The genus Aristolochia stands out as the most representative of the Aristolochiaceae plant family, with approximately 550 species distributed around the world, many of which have little or no studies reported in the literature. Investigation of the acetone extract from leaves of Aristolochia warmingii Mast. resulted in the isolation and identification of twenty-three compounds, mostly lignans and neolignans, including the new furofuran lignans warminin A (1), warminin B (2) and warminin C (3). The structures of the compounds were established by comprehensive spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses. A large amount of (–)-epieudesmin (4) was isolated from the extract, which suggests that A. warmingii could be a potential source of this compound. The hexane, acetone, ethanol, and ethanol Soxhlet extracts, in addition to fourteen of the isolated compounds, were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), but they did not show significant activities.

Abstract Our hypothesis was that different sources of unsaturated fatty acids from oilseeds (sunflower, soybeans, and cottonseed) could alter milk yield, fatty acid profile, and the amount of unsaturated fatty acids yielded in milk. It aimed to evaluate the effects of lipid sources on yield and composition and fatty acids in milk of primiparous Girolando cows. Five cows in lactation (35 ± 8 days), with 410 ± 7.15 kg BW were randomly distributed in a 5 x 5 Latin square. Five experimental diets, namely a control diet without an additional source of lipid and four diets with different lipid sources: cottonseed, sunflower seed, whole soybean, or soybean oil, as lipid source, to reach 70 g/kg of ethereal extract dry matter basis were used. Cottonseed and soybean oil addition reduced daily yield by 15 and 22%. Oilseed can alter fatty acid profile in milk. Whole soybean provided greater daily milk and fatty acids yields.

ABSTRACT We aimed to evaluate the effects of the addition of oregano (Origanum vulgare) or green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) extracts (separately and associated) on feed intake, milk production, and hematological and antioxidant profiles of dairy cows. For that purpose, 16 Holstein and 16 Holstein-Gyr cows with 526.3±10.2 kg and within the first third of lactation were distributed according to a complete block design with measurements repeated in time. Treatments were control (CON), addition of 0.056% of oregano extract (OR), addition of 0.028% of green tea extract (GT), addition of a mixture of OR and GT extract (0.056% each) in the diet (MIX). Hematological and antioxidant profiles were monitored. Data were subjected to ANOVA, with block, treatment, days, and their interactions considered as fixed effects and animal and the residue as random effects. In Holstein cows, GT increased feed intake and milk yield compared with CON; in Holstein-Gyr crossbred cows, OR showed increased intake and GT increased milk yield compared with CON. Compared with CON, GT and OR decreased eosinophils concentration; OR showed the highest neutrophils concentration and neutrophils to leukocyte ratio. Compared with CON, OR presented increased catalase (CAT) activity, while GT increased the reduced glutathione concentration. The MIX treatment reduced CAT activity compared with OR, presented the lowest concentration of oxidized dichlorofluorescein in the erythrocytes (DCFER) and plasma (DCFPLA), and increased eosinophils concentration compared with GT and OR. Extracts differently affected feed intake and milk yield depending on genetic group. Feeding green tea and oregano extracts separately or associated distinctly affects the antioxidant indicators of lactating dairy cows.

A new isoflavone named pratensein-7-O-β-D-rutinoside [(-)-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5,3’-dihydroxy-4’-methoxyisoflavone] and the known compounds biochanin A-7-O-β-D-rutinoside, 6-deoxyclitoriacetal 11-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 6-deoxyclitoriacetal, (2S)-naringenin-6-C-β-D-glucopyranoside, (2R)-naringenin-6-C-β-D-glucopyranoside, tachioside, and koaburaside were isolated from the roots of Clitoria guianensis (Aubl.) Benth var. guianensis (Fabaceae), a subshrub found in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. The structures of the compounds were identified by physical and spectroscopic data measurements (specific rotation ([α]D), circular dichroism (CD), ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS)). The EtOAc fraction of the roots exhibited high toxicity against Artemia salina with median lethal dose (LD50) value of 8.53 mg L-1.

A new flavonol triglycoside, named kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside, was isolated from flowers of Aristolochia trulliformis (Aristolochiaceae) together with 15 known compounds, including six flavonoids and four lignans. The structures of the compounds were determined by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS).

