Resumo: Estudos de germinação de sementes em espécies de Eugenia após fracionamento de embriões demonstraram que as células dos cotilédones têm grande capacidade de desdiferenciação e consequente produção de raízes. No entanto, não há informações sobre a origem dessas novas raízes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar anatomicamente as regiões dos cotilédones de sementes de cinco espécies de Eugenia para elucidar o tecido que origina tais raízes. As sementes foram seccionadas na região do hilo e imediatamente colocadas para germinar. Assim que as frações desenvolveram raízes, elas foram fixadas e processadas com as técnicas usuais de microscopia de luz. As raízes adventícias originaram-se apenas quando a semente foi fracionada, nunca ocorrendo espontaneamente em sementes não danificadas. Raízes adventícias foram formadas a partir de células do parênquima perivascular, localizadas próximas à região lesada dos cotilédones. Essas células se dividiram periclinalmente e proliferaram, dando origem a um meristema radicular. Dessa forma, as novas mudas provavelmente têm genoma diferente da planta mãe, mas seriam idênticas ao embrião resultante da fecundação.

Abstract: Studies on seed germination in Eugenia species after embryo fractionation have demonstrated that cotyledon cells have capacity for de-differentiation and consequent production of roots. However, there is no information about the origin of those new roots. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize anatomically the cotyledon regions of seeds of five species of Eugenia to elucidate the tissue that originates such roots. Seeds were sectioned across the hillum region and immediately placed to germinate. As soon as the fractions of these cut seeds develop roots they were fixed and processed to the usual techniques for light microscopy. The adventitious roots originated only when the seed was fractioned, never occurring spontaneously in uninjured seeds. Adventitious roots were formed from perivascular parenchyma cells, located close to the injured region of the cotyledons. These cells divided periclinally and proliferated, giving rise to a root meristem. Therefore, new seedlings probably have a different genome than the mother plant, but they would be identical to the embryo that was a result of fertilization.

Abstract This study aimed to describe the cerebral activation patterns using fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) technology in a sample of 15 children with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and 7 with no PTSD. The study used a Quasi-experimental methodology where two experimental tasks were applied: an emotional face task and a version of an emotional Stroop task. The results point out differences in the group of PTSD on the processing of negative stimuli and changes in their frontal lobe activation. These preliminary results suggest that early traumatic experiences affect typical brain development patterns. And explicit and implicit variables involved in the traumatic experiences are discussed as a part of any intervention process.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir patrones de activación cerebral mediante una técnica de Imagen por resonancia magnética funcional -fMRI- (abreviatura en inglés de Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) en una muestra de niños con Trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y compararlos con un grupo de controles. Estudio cuasi-experimental en el que se tomó un grupo de 15 niños con TEPT y se comparó con un grupo de 7 niños sin TEPT. Se emplearon dos tareas experimentales: una prueba de caras y una versión del Stroop emocional. Los resultados preliminares, señalan diferencias en el procesamiento de estímulos, principalmente de carácter negativo en los niños con TEPT y cambios en los patrones de activación a nivel de estructuras frontales. Se concluye que el trauma a edad temprana afecta el curso normal del desarrollo cerebral y se evidencia la importancia de abordar los aspectos explícitos e implícitos asociados a la experiencia traumática como parte de la intervención.

RESUMO A capacidade regenerativa das sementes de Eugenia está presente desde as sementes ainda imaturas até as que já iniciaram a germinação. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os limites dessa capacidade em vários estágios da formação de sementes. Neste trabalho procurou-se associar as modificações físicas e fisiológicas de frutos e sementes de cinco espécies de Eugenia durante sua formação e maturação, bem como o potencial de produção de raízes e plântulas após a remoção de parte de suas reservas. Os resultados mostraram que não há padrão de desenvolvimento para as diferentes espécies do gênero, mas as sementes de todas as espécies têm alta capacidade de germinar e produzir plântulas normais, mesmo quando obtidas de frutos imaturos e com perda de material de reserva da semente.

