RESUMO: Neste estudo, 85 tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) foram coletadas em um lago de pesca recreativa (n = 35) e no lago do parque do Ibirapuera (n = 50), ambos localizados na cidade de São Paulo. Após a eutanásia, as brânquias dos peixes foram examinadas a fresco e por técnicas histológicas para identificar mixosporídeos. Foram observados mixosporídeos somente nos peixes capturados no lago de pesca recreativa com prevalência de 45,7% (16/35). Os esporos de Henneguya sp. foram encontrados em esfregaços a fresco (11,4%, 4/35). A prevalência de Myxobolus sp. foi de 34,3% (12/35), sendo os plasmódios deste gênero identificados de acordo com a localização nas brânquias, no epitélio (75%, 9/12), nos vasos sanguíneos (16,2%, 2/12), e na musculatura branquial (0,8%, 1/12). A presença de mixosporídeos estava relacionada com hiperplasia epitelial, fusão das lamelas, hiperplasia de células mucosas, reação inflamatória e outras alterações patológicas. Assim conclui-se que as prevalências de Myxobolus sp. e Henneguya sp. nas brânquias de O. niloticus foram altas e estavam associadas à lesões histopatológicas significantes, o que evidencia a importância desses cnidários patogênicos para as culturas peixes.

ABSTRACT: In this study, 85 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) were collected in recreational fishing lake (n=35) and Lake Ibirapuera Park (n=50), both located in the city of São Paulo. After euthanasia, the fish gills were examined fresh and after histological techniques for the presence of myxosporea. Myxosporeans were observed only in recreational fishing lake with a prevalence of 45.7% (16/35). Henneguya sp. (11.4%, 4/35) and Myxobolus sp. (34.3%, 12/35) were myxosporeans observed in this study. Spores of Henneguya sp. were found in smears fresh gills. The plasmodium of Myxobolus found was of the types epithelial (75%, 9/12), vascular (16.2%, 2/12), and muscle, muscle located in the gills (0.8%; 1/12). The presence of myxosporea was related to epithelial hyperplasia, fusion of lamellae, hyperplasia of mucous cells, inflammation and other pathological changes. Thus it is concluded that prevalence of Myxobolus sp. and Henneguya sp. in gills of O. niloticus was high and was associated with significant histopathological lesions, which highlights the importance of these protozoa to fish cultures.

Um total de 281 espécimes de peixes ornamentais de água doce - das espéciesLeporacanthicus galaxias, Lasiancistrus saetiger,Cochliodonsp., Hypostomussp.,Pseudacanthicus spinosus, Ancistrussp. eRineloricariacf. lanceolata - foram capturados na bacia hidrográfica do rio Guamá, Pará, Brasil. A infecção porTrypanosoma spp. foi inspecionada. A caracterização morfológica e morfométrica dos parasitas e os parâmetros hematológicos foram determinados. Todas as espécies foram infectadas e todos os espécimes deLeporacanthicus galaxias e Pseudacanthicus spinosusestavam parasitados. As outras espécies mostraram uma prevalência variável da infecção. Os parasitas mostraram claramente morfotipos e dimensões diferentes, e provavelmente, pertencem a espécies diferentes. A resposta hematológica à infecção variou de acordo com o hospedeiro. EmCochliodon sp. não houve diferença entre peixes infectados e não infectados. Em outras espécies diversas modificações em alguns parâmetros hematológicos foram encontrados, mas aparentemente sem causar doença. Ressalta-se a possibilidade de introdução de parasitas em novos ambientes devido aos movimentos artificiais destes peixes ornamentais.

A total of 281 specimens of freshwater armored ornamental fish species (Leporacanthicus galaxias, Lasiancistrus saetiger,Cochliodonsp., Hypostomussp.,Pseudacanthicus spinosus, Ancistrussp. andRineloricariacf. lanceolata) were captured at the hydrological basin of Guamá River, Pará, Brazil. The infection by Trypanosoma spp. was inspected. The morphological and morphometric characterization of the parasites and the hematological parameters were determined. Leporacanthicus galaxias andPseudacanthicus spinosus presented 100% infection prevalence, and the other species showed a variable prevalence of infection. The parasites showed clearly different morphotypes and dimensions, and probably belong to different species. The hematological response to the infection varied with the host. Cochliodon sp. showed no differences between infected and not infected fish. In other species several modifications on some hematological parameters were found, but apparently without causing disease. It is emphasized the possibility of introduction of the parasites in new environments due to the artificial movements of these ornamental fish.