ABSTRACT This research was conducted to investigate the effect of live and inactive sugarcane yeast on beef cattle voluntary intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations, and ruminal ammonia. Five rumen-cannulated Nellore heifers were distributed in a 5×5 Latin square design, with five experimental periods of 15 days, with seven days for adaptation to the additives and the remaining days for data records and sampling. Total mixed ration (TMR) was composed by corn silage (20%) and concentrate (80%) based on corn and soybean meal. Five treatments were evaluated: without additive use (negative control; NC); chemical buffer addition – 0.71% in concentrate DM of sodium bicarbonate and 0.18% of magnesium oxide (positive control, PC); 10 g/day live yeast (LY); 15 g/day of inactive yeast (IY15); and 30 g/day of inactive yeast (IY30). Sugarcane yeasts were directly infused in rumen immediately after morning and afternoon feed supply. Feed additives did not affect voluntary intake, nutrient digestibility, and sorting behavior of animals. However, heifers from all treatments presented preferential intake of fibrous fraction of diet, especially those from NC and IY15. Nitrogen balance, VFA concentrations, and blood parameters were not influenced as well. Sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide led to greater ruminal pH than yeast, and IY15 presented greater pH than IY30. Ruminal ammonia was increased by the use of additives. Active and inactive yeasts are not recommended as feed additives for bovines fed diets with 80% of concentrate since it allows animals to select fibrous particles from TMR, and no representative gain in ruminal parameters and digestibilities are guaranteed.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de glicerina bruta (GB) em substituição ao milho, na dieta de cordeiros Pantaneiros confinados, sobre as características da carcaça e qualidade da paleta e do pernil. Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros machos, não castrados, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (0, 2,5, 5,0 e 7,5% de GB em base da MS). Não houve efeito da inclusão de GB sobre os não componentes de carcaça. Houve efeito quadrático para peso de carcaça quente, com menor valor para 2,5% de GB. A composição regional e tecidual da carcaça não foi alterada pela substituição do milho pela GB. A composição tecidual da paleta e pernil e as características instrumentais da paleta não foram afetadas pelos teores de GB. Houve efeito quadrático para a intensidade de amarelo do pernil, com maior valor para 5,0% de GB. O teor de extrato etéreo da paleta apresentou efeito linear decrescente. Pode-se recomendar a utilização de 7,5% de GB, na matéria seca, em substituição ao milho, sem alteração das características da carcaça e qualidade da carne.

SUMMARY The objective was to assess the effect of inclusion of crude glycerin (CG) replacing corn in the diet of feedlot Pantaneiro lambs on the non-carcass components, regional and tissue composition, and carcass traits. Were used 24 not castrated males, in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% of CG on DM basis). There was no effect of GB inclusion on non-carcass components. There was a quadratic effect for hot carcass weight, with lower value to 2.5% of CG. Regional and tissue composition of the carcass was not affected by the substitution of corn by CG. The tissue composition of shoulder and leg and instrumental traits of the shoulder were not affected by CG. There was a quadratic effect for the yellowness of the leg, with high value for 5.0% of GB. The ether extract content of shoulder showed decreased linear effect. The use of 7.5% of CG, in dry matter, can be recommend to replace corn of feedlot diets, without changing carcass traits and meat quality.

ResumoUm importante índice para a indústria sucroalcooleira é a produtividade de sacarose em cana-de-açúcar, que pode ser relacionada à capacidade da planta em acumular sacarose durante a maturação. Apesar de se conhecer a eficiência de tratamentos como a restrição hídrica e a aplicação de reguladores para estimular o acúmulo de sacarose nos colmos, pouco se conhece sobre as respostas fisiológicas da planta que levam à maturação. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as respostas fisiológicas da cana-de-açúcar a diferentes tratamentos indutores de maturação e, assim, compreender melhor a fisiologia desse processo. Duas variedades, a IACSP95-5000, de alta produtividade, e a IACSP94-2094, de produtividade moderada, foram submetidas ao déficit hídrico, à aplicação de regulador químico (etefom 480 g ha–1) e aos dois tratamentos associados. Foram medidos o crescimento, a concentração de carboidratos em folhas e colmos e as trocas gasosas. Concluiu-se que o efeito do etefom em cana-de-açúcar é genótipo-dependente, estimulando o acúmulo de sacarose no colmo e o suprimento de fotoassimilados pela fonte na variedade responsiva (IACSP95-5000). Tais efeitos não são associados à restrição do crescimento. Em relação à aplicação dos tratamentos de déficit hídrico e etefom associados, a variedade responsiva apresenta aumento no teor de sacarose no colmo nos mesmos níveis apresentados quando apenas etefom é aplicado, de modo que os tratamentos não apresentam efeitos aditivos na maturação da cana-de-açúcar.