ABSTRACT The regenerative capacity of Eugenia seeds is present from the still immature seeds to those that have already started germination. However, little is known about the limits of this capacity at the different stages of seed development. In this work we studied the physical and physiological modifications of fruits and seeds of five species of Eugenia during their formation and maturation, as well as the development of the seedlings after removal part of the seed reserves. The results showed that there is no developmental pattern for the different species of the genus, but the seeds of all species have high capacity to producing normal seedlings even from immature fruits and after some reserve material lost.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio es validar un segundo grupo de imágenes del Sistema Internacional de Imágenes Afectiva (IAPS) en población colombiana, con el fin de aumentar el banco de imágenes que puedan ser utilizadas en investigaciones en los campos de la emoción, la atención y la memoria, entre otros. Se validaron 240 imágenes pertenecientes a los conjuntos 15, 16, 17 y 18 del IAPS en una muestra de 1.222 personas provenientes de cinco ciudades del país (Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla y Bucaramanga). Para evaluar la respuesta emocional ante las imágenes en las dimensiones de valencia, arousal y dominancia se utilizó el Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Los resultados mostraron que las imágenes se distribuyeron de la forma esperada en el espacio afectivo bidimensional compuesto por las dimensiones de valencia y arousal. Se identificó un sesgo emocional positivo en los hombres y un sesgo emocional negativo en las mujeres. Las diferencias entre regiones y estrato socioeconómico se presentaron únicamente en arousal y dominancia, no en valencia. En conjunto, los resultados sugieren que estas imágenes pueden ser utilizadas para inducir estados afectivos en la población colombiana de forma controlada, lo que permite su uso para el estudio científico y experimental de diferentes procesos psicológicos, como la emoción, la motivación y la atención.

Abstract The aim of this study was to validate a second group of images of the International Affective Pictures System (IAPS) in Colombian population, in order to increase the bank of images that can be used in research in the fields of emotion, attention and memory, among others. 240 pictures belonging to sets 15, 16, 17 and 18 of the IAPS were validated in a sample of 1222 participants from five cities in the country (Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla and Bucaramanga). To assess the emotional response to images in the valence, arousal and dominance dimensions, the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) was used. The results showed that the pictures were distributed as expected in the two-dimensional affective space composed of the valence and arousal dimensions. A positive emotional bias was identified in men and a negative emotional bias in women. The differences between regions and socioeconomic strata were presented only in arousal and dominance, not in valence. Together, the results suggest that these images can be used to induce affective states in the Colombian population in a controlled manner, which allows their use for the scientific and experimental study of different psychological processes, such as emotion, motivation and attention.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el perfil de funcionamiento cognitivo de una muestra de niños, niñas y adolescentes con Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) derivado del conflicto armado en Colombia con un grupo de control. La muestra estuvo conformada por 50 participantes: 25 de ellos con TEPT, víctimas de situaciones asociadas a conflicto armado y 25 provenientes de la misma zona geográfica sin antecedentes de haber vivido tales situaciones. Los grupos fueron equiparados en edad, género, nivel socioeconómico y nivel académico. Las pruebas aplicadas evaluaron la atención, la memoria y el funcionamiento ejecutivo. Los resultados señalan que los niños y adolescentes con TEPT presentan un perfil neuropsicológico caracterizado por dificultades en los procesos de atención visual para material verbal y no verbal, alteraciones en la memoria lógica, con conservación de la habilidad para realizar actividades de aprendizaje verbal y marcado compromiso en el funcionamiento ejecutivo, mostrando alteraciones en pruebas que implican control inhibitorio, pocas habilidades para monitorear la conducta y dificultades en tareas que implican flexibilidad cognitiva. Con base en los resultados, se propone un perfil de funcionamiento cognitivo de los niños y adolescentes con TEPT, que coadyuve los procesos de evaluación e intervención en el marco de los procesos de reparación integral del post conflicto en Colombia.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the cognitive functioning profile between a sample of children and adolescences with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) derived from the arm conflict in Colombia and a control group. This study compared neuropsychological test results from a group of 50 children, 25 of them victims of an associated armed conflict situation with PTSD and 25 from the same geographical zone, without a record of going through such situation. The groups were matched by age, sex, socioeconomic status and education level. A battery of tests that assessed attention, memory and executive function was conducted. The results indicate that children with PTSD evidence a neuropsychological profile characterized by difficulties in the processes of visual attention in relation to verbal and nonverbal materials, logical memory disorders, with ability to perform verbal learning activities and notorious incidence in executive functioning. Assessment indicates changes that imply inhibitory control, poor ability to monitor the behavior, and difficulties in task that involve cognitive flexibility. Based on these scores, it is proposed a profile of cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with PTSD that could be useful to conduct more accurate assessment and clinical interventions within the framework of the Colombian post conflict process.

