ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the effect of sugarcane juice and the addition of commercial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus (≥ 1 × 1010 cfu/g) during the fermentation of coffee to the beverage’s sensory characteristics and the coffee bean’s chemical composition. A completely randomized experimental design with two replicates is carried out for four treatments, distributed as follows: i) water addition (0.78 kg), ii) sugar cane juice addition (0.78 kg), iii) sugar cane juice addition (0.78 kg) combined with yeast Oenoferm® Freddo (0.12 g) and iv) sugar cane juice addition (0.78 kg) combined with yeast Oenoferm® Color (0.12 g). After fermentation and drying, the samples were subjected to medium roasting and analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and sensory analysis according to the methodology of the Specialty Coffee Association. The implementation of organic additives directly affected the attributes and sensory notes, allowing coffee to be classified as a specialty coffee with a score above 80 points. Adding sugar cane juice or a combination of sugar cane juice and Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed promising results in improving coffee beverage quality. Additionally, chemometric analysis of the infrared spectrum showed that the chemical characteristics of roasted coffee were affected, which correlated with the sensory results. The addition of cane juice only (T2) and the Oenoferm® Freddo yeast strain (T3) presented the best sensory quality.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do caldo de cana-de-açúcar e da adição levedura comercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus (≥ 1 × 1010 cfu/g) durante a fermentação do café nas características sensoriais da bebida e na composição química do grão de café. Foi realizado um experimento completamente aleatório com duas repetições para quatro tratamentos, distribuídos da seguinte forma: i) adição de água (0.78 kg), ii) adição de caldo de cana-de-açúcar (0.78 kg), iii) adição de caldo de cana-de-açúcar (0.78 kg) combinado com a levedura Oenoferm® Freddo (0.78 kg) e iv) adição de caldo de cana-de-açúcar (0.78 kg) combinado com a levedura Oenoferm® Color (0.78 kg). Após fermentação e a secagem, as amostras sáo submetidas à torrefação média e analisadas por espectroscopia de infravermelho e análise sensorial de acordo com a metodologia da Specialty Coffee Association. A implementação de aditivos orgânicos afetou diretamente os atributos e as notas sensoriais, permitindo que o café fosse classificado como um café especial com uma pontuação acima de 80 pontos. A adição de suco de cana-de-açúcar ou de uma combinação de suco de cana-de-açúcar e Saccharomyces cerevisiae apresentou resultados promissores na melhorar da qualidade da bebida do cafe. Além disso, a análise quimiométrica do espectro infravermelho mostrou que as características químicas do café torrado foram afetadas, o que se correlacionou com os resultados sensoriais. A adição apenas de suco de cana (T2) e da cepa de levedura Oenoferm® Freddo (T3) apresentou a melhor qualidade sensorial.

ABSTRACT Retinal bacillary layer detachment is the separation of the inner segments of the photoreceptors from the rest of the neurosensory retina, or separation between the myode and ellipsoid zone of the retina, which in a recent finding can be identified by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The objective is to update the knowledge about the detachment of the bacillary layer of the retina and the use of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in ocular diseases that are associated with this sign. Bibliographic sources such as academic Google, SciELO LAC, MEDLINE and MEDICARIBE were consulted. Fifty-four documents were retrieved, of which 18 were relevant to this research. The results were limited to the Spanish and English language and to the last five years. The most mentioned authors were Ramtohul, Metha and Cicinelli. They worked on the clinical sign in question and reported the experience in caring for patients afflicted with this ocular disease. Detachment of the bacillary layer of the retina is a sign present in several diseases associated with ocular posterior segment inflammation. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography is an effective technique to determine it, although it is still scarce in the literature, which reaffirms the scientific validity of continuing studies from initial hypotheses from the histological and tomographic point of view.