AbstractAn important index for the ethanol industry is the sucrose yield in sugarcane, which is affected by plant ability to accumulate sucrose during ripening. Despite the known efficiency of treatments such as water restriction and the application of regulators to stimulate the sucrose storage in culms, little is known about the physiological responses of the plant that lead to ripening. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological responses of sugarcane to different ripening treatments. Two varieties, IACSP95-5000, with high yield, and IACSP94-2094, with moderate yield were subjected to water deficit or application of chemical regulator (ethephon 480 g ha–1) and both treatments associated. Growth, accumulation of carbohydrates in leaves and culms were measured. It can be concluded that the effects of ethephon on sugarcane are genotype-dependent. Ethephon stimulates sucrose accumulation in the culm and the photosynthate supply by the source in the responsive variety (IACSP95-5000). Such effects are not associated with growth restriction. In relation to the drought combined with the application of ethephon, the responsive variety shows increased sucrose content in culm at the same level as when ethephon is applied alone, hence treatments have no additive effects on sugarcane ripening.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar os fatores epidemiológicos e analisar as principais causas etiológicas dos pacientes atendidos com queixa de olho vermelho no setor de urgência e emergência de um hospital oftalmológico de ensino do estado de Minas Gerais. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de prevalência observacional, analítico com amostra não probabilística formado pelos pacientes que compareceram no setor de urgência da Fundação Hilton Rocha nos meses de janeiro a abril de 2014 (n=1140). Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: gênero, idade, raça, profissão, escolaridade, renda, meio de transporte, tempo decorrido entre o sintoma inicial e o primeiro atendimento, dia da semana, presença de baixa da acuidade visual e diagnóstico. Resultados: A amostra apresentou 390 pacientes com queixa de olho vermelho, 57,4% (n=224) eram do sexo feminino, a idade variou entre 3 e 97 anos, sendo a média de 43,7 anos. A maioria dos pacientes (87,6%, n=341) procurou o serviço em até 14 dias do início dos sintomas e apenas 75 indivíduos (19,4%) apresentavam baixa acuidade visual. As classes econômicas inferiores (classes D e E) são predominantes entre os atendidos. A principal causa da queixa de olho vermelho foi conjuntivite e blefaroconjuntivite infecciosas (32,6%, n=127). Conclusão: A conjuntivite infecciosa foi a morbidade de maior incidência. A Fundação Hilton Rocha desempenha um papel importante no atendimento à urgência oftalmológica da rede pública de Minas Gerais, sendo importante identificar as principais causas de atendimento e ampliar os estudos epidemiológicos e sociais, a fim de melhorar o acesso da população às urgências oftalmológicas e nos dar subsídios para campanhas de orientação, voltadas principalmente para as classes sociais menos favorecidas.

ABSTRACT Objective: Determining the epidemiological factors and analyzing the main etiological causes of the patients treated with red-eye complaint at the urgency and emergency sector of the ophthalmological hospital in the state of Minas Gerais. Methods: A prevalence observational analytical study was performed with a non-probabilistic sample formed by patients who visited the emergency room of the Fundação Hilton Rocha Hospital from january to april 2014 (n=1140). The following variables investigated were: gender, age, race, profession, education, income, means of transportation, time elapsed between the first symptom and the first visit, day of the week, low visual acuity symptom, diagnosis and treatment. Results: Out of the sample of 390 patients with red eye complaint, 57.4 % (n= 224) were female and the age ranged from 3 to 97, with an average of 43.7 years of age. The majority of patients, 87.6% (n= 341) sought the service up to 14 days after the onset of symptoms, only 75 individuals (19.4 %) had low visual acuity. The lower economic classes (classes D and E) are prevalent among patients. The main cause of red eye complain was conjunctivitis and infectious blepharoconjunctivitis 32.6% (n= 127). Conclusion: Infectious conjunctivitis was the morbidity with the highest incidence. The Fundação Hilton Rocha plays an important role in providing urgent ophthalmological care in the public health network in Minas Gerais. It is important to identify the most frequent causes of medical service for ocular diseases and expand the epidemiological and social studies in order to improve people’s access to ophthalmic emergencies and give us subsidies for guidance campaigns, focused mainly on the lower social classes.

