Resumen Esta investigación se desarrolló en una universidad al suroeste de Guanajuato, México. El objetivo fue identificar la influencia de los factores predominantes (socioeconómicos, académicos, familiares y personales) que inciden de manera directa en el rendimiento académico de los universitarios. El método fue cuantitativo de corte transversal-correlacional, con variables no paramétricas. El instrumento que se utilizó comprende 40 ítems, aplicado sistemáticamente a una muestra de 1339 estudiantes. Los resultados fueron significativos con un 95% de confiabilidad. Solo tres de cinco factores fueron aceptados de acuerdo con la prueba Spearman: los personales (0.952), en horas dedicadas al estudio; los académicos (0.790), en becas y maestros preparados; y los familiares (0.803), en la influencia de la familia. Por lo tanto, se confirma que existen correlaciones positivas con el indicador rendimiento académico. En este sentido, la correlación estadística permitió identificar la relación del rendimiento académico entre los factores predominantes mencionados y la vulnerabilidad a la que los universitarios están expuestos.

Abstract This research was done at a university in southwestern Guanajuato, Mexico. The objective was to identify the influence of predominant factors (socio-economic, academic, family, and personal) that directly affect the academic performance of university students. The method was quantitative, cross-correlational, with non-parametric variables. The instrument used consists of 40 items, applied systematically to a sample of 1339 students. The results were significant with 95% confidence. Three out of five factors were accepted according to Spearman test: personal factors (0.952), in hours dedicated to study; academic factors (0.790), in scholarships and prepared teachers; and family factors (0.803), in the influence of family. Therefore, they show positive correlations with academic performance. In this sense, the statistical correlation allowed to identify the relationship of academic performance between predominant factors already mentioned and the vulnerability to which university students are exposed.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study focuses on analyzing the institutional context and collaborative networks affecting farmers’ entrepreneurial capacity in Mexico. Originality/value: Both the institutional framework and collaborative networks are part of the environment faced by the farmer and empower them to decide about their business, being decisive elements to generate confidence in the environment and reduce the risk of assuming economic responsibilities Design/methodology/approach: We incorporate the moderating effect of the institutional context considering its influence on collaboration networks. The statistical technique of structural equation models was used to test the hypotheses. The sample comprised 192 farmers from the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico. Findings: The results showed significant and positive effects of institutional pillars and collaborative networks on the capacity to undertake. Regarding the non-significant effects of the institutional context as a moderating variable, further research is suggested to review the relationship of institutional pillars with collaboration networks and their possible negative relationship. Institutional pillars represent the perception of the social structure relevant to measuring society’s position regarding the capacities, in this case, of rural entrepreneurship, especially when making public policies. The impact of current government actions on the commercial activity should be considered. Subsequently, public policies must have a practical application by the legal framework and the formation of an environment of certainty based on the normative and cognitive pillars of the institutional context.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo se concentra em analisar o contexto institucional e as redes colaborativas que afetam a capacidade empreendedora dos agricultores no México. Originalidade/valor: Tanto o quadro institucional quanto as redes colaborativas fazem parte do ambiente enfrentado pelo agricultor e o capacitam para decidir sobre seu negócio, sendo elementos decisivos para gerar confiança no meio ambiente e reduzir o risco de assumir responsabilidades econômicas. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Incorporamos o efeito moderador do contexto institucional considerando sua influência nas redes de colaboração. A técnica estatística de modelos de equações estruturais foi utilizada para testar as hipóteses. A amostra foi composta por 192 agricultores do estado de Aguascalientes, México. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram efeitos significativos e positivos dos pilares institucionais e das redes colaborativas sobre a capacidade de empreender. Em relação aos efeitos não significativos do contexto institucional como variável moderadora, sugerem-se novas pesquisas para revisar a relação dos pilares institucionais com as redes de colaboração e sua possível relação negativa. Os pilares institucionais representam a percepção da estrutura social, relevante para mensurar o posicionamento que a sociedade tem em relação às capacidades, nesse caso, do empreendedorismo rural, principalmente na elaboração de políticas públicas. Deve ser considerado o impacto que as atuais ações governamentais estão causando na atividade comercial. Posteriormente, é necessário que as políticas públicas tenham uma aplicação efetiva pelo arcabouço legal e a formação de um ambiente de certeza baseado nos pilares normativos e cognitivos do contexto institucional.