En la administración de la cadena de suministro la colaboración se ha convertido en factor clave de éxito. Estrategias de operación en las cuales cada nodo opera en condiciones óptimas han probado ser inadecuadas, y se ha determinado que es mejor una estrategia de coordinación de la cadena como un todo. Una cadena de 1-Bodega/N-Minoristas típicamente opera con cada minorista haciendo sus pedidos a la bodega de acuerdo con sus propias políticas de inventario. En este artículo se estudia el caso en el que la bodega toma decisiones centralizadas, definiendo las políticas de reabastecimiento del inventario de los minoristas usando la política de revisión periódica (R, s, S). La política óptima se determina usando una heurística que combina simulación Montecarlo con Optimización, basada en una implementación en hoja electrónica. El enfoque se prueba en un caso, observándose reducciones en los costos relevantes del inventario cuando se comparan los enfoques centralizado versus el descentralizado.

Collaboration in supply chain management has become a key success factor. Operational strategies in which each node operates under optimum operating conditions have proven to be inadequate, and it has been determined that a strategy of coordination of the chain as a whole is best perceived. The One-warehouse N-retailer chain typically operates with each retailer placing orders to the warehouse according to its own inventory policies. In this article we study the case where the warehouse makes centralized decisions, defining retail inventory replenishment policies using the (R, s, S) periodic review policy. The optimal policy is determined using a heuristic that combines Monte Carlo simulation with Optimization, based on an implementation in a spreadsheet scheme. The approach is tested in one case, showing reductions in the relevant inventory costs when centralized versus decentralized approaches are compared.

Na administração da corrente de fornecimento a colaboração converteu-se em fator chave de sucesso. Estratégias de operação nas quais a cada nó que opera em condições óptimas de operação têm provado ser inadequadas, e se determinou que é melhor uma estratégia de coordenação da corrente como um tudo. Uma corrente de 1-adega/NVarejistas tipicamente opera com a cada varejista fazendo seus pedidos à adega de acordo a suas próprias políticas de inventário.Neste artigo estuda-se o caso no que a adega toma decisões centralizadas, definindo as políticas de reabastecimento do inventário dos varejistas usando a política de revisão periódica (R, s, S).A política óptima determinase usando uma heurística que combina simulação Montecarlo com Otimização, baseado numa implementação em folha eletrônica.O enfoque prova-se num caso, observando-se reduções nos custos relevantes do inventário quando se comparam os enfoques centralizado versus o descentralizado.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es establecer, a partir de la revisión sistemática de artículos empíricos publicados entre 2001 y 2011, la viabilidad del uso del Neurofeedback como técnica de entrenamiento para disminuir los síntomas del Trastorno por déficit de atenciónhiperactividad en población infantil y adolescente. Se identificaron 88 artículos y con base en los criterios de inclusión definidos previamente, se seleccionó un total de 11 artículos. La evaluación de eficacia se hizo con base en los criterios definidos por la Asociación de Psicofisiología Aplicada y Biofeedback (Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback AAPB). Los resultados apuntan a un nivel de eficacia situado entre nivel dos (posible eficacia) y nivel tres (eficacia probable), por lo que se hace necesario la realización de investigaciones con un mayor nivel de control de variables y en muestras más amplias. Se discuten aspectos relacionados con su uso clínico y metodológico para futuros estudios.

Based on a systematic review of empirical articles published between 2001 and 2011, this study aims to establish the viability of using Neurofeedback training as a technique to reduce the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and teenager. 88 articles were identified and based on the defined inclusion criteria, and 11 articles were selected. Evaluation of efficacy was based on the criteria defined by the Association of Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback AAPB ). The results point to a level of efficacy located between level two (potential effectiveness) and level three (probable effectiveness), therefore, it is necessary to conduct a research with a higher level of control of variables and larger samples. Related clinical uses and methodological aspects are discussed for future studies.

