Abstract Pronunciamentos or pronunciamientos (in Portuguese and Spanish, respectively) were common political events in several Ibero-American societies during the Age of Atlantic Revolutions. Known to the general public, these movements have been a recurring subject of research in academia for several decades. Yet, the precise meaning of the words Pronunciamiento and pronunciamento remains elusive, causing frequent confusion amongst historians from different countries and historiographic traditions. What, ultimately, was a pronunciamento? What did people refer to as a pronunciamento? This short essay constitutes an attempt to clarify these doubts, through a return to original sources that are often overlooked: the dictionaries of the time. The essay seeks to explore the lexicographical origins of the word pronunciamiento, as well as briefly pondering its incorporation into the political jargon of liberalism.

Resumo Pronunciamentos ou pronunciamientos (em português e espanhol, respetivamente) foram movimentos políticos caraterísticos das sociedades ibero-americanas da Era das Revoluções Atlânticas. Conhecidos pelo grande público, estes movimentos são tema de investigação recorrente na academia há várias décadas. No entanto, o significado preciso das palavras pronunciamiento e pronunciamento permanece um tanto indefinido, causando confusão frequente entre historiadores de diferentes países e tradições historiográficas. O que era afinal um pronunciamento? A que se referia a palavra? Este pequeno ensaio constitui uma tentativa preliminar de clarificar estas dúvidas, através do regresso a fontes originais muitas vezes esquecidas: os dicionários coevos. O ensaio explora as origens lexicográficas da palavra pronunciamento, mas pretende também refletir um pouco sobre a sua incorporação no vocabulário político liberal.

Abstract Objective To compare polysomnographic parameters with others from the literature in order to provide more accurate information about Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) for treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in children, through raising the question: Is RME a good option for treating OSA in children? Prevention of mouth breathing during children's growth remains a challenge with significant clinical consequences. In addition, OSA induces anatomofunctional changes during the critical period of craniofacial growth and development. Methods The Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, SciELO and Scopus electronic databases were searched up to February 2021 for systematic reviews with meta-analysis in the English language. Among 40 studies on RME for treating OSA in children, we selected seven in which polysomnographic measurements of the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) had been made. Data were extracted and examined in order to clarify whether any consistent evidence exists for indicating RME as a treatment for OSA in children. Results We found no consistent evidence favoring RME for long-term treatment of OSA in children. All the studies presented considerable heterogeneity due to variability of age and length of follow-up. Conclusion Through this umbrella review, the need for methodologically better studies on RME is supported. Moreover, it can be considered that RME is not recommended for treating OSA in children. Further studies and more evidence identifying early signs of OSA are necessary in order to achieve consistent healthcare practice.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular entre diferentes grupos sociodemográficos de adolescentes de comunidades indígenas em Chiapas, México. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de prevalência em comunidades urbanas e rurais das regiões de Tzotzil-Tzeltal e Selva de Chiapas. Foi estudada uma amostra de 253 adolescentes, sendo 48% meninas e 52% meninos. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva das variáveis quantitativas por meio de medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Foram estimadas as prevalências de fatores de risco cardiovascular, estratificadas por sexo, área geográfica, escolaridade e etnia das mães. A prevalência dos fatores de risco cardiovascular foi analisada em relação às características sociodemográficas da população estudada. O HDL-c baixo (51%) foi o fator de risco cardiovascular predominante. Prevalências mais elevadas de obesidade abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia e colesterol total limítrofe foram mais observadas em meninas do que em meninos. A pressão arterial diastólica elevada prevaleceu nos meninos. Adolescentes da área urbana apresentaram prevalências de sobrepeso/obesidade e resistência à insulina maiores do que os da área rural. A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade e obesidade abdominal foi maior nos adolescentes cujas mães possuíam escolaridade ≥ 7 anos do que naqueles indivíduos cujas mães tinham baixa escolaridade. As diferenças de etnia das mães também foram observadas na prevalência de resistência à insulina. Dentre as principais conclusões, foram encontradas, neste estudo, desigualdades sociodemográficas e geográficas entre fatores de risco cardiovascular. Promover estilos de vida saudáveis entre a população jovem é o ideal para prevenir doenças cardiovasculares na vida adulta.

