Resumen La reserva cognitiva (RC) se refiere al nivel de adaptabilidad de la cognición frente a cambios cerebrales. Varios estudios la han considerado un factor de protección de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). En la región argentina no se cuenta con un instrumento validado que permita medir este constructo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es adaptar el Cuestionario de Reserva Cognitiva (CRC) a la población argentina, establecer puntajes de corte para determinar desde niveles bajos a superiores de RC y analizar qué variables predicen el puntaje total de la reserva. Las modificaciones introducidas a la adaptación fueron evaluadas a través de un proceso de juicio de expertos. Un total de 177 sujetos sanos completaron el Cuestionario de Reserva Cognitiva en su adaptación argentina (CRC-a). Mediante la medida de cuartiles, se establecieron puntajes de corte para determinar niveles bajos, medios, altos y superiores de la reserva. Se realizó una regresión lineal para evaluar si el sexo, la edad y la escolaridad predicen el nivel de RC. En la adaptación argentina del CRC se modificaron 3 de las 8 dimensiones totales y 16 de los 33 ítems totales con respecto al cuestionario original. La media del puntaje total obtenido por la muestra a partir del cuestionario fue de 15.06 con DS = 3.42. Puntajes menores a 13 reflejaron niveles bajos de RC, puntajes entre 13 y 16, niveles medios, puntajes entre 16 y 20, niveles altos, y puntajes superiores a 20, niveles superiores. La escolaridad resultó ser la única variable de predicción del nivel de RC. Si bien se encontraron diferencias entre grupos respecto a la variable sexo, esta no demostró ser predictiva. El CRC-a es el primer instrumento desarrollado en esta región para medir el nivel de RC. Contar con su validación abriría futuras líneas de investigaciones sobre posibles intervenciones para la prevención de enfermedades, tales como la EA.

Abstract Cognitive reserve (CR) refers to the level of adaptability of cognition after brain changes. It is based on processes that allow the activation of new synaptic connections after neurodegeneration, which permits to better withstand the consequences. This reserve is constituted by the interaction of innate individual characteristics (intrauterine or genetically determined) and the exposure to different life experiences. It begins its development in early stages of life and continues its transformation up to advances ages. The sociodemographic variables reported as the main ones to build the reserve are education, leisure activities, lifestyle, socioeconomic level and intelligence. Several studies have considered it as a protective factor for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Subjects with high levels of CR have lower prevalence and incidence of AD in comparison to those with low levels of reserve. CR would lead to a late onset of symptoms, despite not having any effect on the underlying pathophysiological process of the disease. The reserve would not prevent AD from developing, but it would compensate the symptoms and, therefore, delay their onset. In some cases, there is such compensation that the symptoms do not manifest. There is no validated instrument available for the Argentinian region that allows to measure this construct. The aim of this study is to adapt the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire to the Argentinian population, to establish cut-off scores to distinguish between low, medium, high and superior levels of CR and analyze which variables could predict the total reserve score. The modifications introduced in the adaptation were evaluated through an expert judgment process. A total of 177 healthy subjects completed the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire in its Argentinian adaptation (CRQ-a). Through the measure of quartiles, cut-off scores were established to determine low, medium, high and superior levels of the reserve. A lineal regression was made to evaluate if age, education, and sex might predict the level of CR. Three of the eight total dimensions and 16 of the 33 total items that make up the original questionnaire were modified. The mean of the total score obtained by the sample from the questionnaire was 15.06 with SD = 3.42. Scores under 13 reflected low CR levels, scores between 13 and 16 reflected medium levels, scores between 16 and 20 reflected high levels, and scores above 20 reflected superior levels. Education turned out to be the only predictor variable for the level of CR. Although differences were found between groups of different sex, this variable turned out to be not predictive. The CRQ-a is the first instrument for the Argentinian population to measure the level of the reserve. It allows to quickly explore different dimensions, considered as the most relevant for its formation. These are: formal education, courses, parents' formal education, employment, musical training, languages, reading activity and intellectual games. In patients with AD, is particularly important to have a measure for CR to prepare interventions for those subjects whose reserve levels are perceived as low, aiming to delay and, when possible, prevent the clinical manifestation of the disease. Its validation would open future lines of research on possible interventions for the prevention of diseases such as AD.

Abstract This article tries to put on the desk the actual developments on teaching and researching about literacy in Argentina. These developments refers to historicizing the actual discussions about literacy. Not only focalizing g in the polarization of the debate but also in the replace of the methods for more general conceptions that dissolve the problem of teaching to read and write in a matter of learning. This review stands by the studies of teaching literature and language in an ethnographical way. It is also a re-visiting of the Berta Braslavsky production made about seventy years ago, which is full of meaning about the actual present of the discussions of initial literacy. And that today we can explain in its redefinitions from recent research that studies it regarding the question of methods, as proposed by Magda Soares.

