Resumo Vinagres gourmet são ingredientes culinários versáteis, que despertam o interesse dos consumidores não só pelo sabor peculiar, mas também pelos benefícios à saúde. Neste trabalho, inicialmente vinho de mirtilo e mel foi obtido em biorreator com altas concentrações de fenólicos (706,18 mg GAE/mL). Elevada capacidade de eliminação dos radicais livres DPPH (161,42 μmol de equivalente trolox/100 mL) e ABTS•+ (356,41 μmol de equivalente trolox/100 mL), bem como capacidade antioxidante redutora de íons férricos (1419,86 μmol FeSO4/100 mL) também foram verificadas. Vinagre foi obtido a partir do vinho, em sucessivos ciclos de acetificação em barril de madeira. A concentração média de ácido acético encontrada foi de 4,4 g/100 mL e a produção média e a produtividade foram, respectivamente, 52,69% e 0,38 g/L.h. Apreciáveis conteúdos de polifenóis (681,87 a 847,98 μg GAE/mL), antocianinas (12,8 a 15,39 mg/L) e alta atividade antioxidante foram verificadas no vinagre. Os vinagres demonstraram capacidade antimicrobiana contra Bacillus subtilis e Salmonella enterica Typhimurium.

Abstract Gourmet vinegars are versatile culinary ingredients that have aroused the interest of consumers not only for their unusual taste, but also for their health benefits. In this work, blueberry and honey wine was first obtained using a bench-scale bioreactor. This wine had high concentrations of phenolic compounds (706.18 mg GAE/mL) and appreciable free radical scavenging ability against DPPH (161.42 µmol trolox equivalent/100 mL) and ABTS•+ (356.41 µmol trolox equivalent/100 mL), as well as ferric-ion reducing antioxidant capacity (1419.86 µmol FeSO4/100 mL). In sequence, vinegar was produced from the wine in wooden barrels using successive acetification cycles. The average acetic acid concentration found in the vinegars was 4.4 g/100 mL, and the average acetic acid yield and volumetric productivity were 52.69% and 0.38 g/(L.h), respectively. Appreciable polyphenolic compounds (681.87 to 847.98 µg GAE/mL) and anthocyanin (12.8 to 15.39 mg/L) contents were found and high antioxidant activity. In addition, the vinegars demonstrated antimicrobial ability against Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium.

A hexa-oligosaccharide was obtained by partial acid hydrolysis from botryosphaeran, an exopolysaccharide (EPS) β(1→3; 1→6)-D-glucan type, produced by the ascomyceteous fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina. The oligosaccharide was purified by gel filtration and charcoal-Celite column chromatography and the analysis was followed by HPAEC/PAD. The structure was determined by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, which showed that the oligosaccharide consists of six β-D-glucopiranosyl units O-6 substituted (gentiohexaose).

Nove isolados de Botryosphaeria spp foram avaliados quanto ao crescimento e produção de enzimas líticas da parede celular (lacase, pectinase e beta-1,3-glucanase) quando cultivados em meio basal na ausência e presença do indutor de lacase álcool veratrílico (VA). As relações genéticas entre os nove isolados coletados de diferentes plantas hospedeiras foram determinadas por RAPD. A análise das seqüências de nucleotídeos da região ITS mostrou oito isolados estreitamente relacionados, os quais foram classificados como Botryosphaeria rhodina e um isolado como Botryosphaeria ribis. A análise por RAPD agrupou os isolados em três grupos principais condizentes com os níveis de atividades de lacase e beta-1,3-glucanase. Nenhuma correlação foi detectada entre a produção de pectinase e a diversidade genética nos nove isolados. Entretanto, a linhagem caracterizada como B. ribis, posicionada fora dos grupos principais, se mostrou maior produtora de pectinase na presença de álcool veratrílico.

Nine isolates of Botryosphaeria spp. were evaluated for their growth and the production of cell wall-lytic enzymes (laccase, pectinase and beta-1,3-glucanase) when grown on basal medium in the absence and presence of the laccase inducer, veratryl alcohol (VA). The genetic relationship among the nine isolates collected from different host plants was determined by RAPD analyses. ITS sequence analysis showed eight closely related isolates classified as Botryosphaeria rhodina, and one isolate classified as Botryosphaeria ribis. RAPD analysis resolved the isolates into three main clusters based upon levels of laccase and beta-1,3-glucanase activity. There appears to be no correlation between pectinase production and genetic diversity among the nine isolates. However, the strain characterized as B. ribis, positioned out of the main cluster, was found to be the highest producer of pectinases in the presence of VA.

A beta-glucosidase-like enzyme-encoding gene (bglH) of an endophytic Bacillus pumilus strain (CL16) was cloned using a shotgun genomic library constructed in Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequence of the entire cloned fragment (2484 bp) was determined and characterized. An incomplete open reading frame (ORF) of 534 bp (ORF1) designated bglP and a complete ORF of 1419 bp (ORF2) designated bglH, located in the fragment, are organized in an operon. The protein deduced from 1419 bp (ORF2) had 472 amino acid residues without a characteristic signal peptide sequence, suggesting that the enzyme is localized in the cytoplasm. The amino acid sequence deduced from bglH gene had high similarity with beta-glucosidases from the glycosyl hydrolase family 1. Over-expression of the B. pumilus bglH gene in E. coli showed a 54 kDa protein whose identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF).

Quatro linhagens virulentas do fungo Bipolaris euphorbiae (previamente identificado como Helminthosporium sp.), isoladas de Euphorbia heterophylla de quatro estados do Brasil, foram estudadas quanto a produção de fitotoxina, que promove murcha e desfolha da referida erva daninha brasileira, popularmente denominada leiteiro e comumente encontrada nas culturas de soja. O isolado Bipolaris euphorbiae linhagem I (EUPH petropar do estado de Mato Grosso), produziu fitotoxina in-vitro quando cultivada sob condição estática, durante 7 dias, a 28 °C em meio mínimo suplementado com glucose 1,5 %, como fonte única de carbono. A fitotoxina foi também produzida quando o isolado foi cultivado em frutose, galactose, manose, xilose e sacarose. A adição de fonte de nitrogênio (extrato de levedura, peptona e extrato de malte) ao meio de cultivo não influenciou a produção da mesma. A fitotoxina produzida pela linhagem I apresentou maior atividade em pH 6,0 , permaneceu estável na faixa de pH entre 3 e 9 e demonstrou elevada termoestabilidade, mantendo-se ativa após ter sido aquecida durante uma hora a 90 °C.

Four virulent strain isolates of the fungus, Bipolaris euphorbiae (previously identified as a Helminthosporium sp.), isolated from host plants in four states within Brazil were screened for the production of phytotoxins that promoted wilting and defoliation of the Brazilian weed, Euphorbia heterophylla, commonly found growing among soyabean crops. Only one isolate, B. euphorbiae Strain I (EUPH petropar from Mato Grosso state), produced phytotoxin in-vitro when grown in stationary culture for 7 d at 28 ° C on minimum salts medium supplemented with 1.5 % glucose as the sole carbon source. Phytotoxin was also produced when the fungal strain was grown on fructose, galactose, mannose, xylose and sucrose. The addition of nitrogen source (yeast extract, peptone or malt extract) to the culture medium did not influence phytotoxin production. The phytotoxin produced by Strain I was most active at pH 6.0, stable between pH 3-9, and was highly thermostable, remaining fully active when heated at 90 ° C for 1 h.