Abstract: This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among different sociodemographic groups of adolescents from indigenous communities in Chiapas, Mexico. A cross-sectional prevalence study was performed in urban and rural communities in the Tzotzil-Tzeltal and Selva regions of Chiapas. A sample of 253 adolescents was studied, of whom 48% were girls and 52% were boys. A descriptive analysis of quantitative variables was performed using measures of central tendency and dispersion. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors stratified by sex, geographical area, years of schooling, and ethnicity of the mothers was estimated. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was analyzed in relation to the sociodemographic characteristics of the study population. Low HDL-c (51%) was the predominant cardiovascular risk factor. Girls had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and borderline total cholesterol than boys. High diastolic blood pressure was more prevalent in boys. Adolescents from urban areas had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity and insulin resistance than adolescents from rural areas. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity was higher in adolescents whose mothers had ≥ 7 years of schooling compared with adolescents with less educated mothers. Differences by maternal ethnicity also influenced the prevalence of insulin resistance. Among the main findings, this study associated sociodemographic and geographical inequalities with cardiovascular risk factors. Promoting a healthy lifestyle for this young population is absolutely necessary to prevent cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular entre diferentes grupos sociodemográficos de adolescentes de comunidades indígenas de Chiapas, México. Se realizó un estudio transversal de prevalencia en comunidades urbanas y rurales de las regiones Tzotzil-Tzeltal y Selva, en Chiapas. Participó una muestra de 253 adolescentes, en la cual el 48% eran niñas y el 52% niños. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables cuantitativas utilizando medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Se estimó la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, estratificados por sexo, área geográfica, nivel de estudios y etnia de las madres. Se analizó la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular con relación a las características sociodemográficas de la población estudiada. El HDL-c bajo (51%) fue el factor de riesgo cardiovascular predominante. Se observó una mayor prevalencia de obesidad abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia y colesterol total en las niñas que en los niños. La alta presión arterial diastólica prevaleció en los niños. Los adolescentes del área urbana tuvieron una mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad y resistencia a la insulina que los del área rural. La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad y obesidad abdominal fue mayor en los adolescentes cuyas madres tenían nivel de estudios ≥ 7 años que aquellos cuyas madres tenían bajo nivel de estudios. Las diferencias en la etnicidad materna también influyeron en la prevalencia de resistencia a la insulina. Entre las principales conclusiones de este estudio, se destacan las desigualdades sociodemográficas y geográficas entre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. La promoción de un estilo de vida saludable entre la población joven es lo indicado para prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la edad adulta.