This paper presents the morphological, histological and ultrastructural characteristics of Myxobolus oliveirai sp. nov., a parasite of the gill filaments in Brycon hilarii from the Brazilian Pantanal. Out of 216 B. hilariispecimens examined (126 wild and 90 cultivated), 38.1% of wild specimens (n = 48) were infected. The parasites form elongated plasmodia primarily in the tip of gill filaments, reaching about 3 mm in length. A thorough comparison with all the Myxobolus species described from South American hosts, as well as nearly all the Myxobolus species described so far is provided. Partial sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene revealed a total of 1,527 bp. The Myxobolus species parasite of B. hilarii did not match any of the Myxozoa available in GenBank. In the phylogenetic analysis, M. oliveirai sp. nov. composed a monophyletic group with eight other species: five species of Myxobolus parasites of mugilid fishes, two parasites of pangasiid and one of centrarchid. Infection prevalence values of the parasite revealed no significant differences between wet and dry seasons or between males and females. The importance of the infection to the farming of the host species is emphasized.

Myxobolus franciscoi sp. nov. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) is described from the "curimatá-pacú" fish, Prochilodus argenteus Spix & Agassiz, 1829 (Actinopterygii: Prochilodontidae) from the Upper São Francisco River, Brazil. This parasite forms whitish plasmodia (about 1 x 1 mm) that develop in the connective tissue of fins. The spores are more or less round in frontal view and ellipsoidal in lateral view, measuring 6.4 (6.0-6.9) µm in length, by 6.0 (5.8-6.4) µm in width and 3.2 µm in thickness. The polar capsules are very small, measuring about 2 µm in length by 1.5 µm in width and ending in a tapered anterior neck. The polar filament makes three turns in a plane at right angles with the longitudinal axis of the spore. Thorough comparisons with the remaining species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 described from South American fish, as well as with almost all species of Myxobolus described so far, are provided. This paper also includes a revision of Myxobolus species from South American fish hosts.

Foi estudada a parasitose dos peixes estuarinos Mugil gaimardianus Desmarest, 1831 (Mugilidae), Arius phrygiatus Valenciennes, 1839 (Ariidae), Conodon nobilis Linnaeus, 1759 (Haemulidae), Cetengraulis edentulus Cuvier, 1829 (Engraulidae), e Anableps anableps Linnaeus, 1758 (Anablepidae) por larvas praniza de Gnathiidae (Crustacea, Isopoda) em exemplares pescados no Oceano Atlântico, no Nordeste do Pará, próximo a Bragança, Brasil. O valor mais elevado da prevalência da infecção foi observado em A. anableps (42,3%) e o menor em C. nobilis (9,1%). A intensidade média da parasitose variou entre 1 parasita em C. nobilis até 19,5 em A. phrygiatus. Efetua-se a descrição da larva, verificando-se que a morfologia da armadura bucal está relacionada com a atividade sugadora de sangue, e faz-se a comparação com as características de outras espécies.

The infection of the estuarine teleost fishes Mugil gaimardianus Desmarest, 1831 (Mugilidae), Arius phrygiatus Valenciennes, 1839 (Ariidae), Conodon nobilis Linnaeus, 1759 (Haemulidae), Cetengraulis edentulus Cuvier, 1829 (Engraulidae), and Anableps anableps Linnaeus, 1758 (Anablepidae) by praniza larvae of Gnathiidae (Crustacea, Isopoda) was studied in specimens fished off the Atlantic Ocean in Northeast of Pará State, near Bragança, Brazil. The highest infection prevalence value was found in Anableps anableps (42.3%) and the lowest in Conodon nobilis (9.1%). The mean intensity varied from 1 parasitein Conodon nobilis to 19.5 in Arius phrygiatus. A description of the larvae is provided. The morphology of the mouthparts is related to the blood sucking activity, and is compared with the characteristics of other gnathiidae species.

It is described the histopathology of the infection of Tilapia rendalli (Osteichthyes, Perciformes, Cichlidae) and Hypostomus regani (Osteichthyes, Siluriformes, Loricariidae) by lasidium larvae of Anodontites trapesialis (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mycetopodidae). The larvae were encysted within the epidermis of the host, being surrounded by a thin hyaline membrane, 3-6 µm thick, of parasite origin. A proliferative host cell reaction did not occur. The histopathology of the infection shows that the lesions induced by the parasites are minimal. However, the numerous small lesions produced by the release of the larvae may provide optimal conditions for the infection by opportunistic pathogens, namely fungus, which may eventually cause the death of the host.