Soybean is one of the most valuable and profitable oil crop species and a thorough knowledge of the genetic structure of this crop is necessary for developing the best breeding strategies. In this study, a representative collection of soybean cultivars recommended for farming in all Brazilian regions was genotyped using 27 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. A total of 130 alleles were detected, with an average allelic number of 4.81 per locus. These alleles determined the core set that best represented this soybean germplasm. The Bayesian analysis revealed the presence of two clusters or subgroups within the whole collection (435 soybean cultivars) and the core set (31 entries). Cultivars of similar origin (ancestral) were clustered into the same groups in both analyses. The genetic diversity parameters, based on the SSR loci, revealed high similarity between the whole collection and core set. Differences between the two clusters detected in the core set were attributed more to the frequency of their ancestors than to their genetic base. In terms of ancestry, divergent groups were presented and a panel is shown which may foster efficient breeding programs and aid soybean breeders in planning reliable crossings in the development of new varieties.

RESUMO Investigar o padrão espacial das árvores, segundo suas classes de tamanho e segundo suas espécies mais abundantes pode fornecer evidências sobre a estrutura da comunidade vegetal, sendo que, o padrão espacial é uma questão-chave para estudos de ecologia florestal. O nível de organização espacial das árvores no ambiente depende de diversos processos ecológicos e características próprias de cada ambiente, de modo que a melhor compreensão deste quadro fornece subsídios importantes para o conhecimento sobre formações florestais. Neste trabalho objetivou-se estudar o padrão espacial das árvores, segundo suas classes de diâmetro e das quatro espécies mais abundantes em diferentes florestas, visando fornecer evidências sobre a ecologia de cada comunidade vegetal. A descrição do padrão espacial em cada formação florestal foi realizada segundo a Função K de Ripley. As formações florestais estudadas foram: Floresta Ombrófila, Cerradão, Floresta Estacional e Restinga. Instalou-se uma parcela de 10,24 ha em cada formação florestal, e todas as árvores com circunferência na altura do peito (CAP) a partir de 15 cm foram medidas, georreferenciadas e identificadas. Os resultados obtidos ressaltam o caráter agregado em florestas tropicais, como foi observado em todas as florestas estudadas. As árvores do Cerradão e da Restinga apresentaram padrões de agregação muito próximos. Para a Floresta Ombrófila, o padrão agregado foi significativo em toda a escala de distâncias estudada. Na Floresta Estacional, foi observada tendência à aleatoriedade, embora, uma agregação significativa tenha sido notada para curtas distâncias. O padrão espacial por classes de diâmetro foi, em linhas gerais, agregado para árvores menores que 10 cm de diâmetro, e entre 10 e 20 cm, e aleatório para as demais, evidenciando uma tendência de que árvores jovens são mais agregadas do que árvores adultas. O padrão espacial das espécies dominantes é sempre muito semelhante ao padrão geral de cada formação florestal. As diferenças entre o padrão espacial das espécies dominantes coincidentes entre as formações florestais indicam que seu padrão é influenciado por cada ambiente. Ressaltando-se assim, a importância da sua autoecologia e dos processos ecológicos intrínsecos a cada comunidade que podem explicar os padrões observados.

ABSTRACT Investigating tree's spatial patterns according to their size classes and according to their more abundant species can provide evidences about the structure of the vegetal community, since the spatial pattern is a key question for forestry ecology studies. The tree spatial organization patterns on the environment depend on several ecological processes and on the specific characteristics of each environment, so that the best understanding of this frame provides important elements for the knowledge on forestry formation. This paper aimed to study tree spatial patterns, according to the diameter classes and from four most abundant species in different forests, in order to provide evidences regarding to the ecology of each vegetal community. The spatial pattern description in each forestry formation was developed using Ripley's K function. The studied forestry formations were: Ombrophilous Forest, Cerradao, Seasonal Forest and Restinga Forest. In this work, a 10.24 ha plot was installed in each forestry formation, and every tree, with a circumference at breast height (CBH) larger than 15 cm were measured, georeferenced and identified. The obtained data highlights the aggregated character in tropical forests, as observed in every studied forest. The 'Cerradão' and 'Restinga' forest trees showed close aggregate patterns. In the Ombrophilous forest, for all distance scales, the aggregate pattern was meaningful. In the seasonal forest, a random tendency was observed, although a meaningful aggregation was observed in all short distances. The spatial pattern by diameter classes was generally aggregated for trees smaller than 10 cm of diameter and between 10 and 20 cm and random for the others, proving the existence of a tendency which in young trees is more aggregated than in old ones. The spatial pattern of the dominant species is always strongly similar to the general pattern of each forestry formation. The differences between the spatial patterns of two or three coincident species, among the forestry formations, indicate that its pattern is influenced by each different environment. This stands out the importance of its self-ecology and of its ecological processes, intrinsic of each community that can explain the observed patterns.