Abstract: This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among different sociodemographic groups of adolescents from indigenous communities in Chiapas, Mexico. A cross-sectional prevalence study was performed in urban and rural communities in the Tzotzil-Tzeltal and Selva regions of Chiapas. A sample of 253 adolescents was studied, of whom 48% were girls and 52% were boys. A descriptive analysis of quantitative variables was performed using measures of central tendency and dispersion. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors stratified by sex, geographical area, years of schooling, and ethnicity of the mothers was estimated. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was analyzed in relation to the sociodemographic characteristics of the study population. Low HDL-c (51%) was the predominant cardiovascular risk factor. Girls had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and borderline total cholesterol than boys. High diastolic blood pressure was more prevalent in boys. Adolescents from urban areas had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity and insulin resistance than adolescents from rural areas. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity was higher in adolescents whose mothers had ≥ 7 years of schooling compared with adolescents with less educated mothers. Differences by maternal ethnicity also influenced the prevalence of insulin resistance. Among the main findings, this study associated sociodemographic and geographical inequalities with cardiovascular risk factors. Promoting a healthy lifestyle for this young population is absolutely necessary to prevent cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular entre diferentes grupos sociodemográficos de adolescentes de comunidades indígenas de Chiapas, México. Se realizó un estudio transversal de prevalencia en comunidades urbanas y rurales de las regiones Tzotzil-Tzeltal y Selva, en Chiapas. Participó una muestra de 253 adolescentes, en la cual el 48% eran niñas y el 52% niños. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables cuantitativas utilizando medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Se estimó la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, estratificados por sexo, área geográfica, nivel de estudios y etnia de las madres. Se analizó la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular con relación a las características sociodemográficas de la población estudiada. El HDL-c bajo (51%) fue el factor de riesgo cardiovascular predominante. Se observó una mayor prevalencia de obesidad abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia y colesterol total en las niñas que en los niños. La alta presión arterial diastólica prevaleció en los niños. Los adolescentes del área urbana tuvieron una mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad y resistencia a la insulina que los del área rural. La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad y obesidad abdominal fue mayor en los adolescentes cuyas madres tenían nivel de estudios ≥ 7 años que aquellos cuyas madres tenían bajo nivel de estudios. Las diferencias en la etnicidad materna también influyeron en la prevalencia de resistencia a la insulina. Entre las principales conclusiones de este estudio, se destacan las desigualdades sociodemográficas y geográficas entre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. La promoción de un estilo de vida saludable entre la población joven es lo indicado para prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la edad adulta.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular entre diferentes grupos sociodemográficos de adolescentes de comunidades indígenas em Chiapas, México. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de prevalência em comunidades urbanas e rurais das regiões de Tzotzil-Tzeltal e Selva de Chiapas. Foi estudada uma amostra de 253 adolescentes, sendo 48% meninas e 52% meninos. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva das variáveis quantitativas por meio de medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Foram estimadas as prevalências de fatores de risco cardiovascular, estratificadas por sexo, área geográfica, escolaridade e etnia das mães. A prevalência dos fatores de risco cardiovascular foi analisada em relação às características sociodemográficas da população estudada. O HDL-c baixo (51%) foi o fator de risco cardiovascular predominante. Prevalências mais elevadas de obesidade abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia e colesterol total limítrofe foram mais observadas em meninas do que em meninos. A pressão arterial diastólica elevada prevaleceu nos meninos. Adolescentes da área urbana apresentaram prevalências de sobrepeso/obesidade e resistência à insulina maiores do que os da área rural. A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade e obesidade abdominal foi maior nos adolescentes cujas mães possuíam escolaridade ≥ 7 anos do que naqueles indivíduos cujas mães tinham baixa escolaridade. As diferenças de etnia das mães também foram observadas na prevalência de resistência à insulina. Dentre as principais conclusões, foram encontradas, neste estudo, desigualdades sociodemográficas e geográficas entre fatores de risco cardiovascular. Promover estilos de vida saudáveis entre a população jovem é o ideal para prevenir doenças cardiovasculares na vida adulta.

Abstract Introduction and objective: This work describes the importance of adopting effective methods of sampling reprocessed endoscopes for the detection of microorganisms adhered to the internal walls of these devices. The objective of this work is to compare the rate of bacterial contamination of the channels of reprocessed endoscopes, through irrigation water culture and that obtained after brushing the channels. A secondary objective was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the pathogens isolated in both methods. Method: A total of 26 endoscopes (duodenoscopes, gastroscopes, colonoscopes, bronchoscopes and echoendoscopes) were subjected to automatic cleaning and reprocessing before use in patients at Hospital Juárez de México. Cleaned and reprocessed endoscopes were simultaneously subjected to two bacteriological test methods based on no brushing (method A) and brushing (method B) of the channels. Bacterial strains isolated after carcass culture were identified to genus and species level and subjected to antimicrobial resistance testing. Results: Method A revealed zero rate of residual bacterial contamination in both channels (suction and working). The microbiological results obtained by method B revealed bacterial contamination rates of 30.7%. Bacterial strains belonging to the families Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Micrococcaceae and Staphylococcaceae were identified. High rates of antimicrobial resistance were detected against 12 tested antibiotics from eight different families. Conclusion: Implementation of microbiological surveillance of endoscope reprocessing with modified sampling methods is necessary to prevent healthcare-associated infections from endoscopic procedures.

