamarca, que contribuya en los procesos de recolección de datos en la presentación de casos en humanos y animales. Materiales y Métodos Un estudio retrospectivo transversal de 40 fichas de notificación obligatoria para pacientes con sospecha de dengue captados durante octubre de 2011 y marzo de 2013 en el hospital Salazar de Villeta, que generó una base de datos analizada por el programa Epiinfo 7. Asimismo, debido a la evidencia de circulación de leptospirosis y rickettsiosis en dicho municipio y considerando que estas etiologías son de carácter zoonótico, se realizó una adaptación respecto al evento en canino. De esta manera, estos resultados permitieron diseñar la propuesta de un sistema de vigilancia conformada por definiciones operativas de caso para las etiologías febriles, algoritmos de acción e instrumentos de notificación. Resultados El 60% de las personas que consultaron por síndrome febril pertenecían a la cabecera municipal; el 30% de los pacientes fueron menores de 10 años. Los síntomas manifestados con mayor frecuencia fueron: fiebre (98%), mialgias (85%), cefalea (75%) y artralgias (65%). El mayor número de casos se presentó en septiembre de 2012. El sistema de vigilancia propuesto contribuirá al fortalecimiento de la vigilancia sindrómica, que considera cuatro componentes: humano, animal, comunitario y ambiental, lo que facilita la identificación y la atención oportuna de los casos de síndrome febril agudo. Conclusión El sistema de vigilancia sindrómica permite abordar integralmente las enfermedades febriles con signos comunes haciendo más eficiente el proceso de notificación.

ABSTRACT Objective To generate a preliminary proposal of an integral surveillance system for the acute febrile syndrome in Villeta municipality, Cundinamarca department, with the goal to establish a collection processes and data capture in the presentation of human and animal cases. Materials and Methods A database was generated from a cross-sectional retrospective study of 40 sheets of mandatory reporting for suspected dengue patients collected during October 2011 and March 2013 from Hospital Salazar of Villeta. These data were analyzed by the Epiinfo 7 program. Also, because of the evidence of leptospirosis and rickettsial circulation in this municipality and whereas these etiologies are zoonotic, an adaptation was made regarding the event in dogs. These results allowed to design the proposed system, including operational surveillance case definitions for febrile etiologies, action algorithms and reporting tools. Results Sixty percent of people who consulted for febrile syndrome belonged to the county seat. 30% of patients were under 10 years. Fever (98%), myalgia (85%), headache (75%) and arthralgia (65%) were the symptoms reported with more frequency. The largest number of cases occurred in September, 2012. The proposed system of syndromic surveillance will strengthen surveillance considering four components: human, animal, community and environmental by facilitating the opportune identification and treatment of cases of acute febrile illnesses. Conclusion The syndromic surveillance system allows to relate comprehensively febrile illnesses with common signs, making the reporting process more efficient.

ABSTRACT During the second half of the twentieth century, neurologic sequelae associated with central nervous system impairment caused by Rickettsia rickettsii were studied widely and exclusively in the United States. We present the case of a Mexican pediatric patient with neurologic sequelae 10 years after an acute infection by R. rickettsii.

El tifus murino es una enfermedad infecciosa de carácter zoonótico causada por Rickettsia typhi . Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 13 años edad, procedente del área urbana de la ciudad de Cali, quien presentó un cuadro febril asociado a taquipnea y exantema maculopapular generalizado en tronco y extremidades. Durante las primeras 48 h en la UCI pediátrica desarrolló rápido deterioro clínico, fiebre persistente, aumento de reactantes de fase aguda, presencia de infiltrados pulmonares intersticiales bilaterales y derrame pleural, requiriendo ventilación mecánica no invasiva. Se inició tratamiento con doxiciclina frente a la sospecha de una posible infección por agentes rickettsiales. Veinticuatro horas más tarde la paciente presentó mejoría clínica, resolución del exantema y retiro de la ventilación no invasiva. Por medio de la prueba de inmunofluorescencia indirecta se evidenciaron títulos de 1:512 frente al grupo del tifus, constatando el diagnóstico probable de tifus murino.

Murine typhus is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Rickettsia typhi . We report a case of a 13-year old female patient from the urban area of the city of Cali, who presented with fever, associated with tachypnoea and generalised maculopapular exanthema on the trunk and limbs. During the first 48 h in the paediatric ICU, she rapidly deteriorated, with persistent fever, increased acute phase reactants, bilateral interstitial pulmonary infiltrates and pleural effusion requiring noninvasive ventilation. Treatment with doxycycline was initiated due to a suspected infection by rickettsial agents. Twenty-four hours later the patient presented clinical improvement and resolution of the exanthema, thus the non-invasive ventilation was withdrawn. By means of a indirect immunofluorescence test, titres of 1:512 were shown against the typhus group, leading to the probable diagnosis of murine typhus.

La pielonefritis enfisematosa es una infección necrosante del parénquima renal que puede afectar los tejidos perirrenales y cuyo espectro de presentación clínica, por esa razón, es variable (choque séptico, acidosis metabólica, hiperglucemia, hipoglucemia, falla renal, delirio, entre otros); la mayoría de los casos se han informado en pacientes con diabetes mellitus o presencia de uropatía obstructiva. Reportamos el caso de una paciente joven no diabética quien presentó pielonefritis enfisematosa como condición clínica que lleva al diagnóstico inicial de infección por VIH, sin otras comorbilidades relacionadas, exitosamente tratada con manejo quirúrgico y antibioticoterapia. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura, en la cual no se ha informado esta enfermedad como manifestación clínica que lleve al diagnóstico inicial de la infección por VIH.

Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a necrotising infection of the renal parenchyma that may affect the perirenal tissue. Thus, the spectrum of clinical presentation is variable (septic shock, metabolic acidosis, hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia, renal failure, delirium); most cases have been reported in patients with diabetes mellitus or obstructive uropathy. We report the case of a young female patient without diabetes who presented emphysematous pyelonephritis as the condition that led to the diagnosis of HIV infection, without related comorbidities, and who was successfully treated with surgical and antibiotical therapy. A systematic search of the literature revealed that this disease as a condition leading to an initial diagnosis of HIV infection has not been previously reported.

La queratoconjuntivitis gonocócica es un infección agresiva y de rápida progresión causada por Neisseria gonorrhoeae . Reportamos el caso de un paciente quien presentó queratoconjuntivitis con opacidad corneal izquierda, la cual progresó a lesión ulcerativa a pesar del tratamiento inicial con antibiótico en gotas oftálmicas. La tinción de Gram y el cultivo a partir de la secreción purulenta del ojo izquierdo mostró diplococos gramnegativos y crecimiento de Neisseria gonorrhoeae , respectivamente. La curación del paciente se logró tras la administración de 2 g de ceftriaxona intramuscular en dosis única; el paciente no presentó secuelas.

Gonococcal keratoconjunctivitis is a rapidly progressing and aggressive infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae . We report a case of a patient who presented keratoconjunctivitis with an opacity in the left cornea that progressed into an ulcerative lesion despite initial treatment with antibiotic eye drops. Gram stains from the purulent discharge of the left eye showed gram-negative diplococci, and the culture from the ocular discharge was positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae . Resolution was achieved with the administration of 2 g of intramuscular ceftriaxone in a single dose, and the patient had no sequelae.