Resumen Este estudio explica la Intención Emprendedora (IE) de estudiantes universitarios inscritos en los programas de ingeniería de la universidad pública del estado de Guanajuato, México, en términos de los tres constructos de la Teoría de Conducta Planeada, factores institucionales formales (educación en emprendimiento) e informales (conducta demostrada de emprendimiento de la familia y amigos), y dos características individuales (innovación y necesidad de logro). El modelo conceptual propuesto también examina el rol de la educación en emprendimiento en el fortalecimiento de la auto-eficacia en emprendimiento. Los datos de la encuesta se analizaron usando modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados indican que las actitudes de emprendimiento tienen la mayor habilidad predictiva de la intención emprendedora, superior al efecto de la educación en emprendimiento y las acciones emprendedoras manifiestas de los grupos sociales cercanos cuya influencia en la IE es moderada. El análisis también confirma que la educación en emprendimiento aumenta la auto-eficacia emprendedora. Con base en estos resultados, se recomienda que las Escuelas de Ingeniería pongan más atención en el aprendizaje experiencial para crear actitudes de emprendimiento favorables y desarrollar las habilidades de emprendimiento de los estudiantes, particularmente las de aquellos con una alta necesidad de logro.

Abstract This study explains the Entrepreneurial Intent (EI) of university students enrolled in engineering programs at the public university of the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, in terms of the three constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior, formal (entrepreneurship education) and informal (the entrepreneurial demonstrated behavior of family and friends) institutional factors, and two individual traits (innovativeness and need of achievement). The conceptual model proposed also examines the role of entrepreneurship education in strengthening entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Survey data is analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings indicate entrepreneurial attitudes have the most significant predictive ability on entrepreneurial intention over entrepreneurial education and the manifest entrepreneurial actions of close social groups that have only a moderate influence on EI. The analysis also confirms that entrepreneurship education enhances entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Based on these results, it is recommended that Engineering Schools devote more attention to experiential learning to create favorable entrepreneurial attitudes and develop students’ entrepreneurial skills, particularly among those with a high need for achievement.

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of capital structure on the innovation of small and medium-sized (SMEs) companies in an emerging country. For this, an empirical study was carried out with a quantitative approach, explanatory and cross-sectional type based on a sample of 230 Mexican manufacturing SMEs, using the method of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results reveal that both internal and external financing sources positively and significantly influence innovation. A limitation of the study is that the results are delimited to manufacturing SMEs in Aguascalientes, suggesting studies that consider other sectors. The originality of the work consists of the methodology used, which allowed us to identify the importance and performance of financing sources in the innovation of emerging economy SMEs. The findings show that internal financing had a greater significant impact on the innovation of these types of companies.

Resumen: El objetivo del artículo es analizar los efectos de la estructura de capital en la innovación de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) de un país emergente. Para ello se realizó una investigación empírica con un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo explicativo y corte transversal a 230 pymes manufactureras mexicanas, usando el método de ecuaciones estructurales por mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-SEM). Los resultados revelan que las fuentes de financiamiento internas y externas influyen positiva y significativa en la innovación. Una limitación del estudio es que los resultados se delimitan a Pymes manufactureras de Aguascalientes, sugiriendo estudios que consideren otros sectores. La originalidad del trabajo consiste en la metodología utilizada, la cual permitió identificar la importancia y desempeño que tienen las fuentes de financiamiento en la innovación de Pymes de economía emergente. Los hallazgos demuestran que el financiamiento interno tuvo un mayor impacto significativo en la innovación de este tipo de empresas.