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: Este trabajo describe la importancia de adoptar métodos efectivos de muestreo de endoscopios reprocesados para la detección de microorganismos adheridos a las paredes internas de estos dispositivos. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la tasa de contaminación bacteriana de los canales de endoscopios reprocesados, mediante cultivo del agua de irrigación y la obtenida posterior a un cepillado de los canales. Un objetivo secundario fue determinar la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de los patógenos aislados en ambos métodos. Método: Un total de 26 endoscopios (duodenoscopios, gastroscopios, colonoscopios, broncoscopios y ecoendoscopios) fueron sometidos a limpieza y reprocesamiento automático antes de su uso en pacientes del Hospital Juárez de México. Los endoscopios limpios y reprocesados se sometieron simultáneamente a dos métodos de prueba bacteriológica basados en ausencia de cepillado (método A) y cepillado (método B) de los canales. Las cepas bacterianas aisladas después del cultivo de canales se identificaron a nivel de género y especie y se sometieron a pruebas de resistencia antimicrobiana. Resultados: El método A reveló cero tasa de contaminación bacteriana residual en ambos canales (succión y trabajo). Los resultados microbiológicos obtenidos por el método B revelaron tasas de contaminación bacteriana del 30.7%. Se identificaron cepas bacterianas pertenecientes a las familias Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Micrococcaceae y Staphylococcaceae. Se detectaron altas tasas de resistencia antimicrobiana contra 12 antibióticos probados de ocho familias diferentes. Conclusión: La implementación de la vigilancia microbiológica del reprocesamiento de endoscopios con métodos modificados de muestreo es necesaria para prevenir infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud por procedimientos endoscópicos.

Abstract Background: Tagetes contains about 55 species, its largest center of diversification is in Mexico with 35. Nearly 10 % of the species have cultural and economic importance. To date, anatomical studies are lacking in most of its species. Question: Are there foliar anatomical characters with diagnostic value that allow discriminating between the nine species of Tagetes studied? Study species: T. lacera, T. lemmonii, T. linifolia, T. lucida, T. lunulata, T. micrantha, T. parryi, T. stenophylla, T. zypaquirensis. Study site and date: Natural distribution areas in the Mexican Highlands, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Genetics Experimental Field, Chapingo Autonomous University, Texcoco, State of Mexico, during 2017. Methods: Botanical specimens were collected. Leaves were fixed and subjected to conventional anatomical techniques, as clearing and embedding in paraffin for their observation and analysis. Results: Tagetes species develop entire and pinnatisect leaves, secondary venation pattern was eucamptodromous becoming reticulodromous distally and simple and festooned brochidodromous. The marginal ultimate venation was incomplete except for T. lunulata. Abundant and diverse trichomes, dorsiventral and isolateral mesophyll, collateral vascular bundles with sheath, and ducts in mesophyll and midvein were observed. Conclusions: The leaf architecture and anatomy of the studied species reveals common characters in Asteraceae. However, in Tagetes the type of trichomes, mesophyll, size of ducts, and sclerenchyma associated to vascular bundles are important.

