ABSTRACT Adjuvants mayimprove control efficiency of volunteer RR® corn with ACCase inhibiting herbicides. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adjuvant addition to the herbicides clethodim and quizalofop, on surface tension, spray deposition and efficiency of volunteer RR® corn control. The surface tension of clethodim (96 g a.i. ha-1) and quizalofop (60 g a.i. ha-1) herbicides with and without a mineral oil, a vegetable oil and an organosilicon adjuvant was evaluated at concentrations of 0.01; 0.05; 0.1; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0% v v-1. To evaluate deposition and visual control efficiency, the same herbicides associated or not with the mineral oil (0.5% v v-1), the vegetable oil (0.5% v v-1) and the organosilicon adjuvant (0, 05% v v-1) were used. For this, volunteer RR® corn plants were grown in a greenhouse until stage V2-V3. The adjuvants reduced the surface tension of the herbicides clethodim and quizalofop, organosilicon was the most efficient. Adjuvants does not alter spray deposition of herbicides on corn plants. Mineral oil increases potential control of clethodim herbicide and anticipates control with quizalofop herbicide.

RESUMO Devido à carência de informações sobre tecnologia de aplicação na horticultura, objetivou-se com essa pesquisa avaliar o efeito de três técnicas de aplicação em diferentes partes do dossel do tomateiro cultivado em ambiente protegido. As técnicas avaliadas foram 1= Lança manual com duas pontas de jato cone vazio, JA-2 (700 kPa), taxa de aplicação de 618 L ha-1; 2= Barra vertical com seis pontas de jato cone vazio, ATR 0.5 (700 kPa), taxa de aplicação de 493 L ha-1; 3= Barra vertical com seis pontas de jato plano simples, AXI 11002 (400 kPa), taxa de aplicação de 1442 L ha-1. Como indicadores de qualidade da aplicação, foram mensurados o depósito relativo (quantitativo) e a cobertura (qualitativa) das folhas do tomateiro nas posições de coleta interna e externa das plantas, nos estratos superior, médio e inferior do dossel do tomateiro. Nos estratos inferior e médio do dossel, o depósito relativo foi respectivamente 21% e 34% menor na parte interna das plantas em relação à externa, porém no estrato superior não houve diferença. Em média a cobertura foi 2,5 vezes menor na superfície abaxial em relação a adaxial. A técnica de aplicação Lança manual (618 L ha-1), utilizada na lavoura comercial, proporcionou melhor qualidade da aplicação. No entanto, há necessidade de otimização das técnicas de aplicação no intuito de proporcionar melhor distribuição da pulverização, principalmente nas regiões críticas, como a parte interna das plantas nos estratos inferior e médio do dossel e a superfície abaxial das folhas.

ABSTRACT Due to the deficiency of information on application technology in horticulture, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of three application techniques on different parts of the tomato canopy cultivated under greenhouse. The techniques evaluated were 1= Spray gun with two hollow cone nozzles, model JA-2 (700 kPa), application rate of 618 L ha-1; 2= Vertical boom spray equipped with six nozzles, model ATR 0.5 (700 kPa), application rate of 493 L ha-1; 3= Vertical boom spray with six standard flat fan nozzles, model AXI 11002 (400 kPa), application rate of 1442 L ha-1. As application quality indicators, the relative deposit (quantitative) and the coverage (qualitative) of the tomato leaves in the internal and external collection positions of the plants, in the upper, middle and lower strata of the tomato canopy were measured. In the lower and middle canopy strata, the relative deposit was respectively 21% and 34% smaller in the internal part of the plants in relation to the external, however in the upper stratum there was no difference. On average, the coverage was 2.5 times smaller on the abaxial surface in relation to the adaxial leaf surface. The Spray gun JA-2 (618 L ha-1), used in commercial farming, provided better quality of the application. However, there is a need to optimize the application techniques in order to provide better distribution of the spray, mainly in the critical regions, such on the inside of the plants in the lower and middle canopy strata and the abaxial surface of the leaves.