RESUMEN El desprendimiento de la capa bacilar de la retina es la separación de los segmentos internos de los fotorreceptores del resto de la retina neurosensorial, o separación entre la zona miode y elipsoide de la retina, que en un hallazgo reciente se puede identificar mediante la tomografía de coherencia óptica de dominio espectral. El objetivo es actualizar los conocimientos sobre el desprendimiento de la capa bacilar de la retina y el uso de la tomografía de coherencia óptica de dominio espectral en las enfermedades oculares que están asociadas con este signo. Se consultaron las fuentes bibliográficas como Google académico, SciELO LAC, Medline y MEDICARIBE. Se limitaron los resultados al idioma español e inglés y a los últimos cinco años. Se recuperaron 54 documentos, de ellos 18 resultaron relevantes a esta investigación. Los autores más mencionados fueron Ramtohul, Metha y Cicinelli. Ellos trabajaron el signo clínico en cuestión y reportaron la experiencia en la atención a los pacientes aquejados con esta enfermedad ocular. El desprendimiento de la capa bacilar de la retina es un signo presente en varias enfermedades asociadas a inflamación del segmento posterior ocular. La tomografía de coherencia óptica de dominio espectral es una técnica efectiva para determinarlo, aunque estos planteamientos aún son escasos en la literatura, lo cual reafirma la importancia científica de continuar los estudios a partir de hipótesis iniciales desde el punto de vista histológico y tomográfico.

ABSTRACT Toxocariasis is a prevalent zoonosis with a significant socioeconomic impact, particularly in poor communities around the world. It is caused by larval forms of nematode species, parasites of the Toxocara genus. The spectrum of clinical manifestations in toxocariasis varies widely from asymptomatic cases to systemic infections. In the case of ocular toxocariasis, impaired visual acuity is the most common manifestation when symptoms are present. Ocular presentations include chronic endophthalmitis, posterior pole granuloma, or a peripheral granuloma. We present the case of a 12-year-old patient with ocular toxocariasis in the form of a posterior pole granuloma with vitreous tractional bands, which is accompanied by a hyperpigmented lesion in the macular area in the healing phase. The purpose of our publication is to highlight the multiple ocular complications that can occur in patients with ocular toxocariasis, which ultimately lead to irreversible visual loss.

RESUMEN La toxocariasis es una zoonosis prevalente con un importante impacto socioeconómico, particularmente en las comunidades pobres de todo el mundo. Es causada por formas larvarias de especies de nematodos, parásitos del género Toxocara. El espectro de manifestaciones clínicas en la toxocariasis varía ampliamente, desde casos asintomáticos a infecciones generalizadas. En el caso de la toxocariasis ocular, el deterioro de la agudeza visual es la manifestación más común cuando los síntomas están presentes. Las presentaciones oculares incluyen endoftalmitis crónica, granuloma de polo posterior o granuloma periférico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 12 años, con toxocariasis ocular en forma de granuloma de polo posterior con bandas traccionales a vítreo, acompañada de una lesión hiperpigmentada en el área macular en fase cicatrizal. El propósito de esta publicación es describir las múltiples complicaciones oculares que pueden concomitar en el paciente con toxocariasis ocular, que finalmente conllevan a una pérdida visual irreversible.

Abstract The seeds of Erythrina americana Mill. are consumed by the bruchid Specularius impressithorax. Hence to evaluate the effect that the beetles can have on the sedes, the percentage of damage to E. americana seeds in the pre-dispersal stage was determined, as well as the accumulated damage during one year caused by S. impressithorax. The germination percentage of healthy and damaged seeds were evaluated. The seeds were collected in the Tulancingo Valley, Hidalgo, Mexico in December 2017. 1,272 seeds had been collected from nine different trees, which remained at least 500 m away from each other. The number of holes were counted in the seeds, that is, the number of bruchids that emerged from each seed (n = 269). The average damage percentage during the pre-dispersal of the seeds was 17.4% and for the post-dispersal stage it was 83.1%. Seeds with a bruchid exit hole germinated in 66.6%. The undamaged seeds presented a germination percentage of 2.2%, because the E. americana seeds present dormancy. The percentage of germination of the seeds with an emergency hole caused by S. impressithorax (66.6%), indicates that when an E. americana seed is consumed by a bruchid, it does not damage the embryo, and emulates a natural scarification process.