Resumen Antecedentes: Tagetes contiene cerca de 55 especies, su mayor centro de diversificación se encuentra en México con 35. Cerca del 10 % de las especies tienen importancia en el ámbito cultural y económico. A la fecha, se carece de estudios anatómicos en la mayoría de ellas. Pregunta: ¿Existen caracteres anatómicos foliares de valor diagnóstico que permitan discriminar entre las nueve especies de Tagetes estudiadas? Especies de estudio: Tagetes lacera, T. lemmonii, T. linifolia, T. lucida, T. lunulata, T. micrantha, T. parryi, T. stenophylla, T. zypaquirensis. Sitio de estudio y fecha: Áreas de distribución natural en el Altiplano Mexicano, Faja Volcánica Transmexicana y Campo Experimental de Fitotecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, Estado de México, durante el 2017. Métodos: Se recolectaron ejemplares botánicos. Sus hojas fueron fijadas y sometidas a técnicas convencionales de anatomía vegetal, se diafanizaron e incluyeron en parafina para su observación y análisis. Resultados: Las especies de Tagetes desarrollan hojas enteras y pinnatisectas, el patrón de venación secundaria fue eucamptódromo tornándose reticulódromo distalmente y broquidódromo simple y festoneado. La venación última marginal fue incompleta excepto de T. lunulata. Se observaron abundantes y diversos tricomas, mesofilo dorsiventral e isolateral, haces colaterales con vaina y canales en el mesofilo y en la vena media. Conclusiones: La arquitectura y la anatomía foliar de las especies estudiadas revela caracteres comunes en Asteraceae. Sin embargo, en Tagetes el tipo de tricomas, mesofilo, tamaño de los canales y esclerénquima asociada a los haces vasculares son importantes.

Abstract Objective To review, critically analyze and synthesize knowledge from the international literature regarding the association between allergic rhinitis (AR) and sleep disorders, the impact of AR treatment on children's sleep, and lay the foundation for future research on this topic. Source of data A literature search using PubMed database including original and review articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses using keywords related to AR, sleep disorders and sleep-disordered breathing. Synthesis of data Sleep is fundamental to health, and its assessment and control of conditions that trigger or aggravate disturbances are of the uttermost importance. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is common in children and may interfere with both their quality of life and quality of sleep. It has emerged as one of the most important risk factors for habitual snoring in children and appeared to increase the risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), with AR severity exhibiting a significant and independent association with pediatric OSA severity. However, in some studies, those associations between AR and OSA in children are not very consistent. Conclusions A substantial level of controversy exists regarding the interactions between AR and OSA in children. Notwithstanding, identifying and treating AR in clinical settings is probably an important step toward improving symptoms and preventing deterioration of sleep quality in children and may improve the severity of underlying OSA. Considering the high prevalence, morbidity, economic and social implications of both AR and sleep problems, it is crucial that healthcare providers improve their understanding of the relationships between those conditions among children.

Abstract: The phenomenon of meteorological drought has been the object of study due to the environmental disasters it causes, and the estimate of meteorological drought indices (IDs) allows to quantify the damages, thus helping to generate mitigation plans. The objective was to determine the intensity or extensity of the greater application IDs to improve its evaluation. A systematic revision of published works from the last 40 years was carried out, which included an analysis of the behavior of the spatial dimensions, temporals, climate of the system with the results produced by the IDs. The analysis revealed that are intensive. This causes IDs assessments to have spatial influence, observation points, data length, weather, and temporal scale. In addition, the feasibility of the IDs is pointed out for its application, reaching a higher accuracy in the evaluations.

Resumen: El fenómeno de sequía meteorológica ha sido objeto de estudio por los desastres ambientales que ocasiona, la estimación de índices de sequía meteorológica (IDs) permite cuantificar los daños y ayuda a generar planes de mitigación. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la intensividad o extensividad de los IDs de mayor aplicación para mejorar su evaluación. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de los trabajos publicados en los últimos 40 años, que incluyó un análisis del comportamiento de las dimensiones espaciales, escalas temporales y clima del sistema con los resultados arrojados por los IDs. El análisis reveló que los IDs son extensivos. Esto ocasiona que las evaluaciones de los IDs tengan influencia espacial, puntos de observación, longitud de las series de datos, clima y la escala temporal. Además, se señala la viabilidad de los IDs para su aplicación y alcanzar una mayor exactitud en las evaluaciones.