Resumo: O tratamento químico de sementes é uma prática que auxilia no controle de pragas e patógenos, além de possibilitar à cultura atingir seu potencial máximo de produção. No entanto, o tempo de armazenamento de sementes tratadas com inseticidas e fungicidas pode influenciar sobre o potencial fisiológico das sementes. Assim, esse trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja tratadas com fungicidas e inseticidas, sob quatro períodos de armazenamento. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos distribuídos no esquema fatorial 10 x 4, onde sementes de soja da cultivar BMX Potência RR foram tratadas com os seguintes produtos fitossanitários: fipronil + piraclostrobina + tiofanato-metílico, tiofanato-metílico, carbendazin, carboxina + tiram, imidacloprid + thiodicarb, clorantraniliprole, tiametoxam, ciantraniliprole, fipronil e testemunha (sementes sem tratamento químico), em quatro repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas com 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias após o tratamento. Foram realizados testes de germinação, primeira contagem do teste de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência de plântulas em canteiro, velocidade de emergência de plântulas e massa de matéria seca de plântulas. O tratamento com a mistura fungicida carboxina + tiram proporcionou adequada qualidade fisiológica das sementes ao longo do armazenamento. O inseticida tiametoxam tem efeito negativo na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja quando armazenadas.

Abstract: Chemical seed treatment is a practice that assists in control of pests and pathogens and allows crops to achieve their maximum yield potential. However, the storage period of seeds treated with insecticides and fungicides can affect seed physiological potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds treated with different fungicides and insecticides after four different storage periods. The experimental design was completely randomized and the treatments were distributed in a 10 × 4 factorial arrangement in which the soybean seeds of the cultivar BMX Potência RR were treated with the following phytosanitary products: fipronil + pyraclostrobin + thiophanate-methyl, thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, carboxin + thiram, imidacloprid + thiodicarb, chlorantraniliprole, thiamethoxam, cyantraniliprole, fipronil, and a control (seeds without chemical treatment), in four replications. The seeds were evaluated at 0, 30, 60, and 90 days after the chemical treatment. The following tests were performed: germination, first count of germination, accelerated aging, seedling emergence in sand, seedling emergence speed, and seedling dry matter. The treatment with the carboxin + thiram fungicide mixture provided for adequate physiological quality of the seeds throughout storage. The insecticide thiamethoxam has a negative effect on the physiological quality of soybean seeds that are stored after treatment with it.

RESUMO O tratamento de sementes é um processo que auxilia no controle de insetos e patógenos iniciais, além de possibilitar à cultura atingir seu potencial máximo de produção e promover proteção à plântula. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho fisiológico de sementes e o desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de soja, em função do tratamento de sementes. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos [imidacloprid + thiodicarb (75 + 225 g i.a. 100 kg-1 de sementes); chlorantraniliprole (62,5 g i.a. 100 kg-1 de sementes); cyantraniliprole (72 g i.a. 100 kg-1 de sementes); fipronil + thiophanate-methyl + pyraclostrobin (5 + 45 + 50 g i.a. 100 kg-1 de sementes); e testemunha (sementes sem tratamento)]. Inicialmente, foi avaliada a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, por meio de primeira contagem de germinação, germinação final e envelhecimento acelerado, com quatro repetições. Posteriormente, foi avaliado o efeito do tratamento de sementes no desenvolvimento inicial das plantas de soja, por meio de análise da área foliar, número de folhas, comprimento da parte aérea, massa seca de raiz e parte aérea e massa fresca de nódulos, em dez repetições. O tratamento com fipronil + pyraclostrobin + thiophanate-methyl proporciona maior germinação em sementes submetidas ao teste de envelhecimento acelerado, além de incremento no comprimento da parte aérea e área foliar das plantas.