Resumen Las semillas de Erythrina americana Mill., son consumidas por el brúquido Specularius impressithorax, por lo que para evaluar el efecto que pueden tener los escarabajos sobre las semillas se determinó el porcentaje de daño en semillas de E. americana en la etapa de pre-dispersión, así como el daño acumulado durante un año causado por S. impressithorax. Se evaluó el porcentaje de germinación de semillas sanas y dañadas. Las semillas se colectaron en el valle de Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México en diciembre de 2017. Se colectaron 1,272 semillas provenientes de nueve árboles diferentes, los cuales se encontraban como mínimo a 500 m de distancia uno de otro. A las semillas se les conto el número de orificios, es decir el número de brúquidos que emergieron de cada semilla (n = 269). El porcentaje de daño promedio durante la pre-dispersión de las semillas fue de 17.4 % y para la etapa post-dispersión fue de 83.1 %. Las semillas con un orificio de salida de un brúquido germinaron en un 66.6 %. Las semillas sin daño presentaron un porcentaje de germinación de 2.2 %, debido a que las semillas de E. americana presentan dormancia. El porcentaje de germinación de las semillas con un orificio de emergencia causado por S. impressithorax (66.6 %), indica que cuando una semilla de E. americana es consumida por un brúquido, éste no daña el embrión, y emula un proceso de escarificación natural.

RESUMEN La industria de bebidas alcohólicas ha crecido exponencialmente en cuanto a la elaboración de productos con contenido de alcohol de forma artesanal. Así, se propone implementar una alternativa de producción agroindustrial mediante la elaboración de vino de frutas a base de curuba (Passiflora mollissima) usando una cepa de levadura Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (Var. Bayanus). Se desarrollaron tres fases, la primera consistió en la obtención y fermentación de la pulpa de curuba; la segunda fase comprendió la caracterización fisicoquímica y microbiológica, evaluando parámetros como pH, titulación acido-base, solidos solubles, color, viscosidad, conteo de levaduras mediante la siembra en profundidad en agar YGC y recuento de BAL en agar MRS para verificar la fermentación maloláctica; finalmente, se realizó el análisis sensorial a través de un análisis cuantitativo descriptivo (QDA) en solitario y maridado. El resultado obtenido fue una bebida con un pH de 3,14±0,02, una viscosidad de 2,31±0,02 cP, contenido de solidos solubles de 7,65±0,07 °Brix y un contenido de alcohol de 12,91±0,19 v/v. De esta manera, el estudio demuestra que la curuba tiene un alto potencial biotecnológico en la elaboración de bebidas fermentadas, ofreciendo una alternativa adicional para la elaboración y comercialización de nuevos productos en el departamento del Huila (Colombia).

ABSTRACT The alcoholic beverage industry has grown exponentially in terms of the production of alcohol-containing products in an artisanal manner. Thus, it is proposed to implement an agroindustrial production alternative by making fruit wine from curuba (Passiflora mollissima) using a Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (Var. Bayanus) yeast strain. Three phases were developed; the first consisted of obtaining and fermenting the curuba pulp; the second phase included physicochemical and microbiological characterization, evaluating parameters such as pH, acid-base titration, soluble solids, color, viscosity, yeast count by deep seeding on YGC agar and LAB count on MRS agar to verify malolactic fermentation; finally, sensory analysis was performed through a quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) in solitary and paired. The result obtained was a beverage with a pH of 3,14±0,02, a viscosity of 2,31±0,02 cP, soluble solids content of 7,65±0,07 °Brix and an alcohol content of 12,91±0,19 v/v. Thus, the study demonstrates that curuba has a high biotechnological potential in the elaboration of fermented beverages, offering an additional alternative for the elaboration and commercialization of new products in the department of Huila (Colombia).