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de vena cava superior es una entidad poco frecuente en la literatura. Caso Clínico: Presentamos el caso de paciente masculino, 32 años, que consulta al servicio de emergencia por cianosis facial súbita, opresión en rostro, tos seca, odinofagia, disfonía; sin referir disnea. Al examen físico: edema en esclavina, cianosis central, petequias y sangrado ungueal en manos. Antecedente de neoplasia de colón, con colostomía y colocación de catéter Port subclavio izquierdo hace 2 años. La angiotomografia muestra defecto de llenado por trombosis reciente en venas yugular interna, braquiocefálica izquierda y derecha, arco de la ácigos y cava superior en toda su luz. La patología neoplásica asociada a procedimientos invasivos con catéter venosos centrales elevan el riesgo de presentación, como nuestro caso, con una obstrucción venosa completa intrínseca severa. El tratamiento quirúrgico con trombectomía por aspiración mecánica permitió la resección total del trombo y restitución integral de la circulación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Superior vena cava syndrome is a rare entity in literature. Clinical Case: We present the case of a 32-year-old male patient who visited the Emergency Department due to sudden facial cyanosis, facial pressure, dry cough, odynophagia, and dysphonia, without reporting dyspnea. On physical examination: face, neck, and supraclavicular region edema, central cyanosis, petechiae, and subungual haemorrhage in the hands. History of colon neoplasia, with colostomy and placement of a left subclavian Port catheter 2 years ago. CT angiography shows a filling defect due to recent thrombosis in the internal jugular veins, left and right brachiocephalic veins, arch of the azygos, and superior vena cava in all its lumen. Neoplastic pathology associated with invasive procedures with central venous catheters increases the risk of presentation, as in our case, with severe intrinsic complete venous obstruction. Surgical treatment with thrombectomy by mechanical aspiration allowed total resection of the thrombus and full restoration of circulation.

Abstract Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease in which thick, sticky mucus is produced in the lungs (and other organs) that impairs ciliary clearance, leading to respiratory problems, increased chronic bacterial infections, and decreased lung function. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the primary bacterial pathogens colonizing the lungs of CF patients. This study aimed to characterize the genetic relatedness of S. aureus, its presence in children with CF, and its cytotoxic activity in THP1 cell-derived macrophages (THP1m) Methods: Genetic relatedness of S. aureus isolates from a cohort of 50 children with CF was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The VITEK® 2 automated system was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility, and methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA) was determined by diffusion testing using cefoxitin disk. The presence of mecA and lukPV genes was determined by the polymerase chain reaction and cytotoxic activity of S. aureus on THP1m by CytoTox 96® assay Results: From 51 S. aureus isolates from 50 children with CF, we identified 34 pulsotypes by PFGE. Of the 50 children, 12 (24%) were colonized by more than one pulsotype, and 5/34 identified pulsotypes (14.7%) were shared between unrelated children. In addition, 3/34 pulsotypes (8.8%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR), and 2/34 (5.9%) were MRSA. Notably, 30/34 pulsotypes (88.2%) exhibited cytotoxicity on THP1m cells and 14/34 (41.2%) altered THP1m monolayers. No isolate carried the lukPV gene Conclusions: Although a low frequency of MRSA and MDR was found among clinical isolates, most of the S. aureus pulsotypes identified were cytotoxic on THP1m.

Resumen Introducción: La fibrosis quística (FQ) es una enfermedad genética en la que se produce moco espeso y pegajoso en los pulmones (y otros órganos), lo que conduce a problemas respiratorios, incremento de las infecciones bacterianas crónicas y disminución de la función pulmonar. Staphylococcus aureus es uno de los principales patógenos que colonizan los pulmones de los pacientes con FQ. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la relación genética de S. aureus, su presencia en niños con FQ y su actividad citotóxica en macrófagos derivados de células THP1 (THP1m) Métodos: La relación genética de los aislados de S. aureus provenientes de una cohorte de 50 pacientes con FQ fue determinada por electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (PFGE). La sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos se determinó mediante el sistema automatizado VITEK® 2, y la resistencia a la meticilina (SARM) mediante la prueba de difusión utilizando discos de cefoxitina. La presencia de los genes mecA y lukPV se determinó mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, y la actividad citotóxica de S. aureus sobre células THP1m mediante el ensayo CytoTox96® Resultados: A partir de 51 aislados de S. aureus provenientes de 50 niños con FQ se identificaron 34 pulsotipos por PFGE. De los 50 niños, 12 (24%) estaban colonizados por más de un pulsotipo y 5 de los 34 pulsotipos (14.7%) los compartían niños que no estaban relacionados. De los 34 pulsotipos, 3 (8.8%) presentaron multirresistencia (MDR) y 2 (5.9%) fueron SARM. Además, 30 pulsotipos (88.2%) fueron citotóxicos sobre células THP1m y 14 (41.2%) alteraron su monocapa. Ninguno de los pulsotipos presentó el gen lukPV Conclusiones: Aunque se encontró una baja frecuencia de SARM y MDR en los aislados, la mayoría de los pulsotipos de S. aureus identificados fueron citotóxicos para células THP1m.