Resumen El artículo propone comunicar una serie de avances en docencia e investigación sobre las discusiones en relación con la alfabetización en la Argentina. Dichos avances refieren a una de las dimensiones de estudio de nuestras indagaciones vinculadas con la relevancia de historiar las razones actuales de las polémicas, sus polarizaciones y conceptualizaciones de la alfabetización –en tanto planteos y fundamentos, pero también, desplazamientos de la nominación-, asimismo, sus discusiones sobre la noción de métodos. Este historiar para comprender el presente se realiza en términos de los desarrollos de la didáctica de la lengua y la literatura de perspectiva etnográfica que, entendemos, aportan a revisar las mencionadas discusiones a partir de los saberes docentes todavía dirimidos en reversiones de la querella de los métodos, planteo de este estado de situación efectuado por Berta Braslavsky hace alrededor de setenta años. Y que hoy podemos explicar en sus redefiniciones desde investigaciones recientes que lo interrogan a propósito de la cuestión de los métodos, como propone Magda Soares.

Abstract Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) has a negative effect on employment status. Objective To present the preliminary results of a special questionnaire designed to collect employment information on patients with MS. Methods The questionnaire on the impact of MS on employment status was completed by 63 patients. Fatigue, cognition, and depression were also evaluated, and 33 healthy participants were recruited as a control group. Results Regarding the patients’ employment status, we found rates of 31.7% of fulltime employment, 28.6% of part-time employment, 7.9% of unemployment due to MS, 4.8% of housewives, 1.6% retirement due to age, 15.9% of retirement due to disability, 7.9% of medical leave due to MS, and 1.6% of medical leave for other reasons. The rate of unemployment among the patients was significantly higher compared with that of the control group. Out of 38 working patients, 31% had been absent from work for the previous 3 months due to MS, and 50% had to make changes in their work to remain employed. Out of the 19 unemployed patients, 78% said that walking difficulties were the cause of unemployment, while 52% thought cognitive impairment was the cause. Conclusions The questionnaire provides a record of the employment status of patients with MS and describes the impact on work from their point of view.

Resumo Antecedentes A esclerose múltipla (EM) tem um efeito negativo na situação laboral. Objetivo Apresentar os resultados preliminares de um questionário elaborado para coletar informações sobre a situação laboral de pacientes com EM. Métodos O questionário sobre o impacto da EM na situação laboral foi preenchido por 63 pacientes. Fadiga, cognição e depressão também foram avaliadas, e 33 pacientes saudáveis foram incluídos como grupo controle. Resultados Quanto à situação laboral dos pacientes, foram encontradas taxas de 31,7% de emprego em tempo integral, 28,6% de emprego em meio período, 7,9% de desemprego por EM, 4,8% de donas de casa, 1,6% aposentadoria por idade, 15,9% de aposentadoria por invalidez, 7,9% por licença médica por EM, e 1,6% de licença médica por outros motivos. A taxa de desemprego entre os pacientes foi significativamente mais alta em comparação coma do grupo controle. Dos 38 pacientes empregados, 31% tiveram que se afastar do trabalho nos 3 meses anteriores por causa da EM, e 50% tiveram que fazer mudanças em seu trabalho para permanecer empregado. Dos 19 pacientes desempregados, 78% mencionaram que as dificuldades de locomoção foram a causa do desemprego, enquanto 52% reportaram que a deterioração cognitiva foi a causa. Conclusões Este questionário fornece um registro da situação laboral dos pacientes com EM e descreve o seu impacto no emprego do ponto de vista deles.

Resumo Localizada na periferia da cidade de Junín (Buenos Aires, Argentina), “Campo La Cruz” reúne a comunidade formada por descendentes de uma tribo Mapuche ali instalada desde o final do século XIX. É um assentamento com problemas habitacionais, déficits de serviços e equipamentos, tensões fundiárias e conflitos por práticas produtivas. Este artigo apresenta resultados parciais da experiência de um projeto de Extensão Universitária que envolve a comunidade indígena Ñuque Mapu de “Campo La Cruz” e diversos atores -instituições estatais, empresas, ONGs-, cooperando e fazendo convergir interesses comuns. A partir de espaços de diálogo e de preocupações e demandas da comunidade, são traçadas propostas de ações para reduzir as desigualdades, gerar oportunidades de inclusão social e sustentabilidade.

Abstract Located on the peri-urban area of Junín (Buenos Aires, Argentina), “Campo La Cruz” gathers the community of descendants of a Mapuche tribe settled there since the end of the 19th century. It is a settlement with housing problems, deficits in services and equipment, tensions over land and conflicts over productive practices. This paper presents partial results of a University Extension project that involves the Ñuque Mapu indigenous community of “Campo La Cruz” and various actors -state institutions, companies, NGOs-, cooperating and making common interests converge. From spaces for dialogue and from community demands, action proposals are elaborated to reduce inequalities, generate opportunities for social inclusion and sustainability.

Resumen Ubicado en una zona periférica de la ciudad de Junín (Buenos Aires, Argentina), el “Campo La Cruz” nuclea a la comunidad conformada por descendientes de una tribu mapuche asentada allí desde finales del siglo XIX. Constituye un asentamiento con problemas habitacionales, déficits de servicios y de equipamiento, tensiones por las tierras y conflictos en torno a las prácticas productivas. En este trabajo se presentan resultados parciales de la experiencia de un proyecto de Extensión Universitaria que involucra a la comunidad indígena Ñuque Mapu del “Campo La Cruz” y diversos actores -instituciones estatales, empresas, ONG-, cooperando y haciendo converger intereses comunes. A partir de espacios de diálogo y desde las inquietudes y demandas comunitarias, se elaboran propuestas de acción tendientes a reducir desigualdades, generar oportunidades de inclusión social y sostenibilidad.