RESUMEN Introducción. La sífilis congénita es un importante problema de salud pública y para prevenirla es necesario diagnosticar y tratar la sífilis gestacional de forma temprana. En el presente caso la gestante recibió el tratamiento de elección (penicilina benzatínica), pero este no previno la infección fetal. Presentación del caso. Recién nacido masculino, hijo de una madre con serología negativa para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y positiva para sífilis gestacional diagnosticada en la semana 21 (prueba VDRL con dilución 1:4 y prueba treponémica rápida positiva) y tratada con tres dosis de 2 400 000 UI de penicilina benzatínica. En el parto, la madre presentó VDRL con dilución 1:1 y el recién nacido fue diagnosticado con sífilis congénita por presentar VDRL con dilución 1:4, prueba treponémica rápida positiva, niveles de aspartato aminotransferasa elevados, hipostenuria, proteinuria, hematuria y leucocituria, condiciones que se resolvieron luego de recibir tratamiento con penicilina cristalina durante 10 días. El estudio molecular en sangre realizado al momento del nacimiento evidenció una alta presencia de Treponema pallidum. La prueba VDRL a los 3 meses fue no reactiva. Conclusiones. Prevenir la sífilis congénita con el tratamiento recomendado para sífilis gestacional puede fallar, además, diagnosticar sífilis congénita en un recién nacido asintomático es difícil, por lo cual se recomienda hacer un seguimiento clínico y serológico para confirmar si el tratamiento materno fue efectivo en el feto.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Congenital syphilis is a major public health problem, and early diagnosis and treatment are necessary to prevent it. Penicillin G benzathine is the treatment of choice in pregnant women; however, it may fail to prevent fetal infection, as in the present case. Case presentation: Male newborn, son of an HIV negative mother with gestational syphilis (venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) 1:4 dilution, positive treponemal test) diagnosed at week 21 of gestation and treated with three doses of 2 400 000 IU of penicillin G benzathine. At delivery, the mother presented VDRL 1:1 dilution. The newborn was diagnosed with congenital syphilis due to VDRL 1:4 dilution, positive treponemal test, elevated aspartate aminotransferases, hypos-thenuria, proteinuria, hematuria, and leukocyturia that resolved after treatment with crystalline penicillin for 10 days. The molecular testing in blood showed a high treponemal load. The VDRL test at 3 months was non-reactive. Conclusions: Preventing congenital syphilis with the recommended treatment for gestational syphilis may fail. Moreover, diagnosing this condition in an asymptomatic newborn is difficult. Therefore, clinical and serological tests are recommended to confirm whether maternal treatment was effective in the fetus.

RESUMEN Este trabajo presenta los resultados obtenidos a escala de laboratorio para el aprovechamiento de la pulpa de café (residuos) en el proceso de beneficio húmedo aplicando el concepto de biorrefinería. Los resultados mostraron que es posible tratar este residuo mediante procesos fermentativos y obtener bioetanol separado por medio de la destilación simple con un contenido de alcohol entre 3,85 % al 6,90 % por cada 250 ml de biomasa tratada en condiciones ambientales. Se observó en todos los ensayos que una variable importante es el tiempo de fermentación y la estructura inicial del residuo ya que esto influye sobre el rendimiento obtenido en términos del bioalcohol producido. Este trabajo forma parte de un estudio preliminar para la implementación del concepto de biorrefinería a los residuos generados en el beneficio húmedo del café. La búsqueda de alternativas que permitan el aprovechamiento de los residuos del café constituye una problemática actual. Estos residuos al no ser tratados, por lo general son vertidos a las fuentes hídricas y en ocasiones utilizados como enmiendas agrícolas en los cultivos, lo cual puede causar graves problemas de contaminación. Por este motivo es necesario realizar investigaciones en este campo que permitan su tratamiento o aprovechamiento integral.

ABSTRACT This work presents the results obtained at a laboratory scale for the use of coffee pulp (residues) in the wet milling process applying the concept of biorefinery. The results showed that it is possible to treat this residue through fermentative processes and obtain bioethanol through simple distillation with an alcohol content between 3.85% to 6.90% for each 250ml of biomass with a solid-liquid ratio of 4 to 1 to environmental conditions. It was observed in all the tests that the fermentation time and the initial structure of the residue are important variables since they influence the yield obtained in terms of produced alcohol. This work is part of a preliminary study for the implementation of the biorefinery concept to the residues generated in the wet coffee mill. The search of alternatives that allow the use of coffee residues is a current problem. These residues, when not treated, are generally dumped into water sources and sometimes used as agricultural amendments in crops, which can cause serious contamination problems. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out research in this field for its treatment or comprehensive use.