RESUMEN Se hace una revisión de algunos elementos que permitan indagar por las bases epistemológicas de la neuropsicología con el fin de contribuir a clarificar sus fundamentos y su doble condición como disciplina anclada en la biología y la psicología. Se justifica el trabajo a partir de dos problemas fundamentales que enfrenta la neuropsicología: por un lado uno de carácter externo, basado en el auge de disciplinas que por definición parecieran tener objetos de estudio muy similares a la neuropsicología y que si bien, es loable este esfuerzo, dada la complejidad del estudio de las relaciones entre el comportamiento y el cerebro, conlleva una duplicidad de esfuerzos que no aportan a la comprensión del objeto de estudio; y por el otro, existe un problema interno al presentarse diversas posturas teóricas dentro de la neuropsicología a manera de escuelas que tienen a erigirse como si fuesen la única perspectiva. Para ofrecer una tentativa de respuesta, se revisa de manera resumida los aportes de las ciencias cognitivas y la neuropsicología, para posteriormente presentar los supuestos teóricos de tres aproximaciones dentro de la neuropsicología: la reflexología rusa y la perspectiva histórico cultural, el conexionismo y la neuropsicología cognitiva. Se concluye con una serie de principios que a manera de propuesta pudieran guiar el desarrollo de la disciplina.

ABSTRACT A review of the epistemological basis of neuropsychology is done in order to clarify its foundations and its dual status as a discipline rooted in biology and psychology. This work is justified from two fundamental issues that are faced by neuropsychology: from an external perspective based on the upswing of certain disciplines, which by definition seem to have similar subjects of study to neuropsychology; however, given the complexity of the study of the relationship between the behavior and the brain, it leads to a duplicity of efforts that do not add anything to the understanding of the subject matter. On the other hand, from an internal perspective, the main issue appears when diverse theoretical positions are presented within neuropsychology as schools that must stand as if they were the only perspective. To provide a tentative answer, this paper reviews three theoretical approaches within neuropsychology: Russian reflexology and the cultural-historical perspective, connectionism, and cognitive neuropsychology. The conclusion leads towards a set of principles that, as a proposal, should guide the discipline development.

El objetivo fue comparar la atención, memoria y funcionamiento ejecutivo en una muestra de niños, niñas y adolescentes con y sin sintomatología depresiva. Participaron 50 niños y adolescentes escolarizados, con edades entre los 9 y los 16 años, de estrato socioeconómico bajo. Se seleccionaron 25 niños con puntajes significativos en el Children Depression Inventory (CDI) y 25 niños con puntajes bajos; ambos grupos fueron equiparados en edad, sexo y escolaridad. Posteriormente, se aplicó una batería neuropsicológica para comparar la atención, memoria y funcionamiento ejecutivo de ambos grupos. Los resultados muestran un perfil caracterizado por bajo desempeño en atención, memoria semántica y lógica, así como dificultades en control inhibitorio en el grupo con sintomatología depresiva.

The objective of this study was to compare attention, memory, and executive function in a sample of boys, girls, and adolescents with and without symptoms of depression. Participants included 50 low income, school age children and adolescents between the ages of 9 and 16. Twenty five children with high scores and 25 with low scores on the Children Depression Inventory (CDI) were selected, and the groups were matched according to age, gender, and degree of schooling. They were then given a battery of neuropsychological tests in order to compare the attention, memory, and executive function of both groups. Results show a profile characterized by low performance in attention, semantic memory, and logic, as well as inhibitory control difficulties, in the group with symptoms of depression.

O objetivo foi comparar a atenção, memória e função executiva em uma amostra de crianças e adolescentes com e sem sintomatologia depressiva. Participaram 50 crianças e adolescentes escolarizados, com idades entre 9 e 16 anos, de classe socioeconômica baixa. Selecionaram-se 25 crianças com pontuação significativa no CDI e 25 com pontuação baixa; ambos os grupos foram equiparados em idade, sexo e escolaridade. Em seguida, aplicou-se uma bateria neuropsicológica para comparar a atenção, memória e funcionamento executivo de ambos os grupos. Os resultados mostram um perfil caracterizado por baixo desempenho em atenção, memória semântica e lógica, bem como dificuldades no controle inibitório no grupo com sintomatologia depressiva.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a maturação e a dispersão de sementes de Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. produzidas em diferentes anos, verificando a influência das variações hídricas e térmicas do ambiente sobre suas características físicas e fisiológicas no momento em que são dispersas. Frutos com diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento foram coletados da região de São Paulo, entre 2003 e 2010 e das regiões de Campinas e Lavras, em 2009 e 2010 e foram analisados quanto ao tamanho e à cor. As sementes foram extraídas dos frutos e analisadas quanto ao conteúdo de massa seca, teor de água, germinação e vigor. Os resultados evidenciaram que a maturação das sementes ocorre de forma dessincronizada à maturação dos frutos, levando em média 45 dias (430 graus-dia), sendo mais demorada em períodos chuvosos ou de temperaturas mais baixas. Sementes de qualidade fisiológica mais elevada foram produzidas em anos chuvosos e quando a amplitude térmica foi maior. Conclui-se, portanto, que as variações hídricas e térmicas do ambiente e do período de formação influenciam sobre a maturação das sementes de uvaieira podendo, inclusive, determinar o ciclo de formação e a qualidade final dessas sementes.