Abstract Regulatory, normative and cognitive burdens were examined to define the current institutional framework and then establish the potential influence on entrepreneurial orientation. The study explores the differences between male and female entrepreneurship in order to identify the main gender problem. The methodology involved interviewing 250 Mexican entrepreneurs, as well as comparatively applying PLS-SEM. The findings show gender disparity in terms of normative burdens, indicating a hostile context for female entrepreneurs. Risk-taking skills were higher for women than men, which implies overly risky reactions by women. This study attempts to spotlight the role of women in the economic realm as crucial to building a balanced institutional context based on legal protection, social certainty and managerial skills to face the market innovatively, proactively and assertively.

Resumen Se examinaron las cargas regulatoria, normativa y cognitiva para definir el actual marco institucional, posteriormente, se establece la influencia potencial en la orientación emprendedora. El estudio explora las diferencias entre el emprendedurismo de hombres y mujeres, con el fin de identificar el problema principal de género. En la metodología se aplicó PLS-SEM de forma comparativa, se encuestaron a 250 emprendedores mexicanos para realizar el estudio. Los resultados muestran una disparidad de género en la carga normativa, infiriendo un contexto hostil para las mujeres emprendedoras. La habilidad de arriesgarse fue mayor en mujeres que en hombres, lo que implican reacciones sobre arriesgadas por parte de las mujeres. El estudio intenta llenar el rol de la mujer en el campo económico como un elemento crucial para construir un equilibrio en el contexto institucional: protección legal, certidumbre social y habilidades gerenciales para enfrentar el mercado de una manera innovativa, proactiva y asertiva.

Resumen Las pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes) han desarrollado una capacidad de marketing que difiere de la convencional. La mayor parte de la literatura ha descuidado a la innovación en marketing, por considerarse una casualidad o por estar implícita en otro tipo de actividades, y solo recientemente se ha asociado a la competitividad. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo verificar la relación de la innovación en marketing con el desempeño integral de las pymes y sus posibles implicaciones. Mediante la modelización de ecuaciones estructurales, se estimaron los efectos de esta innovación sobre el rendimiento empresarial. Los hallazgos revelaron su influencia significativa para orientar el desempeño, al implementar nuevos conceptos y medios de promoción, nuevos métodos de comercialización y modificación de sus envases, lo que impactó en mayor medida la parte comercial, además del ámbito administrativo, financiero y de recursos humanos. Clasificación JEL: C51; M31; O39.

Abstract Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have developed a marketing capability that differs from the conventional one. Most of the literature has neglected marketing innovation, because it is considered an accident or implicit in other types of activities, and only recently it has been associated with competitiveness. The aim of this research was to verify the relationship of marketing innovation with the integral performance of SMEs, and their possible implications. Through the structural equations modeling, the effects of this innovation on business performance were estimated. The findings revealed its significant influence to guide business performance, by implementing new concepts and means of promotion, new methods of commercialization, and modifications to its packaging, influencing mostly in the commercial part, but also affecting the administrative, financial and human resources scope.

Resumo Pequenas e médias empresas têm desenvolvido uma capacidade de marketing diferente da convencional. A maior parte da literatura negli genciou a inovação de marketing, porque é considerada uma coincidência ou porque está implícita em outros tipos de atividades, e apenas recentemente foi associada à competitividade. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a relação da inovação em marketing com o desempenho integral de pequenas e médias empresas e suas possíveis implicações. Ao modelar equações estruturais, os efeitos dessa inovação no des empenho dos negócios foram estimados. Os resultados revelaram sua influência significativa para orientar o desempenho, implementando novos conceitos e meios de promoção, novos métodos de comercialização e modificação de suas embalagens, que tiveram maior impacto na parte comercial, além do campo administrativo, financeiro e de recursos humanos.