Resumo Introdução A sistematização de informações sobre o fenômeno do suicídio é imprescindível para subsidiar o planejamento de ações e estratégias de intervenção. Objetivo Descrever características epidemiológicas da mortalidade por suicídio no estado do Rio Grande do Sul de 2010 a 2016. Método Os dados foram obtidos a partir do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade e analisados segundo variáveis sociodemográficas. Foi utilizado o método de Prais-Winsten para estimar a variação média anual e indicar a tendência dos coeficientes. Resultados Foram registrados 7.796 óbitos no período analisado, correspondendo a um coeficiente médio de 10,7 por 100 mil habitantes. Aproximadamente 80% dos suicídios foram de homens e 40% do total se concentrou entre 40 e 59 anos de idade. Os coeficientes mais altos foram encontrados entre pessoas idosas. Foi verificada tendência de mortalidade crescente para mulheres e decrescente para homens na faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos. Entre 10 e 14 anos de idade, foi identificada tendência crescente para o sexo feminino. Na média do período, os maiores coeficientes concentraram-se no centro e norte do estado. Conclusão São sugeridos estudos aprofundados nas regiões e nos grupos prioritários apontados, a fim de subsidiar o aprimoramento de políticas públicas para a prevenção do suicídio.

Abstract Background The systematization of information about the phenomenon of suicide is crucial to support action planning and intervention strategies. Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics of suicide mortality in the State of Rio Grande do Sul from 2010 to 2016. Method The data were collected from the Mortality Information System and analyzed according to sociodemographic variables. The Prais-Winsten method estimated the annual average variation and indicated the trend of mortality coefficients. Results We found 7,796 deaths recorded in the period, corresponding to an average coefficient of 10.7 per 100 thousand inhabitants. Approximately 80% of the suicides were of men, and 40% of the total were concentrated between the ages of 40 and 59. The highest coefficients were found among the elderly population. There was a trend of increasing mortality for women and decreasing for men in the age group of 20 to 29. An increasing trend was identified for females between the ages of 10 and 14. On average, the highest coefficients were concentrated in the center and north of the state. Conclusion We suggest in-depth studies to be carried out in the regions and priority groups mentioned to help improve public policies for suicide prevention.

Resumo O presente artigo se propõe a avaliar, a partir das informações da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), 2019, as desigualdades de gênero e raciais no acesso e utilização dos serviços de saúde no Brasil. O objetivo principal é compreender como homens e mulheres, brancos, pretos ou pardos, buscam atendimento médico na Atenção Primária à Saúde, porta de entrada no sistema de saúde brasileiro. As análises sob uma perspectiva de gênero mostram que padrões culturais e sociais afetam ações e escolhas individuais e, em particular, o acesso e uso dos serviços de saúde. Os resultados também indicam que homens e mulheres reproduzem o comportamento de gênero esperado, social e culturalmente construído, que impacta sua autoavaliação de estado de saúde, cuidados e suas exposições ao risco de doença e morte. A análise interseccional revela que as desigualdades raciais se combinam às observadas entre homens e mulheres, exponenciando vulnerabilidades para pessoas de cor ou raça preta ou parda e refletindo as desigualdades socioeconômicas estruturantes da sociedade brasileira. Nesse contexto, a universalidade e a integralidade preconizadas no Sistema Único de Saúde contribuem enquanto política pública para a garantia de direitos, equalização de oportunidades e efetivação do acesso ao atendimento igualitário.

Abstract This paper aims to evaluate gender and racial inequalities in the access and use of health services in Brazil Based on the 2019 National Health Survey (PNS). Its main objective is to understand how white, black, or brown men and women seek medical care in Primary Health Care, the gateway to the Brazilian health system. Analyses from a gender perspective show that cultural and social patterns affect individual actions and choices and mainly access to and use of health services. The results also show that men and women reproduce the expected gender behavior, socially and culturally constructed, which impacts their self-assessment of health status, care, and their exposure to the risk of disease and death. The intersectional analysis reveals that racial inequalities are aligned with those observed between men and women, exponentiating vulnerabilities for self-identified black or brown people, reflecting the structural socioeconomic inequalities of Brazilian society. In this context, the universality and integrality recommended in the Unified Health System contribute as a public policy to the guarantee of rights, equalization of opportunities, and adequate access to equal care.