This study aims to analyze the maturation and dispersal of Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. seeds produced in different years, and the influence of variation in thermal and hydric environment on seed physical and physiological characteristics at dispersal. Fruits at different developmental stages were harvested in the city of São Paulo between 2003 and 2010, as well as in the cities of Campinas and Lavras, in 2009 and 2010 and analyzed for size and color. The seeds were extracted from the fruits and their dry mass, water content, germination and vigor were assessed. Results showed that seed maturation is unsynchronized to the maturation of the fruit, taking 45 days on average (430 growing degree-days), longer in rainy times or lower temperatures. Seeds with higher physiological quality were produced in rainy years and when the temperature range was larger. We concluded therefore that hydric and thermal environmental variations during development influence the maturation of Eugenia pyriformis seeds and are able to determine the formation cycle and the final seed quality.

Objective: to determine the quality of life for caregivers of patients hospitalized and the relationship to the level of dependence and Support Network. Methods: Study descriptive correlational, shows 106 caregivers of patients hospitalized in a public hospital in San Luis Potosi selected by non-probabilistic sampling, the instrument was administered Quality of Life of the informal caregivers, Index Katz, and the correlation coefficient Pearson as test hypotheses. Results: Predominated women caregivers whose average age was 42 years, married, primary schooling, occupation household chores, kinship of daughters, wives and mothers. Men caregivers in a lesser proportion, caring for children or wife; the receiver of the care in the majority were men with an average age of 55 years, was dominated by totally dependent. The quality of life was high, but in the indicator interpersonal relationships with family and friends were middle-level and low; relation was found between quality of life average, moderate dependence and mild dependence, which was statistically significant. Conclusions: There are implications for the quality of life of caregivers in emotional and social aspects due to modification of the environment and organization of daily activities, and the careful, it reflects separation of friendships due to dedication to this task, it emphasizes the family as a main support.

Objetivo: Determinar la Calidad de Vida de Cuidadores de Pacientes Hospitalizados y la relación al Nivel de Dependencia y Red de Apoyo. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo correlacional, muestra de 106 cuidadores de pacientes hospitalizados en un Hospital público de San Luis Potosí, seleccionados por muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se aplicó el Instrumento Calidad de Vida del Cuidador Informal, Índice Katz, y el coeficiente de correlación Pearson como prueba hipótesis. Resultados: Predominaron mujeres cuidadoras cuya edad promedio fue 42 años, casadas, escolaridad primaria, ocupación en labores del hogar, parentesco de hijas, esposas y madres. Los hombres cuidadores en menor proporción, cuidaban a hijos o esposa; los receptores del cuidado en su mayoría fueron hombres con edad promedio de 55 años, predominaron los totalmente dependientes. La calidad de vida fue alta, pero en el indicador relaciones interpersonales con familiares y amigos presentaron nivel medio y bajo; se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre calidad de vida media, dependencia moderada y dependencia leve. Conclusiones: Existen repercusiones en la calidad de vida de los cuidadores en aspectos emocionales y sociales debido a modificaciones del entorno y organización de actividades diarias y el cuidado, se refleja separación de amistades debido a dedicación a esta tarea, destaca la familia como apoyo principal.

The aim of the present work was to study the water potential and viability of Eugenia based upon different levels of drying. The seeds showed high water content at shedding and were sensitive to desiccation; however, the level of this sensitivity (water content) varied among the species. Five target drying levels were defined according to the critical levels of hydration. Results showed that water potential seemed to be more reliable than water content. It was hypothesize that the differences in desiccation tolerance, as well as recalcitrance, among the seeds of different species could be related to the maturity level of these seeds during shedding from the mother plant. Consequently, this could be a result of the evolution on how far the maturation process could represent an advantage for the species propagation. This could also mean that Eugenia seeds were dispersed at a maturity stage similar to that observed in immature orthodox seeds.