Abstract The approach to mediastinal injuries is one of the most exciting procedures for the chest surgeon. Lateral thoracotomy or sternotomy is usually used, although there are other procedures. With the development of thoracoscopic surgery implemented by Jacoveus, it has been perfected above all with better equipment and technological implements, although it has become clear to our work group in which cases it should be used and in which cases it should not. In some mediastinal lesions the endoscopic approach is possible and not feasible in others. In this work group, we have been able to implement the two-port surgical approach for the resection of some mediastinal lesions, as in this case, which is already in addition to the technique proposed in this Service.

Abstract The cup is one of the oldest artifacts that has presented the least changes over time, however, the traditional design has two limitations: the inability to store space and the waste of perimeter area. In this work we propose the development of a cup prototype based on the decomposition of the Euclidean plane, specifically on the use of the hexagon as the main figure. The reduction of perimeter waste has been achieved by modifying the external side handle in such a way that it is contained in one of the lateral faces of the hexagon, allowing a better use of the cubic space in reduced storage places. To achieve vertical stowage at several levels, a circular base was incorporated that facilitates the interconnectivity of the pieces at the time of their stowage. On the other hand, the ergonomic and aesthetic shape of the new design facilitates its grip during use and handling. The description of the parts that make up the design, as well as their justification, are discussed below.