Resumo O presente artigo se propõe a avaliar, a partir das informações da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), 2019, as desigualdades de gênero e raciais no acesso e utilização dos serviços de saúde no Brasil. O objetivo principal é compreender como homens e mulheres, brancos, pretos ou pardos, buscam atendimento médico na Atenção Primária à Saúde, porta de entrada no sistema de saúde brasileiro. As análises sob uma perspectiva de gênero mostram que padrões culturais e sociais afetam ações e escolhas individuais e, em particular, o acesso e uso dos serviços de saúde. Os resultados também indicam que homens e mulheres reproduzem o comportamento de gênero esperado, social e culturalmente construído, que impacta sua autoavaliação de estado de saúde, cuidados e suas exposições ao risco de doença e morte. A análise interseccional revela que as desigualdades raciais se combinam às observadas entre homens e mulheres, exponenciando vulnerabilidades para pessoas de cor ou raça preta ou parda e refletindo as desigualdades socioeconômicas estruturantes da sociedade brasileira. Nesse contexto, a universalidade e a integralidade preconizadas no Sistema Único de Saúde contribuem enquanto política pública para a garantia de direitos, equalização de oportunidades e efetivação do acesso ao atendimento igualitário.

Abstract This paper aims to evaluate gender and racial inequalities in the access and use of health services in Brazil Based on the 2019 National Health Survey (PNS). Its main objective is to understand how white, black, or brown men and women seek medical care in Primary Health Care, the gateway to the Brazilian health system. Analyses from a gender perspective show that cultural and social patterns affect individual actions and choices and mainly access to and use of health services. The results also show that men and women reproduce the expected gender behavior, socially and culturally constructed, which impacts their self-assessment of health status, care, and their exposure to the risk of disease and death. The intersectional analysis reveals that racial inequalities are aligned with those observed between men and women, exponentiating vulnerabilities for self-identified black or brown people, reflecting the structural socioeconomic inequalities of Brazilian society. In this context, the universality and integrality recommended in the Unified Health System contribute as a public policy to the guarantee of rights, equalization of opportunities, and adequate access to equal care.

Resumen La creciente demanda de alimentos de alto valor nutricional ha inclinado el consumo de lácteos de leche bovina por leche proveniente de otras especies de rumiantes; no obstante, la fracción proteica de la leche es relativamente constante y se compone de caseínas: αS1-caseína, β-caseína, κ-caseína, y seroproteínas; α-lactoalbúmina y β-lactoglobulina. En la actualidad, los estudios de péptidos bioactivos derivados de la leche se centran en proteínas obtenidas de una única especie y se efectúan empleando enzimas ajenas al sistema digestivo humano. La presente investigación realizó una comparación cuantitativa de los péptidos bioactivos obtenidos de las caseínas y seroproteínas presentes en la leche de bovino (Bos taurus), oveja (Ovis aries), cabra (Capra hircus) y búfalo (Bubalus bubalis) a partir de procesos de digestión in silico catalizados por proteasas presentes en el sistema digestivo humano: pepsina (EC 3.4.23.1), tripsina (EC 3.4.21.4) y quimotripsina (EC 3.4.21.1). La caracterización de péptidos bioactivos y la digestión in silico fue realizada mediante BIOPEP-UMW. La evaluación cuantitativa se efectuó a partir del cálculo de frecuencias de liberación. Los resultados mostraron once clases de péptidos con acción biológica: estimulantes, inhibidores de Renina, inhibidores de DPP4, antioxidantes, inhibidores de ACE, inhibidores de DPP3, hipocolesterolémicos, inhibidores de CaMPDE, reguladores, anticancerígenos e inmunomoduladores. Los péptidos inhibidores de DPP4 presentaron la mayor frecuencia de liberación, lo que sitúa a la leche como una potencial fuente de metabolitos supresores de la acción proteolítica de DPP4 en la degradación de incretinas. Pese a los distintos valores de frecuencias de liberación, los cuatro perfiles totales de péptidos bioactivos correspondientes a la leche de cada especie no mostraron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p>0.05).