ABSTRACT Seed treatment is a process that helps to control insects and soil-borne pathogens, besides allowing a given crop to reach its maximum production potential and protect its seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological performance of seeds and the initial development of soybean, as a function of seed treatment. The study was based on a completely randomized design, with five treatments [imidacloprid + thiodicarb (75 + 225 g a.i. 100 kg-1 of seeds); chlorantraniliprole (62.5 g a.i. 100 kg-1 of seeds); cyantraniliprole (72 g a.i. 100 kg-1 of seeds), fipronil + thiophanate-methyl + pyraclostrobin (5 + 45 + 50 g a.i. 100 kg-1 of seeds); and control (seeds without treatment)]. Initially, the physiological quality of the seeds was evaluated by determining the first germination count, final germination and accelerated aging, with four replications. After that, the effect of the seed treatment on the soybean plant development was evaluated by analyzing the leaf area, number of leaves, shoot height, root and shoot dry mass and fresh mass of root nodules, with ten replications. The seed treatment with fipronil + pyraclostrobin + thiophanate-methyl allows an increased germination when the seeds are subjected to the accelerated aging test, besides an increment in the shoot height and leaf area of the plants.

RESUMO Nos cultivos de tomate, pepino e pimentão é comum a utilização de grande número de aplicações de produtos fitossanitários para o controle de pragas e doenças como forma de garantir melhor produtividade e qualidade do produto final. O conhecimento do espalhamento e do tempo de evaporação de gotas de pulverização é fundamental para entender a interação entre a calda de fungicida e a superfície alvo para adequada distribuição do fungicida. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a área de molhamento e o tempo de evaporação de gotas contendo o fungicida Cabrio Top sem e com o adjuvante Nimbus® depositadas em superfícies foliares das culturas de tomate, pimentão, pepino e superfície artificial (lâmina de vidro). Utilizou-se um sistema de análises por imagens, gerador de gotas, um estereoscópio com câmera para captura de imagens e uma câmara climática de controle de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Gotas de 600 µm de diâmetro contendo as caldas de pulverização foram depositadas nas superfícies foliares e lâmina de vidro e as imagens sequenciais foram usadas para quantificar a área de molhamento e o tempo de evaporação. A calda de pulverização e a superfície alvo são determinantes no molhamento e na evaporação das gotas após a deposição. O tempo de evaporação e a tensão superficial apresentam relação negativa com o molhamento. A adição do adjuvante Nimbus® (0,5%, v/v) reduziu a tensão superficial e proporcionou aumento da área de molhamento das superfícies, com exceção em folhas de tomateiro, que apresentaram baixa capacidade de molhamento em ambas as caldas.

ABSTRACT On tomato, cucumber and bell pepper cultivation, commonly large quantities of plant-protection products are applied, to control pests and diseases, as a way to guarantee better productivity and final product quality. The knowledge of spreading and evaporation time of spray droplets is fundamental to understand the interaction between fungicides and target surface for proper distribution of this fungicide. This study was installed to determine the wetting area and droplet evaporation of sprays containing the fungicide Cabrio Top, with or without adjuvant Nimbus®, deposited on leaves and artificial surfaces (glass slide). A system was used which analyzes images composed of a droplet generator, a stereoscope camera for capturing images and a climatic chamber for controlling temperature and relative air humidity. Droplets of 600 µm in diameter containing spray solution were deposited on leaf surfaces and on glass slide and sequential images were used to quantify the wetting area and the evaporation time. The spray solution and the target surface are determinant for wetness and droplet evaporation after deposition. Evaporation time and surface tension were inversely proportional to the wetting areas. Addition of adjuvant Nimbus® (0.5%, v/v) reduced the surface tension and provided an increase in the wetting surface area, except on tomato leaves which had shown low wetting capacity in both fungicide solutions applied.

ABSTRACT: Spraying of crop protection products can be affected by weather conditions and spray nozzles, altering deposition patterns and coverage of the target surface. The objective of this research was to analyze the quality of sprayings performed in three periods of the day (9:00 am, 2:00 pm, and 6:00 pm), using two different droplet sizes (fine and coarse) in soybeans. Coverage and deposition were evaluated in the upper, middle, and lower portion of soybean canopy. Spraying the products at 2:00 pm increased leaf coverage in the medium portion but also increased losses to the soil. Spray nozzles with fine droplet sizes provided greater coverage and deposition in the medium and upper portion of the crop for the sprayings performed in the morning. If compared to coarse droplets, fine droplets increased leaf coverage and had no interference with the losses to the soil.