Resumen La taza es uno de los artefactos más antiguos y que menos cambios ha presentado a través del tiempo, sin embargo, el diseño tradicional presenta dos limitantes: la incapacidad de almacenaje espacial y el desperdicio de área perimetral. En este trabajo se propone el desarrollo de un prototipo de taza basado en la descomposición del plano Euclidiano, específicamente en la utilización del hexágono como figura principal. La disminución del desperdicio perimetral se ha logrado modificando el asa lateral externa de forma tal que quede contenida en una de las caras laterales del hexágono, permitiendo una mejor utilización del espacio cúbico en lugares reducidos de almacenamiento; para lograr un estibaje vertical en varios niveles se incorporó una base circular que facilita la interconectividad de las piezas al momento de su estibación. Por otra parte, la forma ergonómica y estética del nuevo diseño facilita su sujeción durante su uso y manipulación. La descripción de las partes que integran el diseño, así como su justificación, se tratan a continuación.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: La producción ganadera es la principal causa de destrucción del hábitat y de la extinción de especies a nivel mundial. Es también un fuerte contribuyente a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. En Latinoamérica, la ganadería es la principal actividad económica de muchas comunidades rurales, por lo que establecer plantaciones de restauración en pastizales podría brindar servicios ecosistémicos con beneficios directos e indirectos sobre la producción de ganado. Los sistemas silvopastoriles alcanzan niveles de producción iguales o superiores a los sistemas convencionales y prolongan la vida útil de las tierras productivas. Este trabajo examina la integración de sistemas silvopastoriles con la restauración con árboles nativos de importancia económica y para la conservación. Nos referimos a estas parcelas como sistemas silvopastoriles enriquecidos (SSPE). Presentamos los resultados de las primeras etapas de establecimiento de estos sistemas que buscan mejorar los medios de vida de los ganaderos y a mantener la conectividad del paisaje, los servicios ecosistémicos y la conservación de especies de la selva tropical. Métodos: En 2016, establecimos SSPE en una parcela piloto en Los Tuxtlas, México, plantando 16 especies de árboles nativos y Leucaena esculenta (DC.) Benth. como árbol forrajero. Paralelamente, se condujeron talleres de alternativas ganaderas en el ejido de Balzapote para incrementar las posibilidades de incidencia social. Resultados clave: La sobrevivencia de los árboles plantados fue en promedio de 40.7%. La parcela demostrativa ha servido para acercar a los agricultores a diferentes alternativas más productivas. Observamos una reducción en los costos de mantenimiento debido a que los productores no dependen de insumos externos. Conclusiones: Como resultado de la implementación del SSPE, la producción ganadera mejoró, lo que resulta en una disminución en el uso de agroquímicos. Los SSPE brindan complejidad al paisaje que dará como resultado sistemas más resilientes frente al cambio climático.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Livestock production is the main cause of habitat destruction and species extinction worldwide. It is also a strong contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. In Latin America, cattle ranching is the main economic activity of many rural communities, so establishing restoration plantations in pastures could provide ecosystem services with direct and indirect benefits for cattle production. Silvopastoral systems reach production levels equal to or higher than conventional systems and prolong the useful life of productive land. This paper examines the integration of silvopastoral systems with restoration with native trees of economic and conservation importance. We refer to these plots as enriched silvopastoral systems (ESPS). We present the results of the first stages of establishment of these systems which seek to improve the livelihoods of ranchers and to maintain landscape connectivity, ecosystem services, and the conservation of tropical forest species. Methods: In 2016, we established ESPS in a pilot plot in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, planting 16 native tree species and Leucaena esculenta (DC.) Benth. as a fodder tree. At the same time, workshops on livestock alternatives were held in the ejido of Balzapote to increase the possibilities of social incidence. Key results: The survival of the planted trees was on average 40.7%. The demonstration plot has served to bring farmers closer to different more productive alternatives. We observe a reduction in maintenance costs because the producers are not dependent on external supplies. Conclusions: As a result of the implementation of the ESPS, livestock production improved, resulting in a decrease in the use of agrochemicals. ESPS will bring complexity to the landscape resulting in more resilient systems in the face of climate change.

Resumo O protagonismo das Cortes durante a primeira experiência liberal portuguesa é matéria consensual entre historiadores. Na sequência da Revolução do Porto, as Cortes aparecem como que destinadas a assumir o poder incontestado. Esse protagonismo e a parlamentarização da vida política seriam, num certo sentido, inevitáveis. Este artigo revisita essa leitura, defendendo que a parlamentarização da vida política em Portugal, ainda que aparentemente inevitável, foi, grande medida, fruto de um movimento peticionário sem precedentes na história do país. O texto sugere igualmente que esse movimento peticionário só foi possível porque as Cortes adoptaram regulação interna que valorizava o papel da nova instituição como destinatário privilegiado de todas expetativas da população. Considera-se que sem o regimento adoptado pelas Cortes a interação da nova instituição com a população teria sido menor, e o mesmo acontecendo inclusivamente ao protagonismo político das próprias Cortes.

Abstract The leading role of the Cortes during the first Portuguese liberal experience is a consensual issue amongst historians. In the aftermath of the Liberal Revolution, the Cortes appeared to be destined to assume uncontested power. This leading role and the parliamentarization of political life would be, in a certain sense, inevitable. This article revisits this interpretation, arguing that the parliamentarization of political life in Portugal, although probable, was largely the result of a petitionary movement of unprecedented proportions in the country’s history. The text also submits that this petitionary movement was only possible because the Cortes adopted an internal regulation that favored the role of the new institution as the space to where all expectations converged. Without such unassuming regulatory device (forgotten by the scholarship), the political interaction of the new institution with the population would have been significantly smaller. Even the leading role of the Cortes would be diminished.