ABSTRACT: Reducing soil degradation and its impacts on the environment have been one of the main challenges of the 21st century, exacerbated by a direct link between increases in the human population and soil degradation that raises current and future food security concerns. Despite this, experiences worldwide reveal that degraded land restoration projects have either achieved little success or failed. Thus, understanding the underlying causes and devising appropriate restoration mechanisms is crucial. Soil amelioration using beneficial microorganisms, particularly arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), is essential and pragmatic. Glomalin, a type of glycoprotein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the phylum Glomeromycota, contributes to the mitigation of soil degradation. Moreover, AMF and glomalin are highly correlated with other soil physico-chemical parameters and are sensitive to changes in the environment. As a result of this, they have been recommended for monitoring the recovery of degraded soil or stages of soil degradation. In this review, we discuss the role of AMF and glomalin in the restoration of degraded soils, including improvements to the soil structure and soil organic matter (SOM), microbial activity, reduction of fertility loss, bioremediation, and mitigation of the effects of drought and saline stress. We highlight the research gaps and discuss the prospects. This knowledge will improve our understanding of the ecological conduct of glomalin and AMF, stimulate future research, and be useful to sustainable restoration of degraded lands. Furthermore, we discussed the challenges and obstacles in the legislation and future perspectives on the production of inoculants based on AMF in Brazil.

ABSTRACT: The utilization of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data obtained through satellite images can technically improve the process of delimiting management zones (MZ) for annual crops, resulting in socio-economic and environmental benefits. The aim of this study was to compare delimited MZ, using crop productivity data, with delimited MZ using the NDVI obtained from satellite images in areas under a no-tillage system. The study was carried out in three areas located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Three crop productivity maps, from 2009 to 2015, were used for each area, whereby the NDVI was calculated for each crop productivity map using images from the Landsat series of satellites. Descriptive and geostatistical analysis were conducted to determine the productivity and NDVI data. The MZ were then delimited using the fuzzy c-means algorithm. Spearman's correlation matrix was used to compare the methodologies used for delimiting the MZ. The MZ based on NDVI calculated from the satellite images correlated with the MZ based on crop productivity data (0.48 < r < 0.61), suggesting that the NDVI can replace or be complementary to productivity data in delimiting MZ for annual cropping systems.

RESUMO Milho e sorgo são as principais matérias primas na produção de silagem para consumo animal, merecendo destaque a adubação mineral, quando o objetivo for incrementar os ganhos em quantidade e qualidade forrageira. Objetivou-se avaliar a contribuição de doses de N, P ou K na produtividade de massa seca e proteína bruta de milho e sorgo para silagem. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, durante cinco cultivos sucessivos de milho (três safras de verão) e sorgo (duas safrinhas). Foram utilizadas cinco doses de N (0 kg ha-1, 50 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 150 kg ha-1 e 200 kg ha-1), cinco doses de P2O5 (0 kg ha-1, 40 kg ha-1, 80 kg ha-1, 120 kg ha-1 e 160 kg ha-1) e cinco doses de K2O (0 kg ha-1, 30 kg ha-1, 60 kg ha-1, 90 kg ha-1 e 120 kg ha-1), aplicadas em cada cultivo, na mesma área experimental. As doses de N contribuíram para o aumento da produtividade de proteína bruta nos cinco cultivos sucessivos de milho e sorgo, associado ao aumento de massa seca e/ou da concentração de proteína. O incremento de proteína bruta foi de 59,5-312,9 % para as duas culturas. Os solos utilizados no sistema de sucessão de milho e sorgo para silagem apresentaram níveis "muito altos" de P e K. Portanto, a adubação com P não teve efeito sobre a produção de matéria seca ou proteína bruta no primeiro ano de cultivo, assim como ocorreu para a adubação com K durante as cinco safras sucessivas.

ABSTRACT Maize and sorghum are the main raw materials in the production of silage for animal feed, with mineral fertilization being worthy of note when the goal is to increase gains in the amount and quality of the forage. This study aimed at evaluating the contribution of N, P or K doses to the dry matter and crude protein yield in maize and sorghum grown for silage. The experiments were carried out in a randomized block design, with four replications, during five successive crops of maize (three summer seasons) and sorghum (two off-season). Five doses of N (0 kg ha-1, 50 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 150 kg ha-1 and 200 kg ha-1), five doses of P2O5 (0 kg ha-1, 40 kg ha-1, 80 kg ha-1, 120 kg ha-1 and 160 kg ha-1) and five doses of K2O (0 kg ha-1, 30 kg ha-1, 60 kg ha-1, 90 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1) were applied to each crop in the same experimental area. The N doses contributed to an increase in the crude protein yield in the five successive crops of maize and sorghum, together with an increase in dry matter and/or protein concentration. Crude protein increased 59.5-312.9 % for both crops. The soils used for the succession cropping system of maize and sorghum for silage had "very high" levels of P and K. Therefore, the P fertilization had no effect on the dry matter or crude protein yield in the first year of cultivation, similarly to the K fertilization during the five successive crop seasons.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a acurácia na caracterização da variabilidade espacial de fósforo e potássio disponíveis no solo, pelo uso de diferentes dimensões de malhas amostrais, bem como a similaridade dos mapas temáticos gerados. O estudo foi conduzido em área de Latossolo Vermelho de 41,96 ha, em Boa Vista das Missões, RS. A amostragem de solo foi realizada na camada de 0,00-0,10 m, tendo-se utilizado sete dimensões de malha amostral: 50x50, 75x75, 100x100, 125x125, 150x150, 175x175 e 200x200 m. Os dados de P e K foram submetidos às análises de estatística descritiva e de geoestatística, e a similaridade dos mapas temáticos gerados foi analisada pelo coeficiente de desvio relativo e pela matriz de correlação de Pearson. A redução da dimensão da malha amostral aumenta a acurácia na caracterização da variabilidade espacial de P e K e, consequentemente, a qualidade das informações geradas por meio dos mapas temáticos. Malhas amostrais ≤100x100 m são recomendadas para planos de amostragem de solo adotados nas áreas de agricultura de precisão no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the accuracy in the characterization of the spatial variability of soil phosphorus and potassium, using different sampling grid sizes, as well as the similarity of the thematic maps generated. The study was carried out in a 41.96 ha Oxisol area in the municipality of Boa Vista das Missões, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Soil sampling was done at the 0.00-0.10 m layer, using seven sampling grid sizes: 50x50, 75x75, 100x100, 125x125, 150x150, 175x175, and 200x200 m. P and K data were subjected to descriptive statistics and geostatistical analyses, and the similarity of the thematic maps generated was analyzed by the coefficient of relative deviation and Pearson's correlation matrix. The reduction in the size of the sampling grid increases the accuracy in the characterization of the spatial variability of P and K and, consequently, the information generated by the thematic maps. Sampling grid sizes ≤100x100 m are recommended for soil sampling plans adopted in precision agriculture areas in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.