Abstract The growing demand for food with high nutritional value has led to the replacement of bovine milk with milk from other ruminants. The protein fraction in milk is relatively constant among species and includes caseins (αS1-casein, β-casein, and 𝜅-casein) and whey proteins (α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin). Current studies into milk derived bioactive peptides focus on proteins obtained from a single species and are conducted using non-human proteases. In this paper, we make a quantitative comparison of the bioactive peptides obtained from the caseins and whey proteins present in bovine (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus), and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) milk. The study is carried out by in silico digestion with the following proteolytic enzymes found in the human digestive system: pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1), trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1). In silico digestion and bioactive peptides were characterized using the BIOPEP-UMW database. Quantitative evaluation was carried out by calculating the bioactive peptides release frequencies. As a result, we found eleven types of biologically active peptides (stimulants, renin inhibitors, DPP4 inhibitors, antioxidants, ACE inhibitors, DPP3 inhibitors, hypocholesterolemic agents, CaMPDE inhibitors, regulators, anticarcinogenic agents, and immunomodulators). According to the findings, DPP4 inhibitors had the highest frequency of release, turning milk into a potential source of metabolites that suppress DPP4 activity, which, in turn, could lead to a reduced degradation of incretin hormones. Despite the different values in their frequency of release, the total number of bioactive peptides did not show a statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) among the milk proteins from each of the four species under study.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is present in 20% of the elderly population, causing numerous health expenses. Objective: To characterize chronic kidney disease in older adults. Material and methods: An observational, descriptive and longitudinal study was conducted. It was based on a screening test using the CKD-EPI equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate, as well as serum creatinine measurements and other laboratory tests. These tests were repeated three months later for confirmation; and they were carried out in the period from May 2014 to May 2015 in Family Doctors Offices and Nurse Clinics 13,14 and 42 of “Entronque de Pilotos”. The universe and the sample were composed of 389 and 109 patients, respectively. Descriptive and inferential statistics (absolute frequencies, relative frequencies, x-2 test and Bartholomew's test) with a significance level of 95% were used. Results: Hematuria was the most frequent marker followed by albuminuria and proteinuria. Arterial hypertension (AHT) affected 94 patients (86.2%), followed by cardiovascular diseases with 73 patients (77.0%) and diabetes mellitus with 47 ones (43.6%). There was a predominance of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus as probable causes of the disease with 58 and 20 cases, representing 53.2% and 18.3%, respectively. Conclusions: The disease exceeded the prevalence rates in the health area; the presence of markers of kidney damage and progression factors was frequent.

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad renal crónica está presente en el 20 % de la población adulta mayor, lo que genera numerosos gastos sanitarios. Objetivo: Caracterizar la enfermedad renal crónica en adultos mayores. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo y longitudinal. Se basó en un pesquisaje mediante la estimación de filtrado glomerular (fórmula CKD-EPI), utilizando la creatinina sérica y otros exámenes de laboratorio, repetidos a los tres meses para su confirmación; efectuado en el periodo de mayo de 2014 a mayo de 2015, en los consultorios del médico y enfermera de la familia 13,14 y 42 del Entronque de Pilotos. El universo fue de 389 pacientes y la muestra de 109. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva e inferencial (frecuencias absolutas, frecuencias relativas y las prueba X2, la prueba de Bartholomew) con un nivel de significación del 95 %. Resultados: La hematuria fue el marcador más frecuente seguido por la albuminuria y la proteinuria. La HTA aquejaba a 94 pacientes (86,2 %), seguido por las enfermedades cardiovasculares 73 (77,0 %) y la diabetes mellitus con 47 pacientes (43,6 %). Hubo un predominio de la hipertensión arterial y de la diabetes mellitus como causas probables de la enfermedad con 58 y 20 casos, lo que representa el 53,2 % y el 18,3 % respectivamente. Conclusiones: La enfermedad superó las tasas de prevalencia existentes en el área de salud, fue frecuente la presencia de marcadores de daño renal y factores de progresión.

RESUMO O caso de um neonato em Hospital Regional Suddie na Guiana foi apresentado com um tumor no pescoço, diagnosticado como higroma cístico, malformação freqüente e cujo diagnóstico é feito no início da gestação por ultrassonografia pré-natal com avaliação da região da nuca do feto. O aumento excessivo ou aumento da translucência nucal pode estar relacionado a um higroma cístico. Malformações congênitas são defeitos estruturais presentes no nascimento causados por um distúrbio pré-natal durante a morfogênese. A ultrassonografia pré-natal realizada no primeiro e segundo trimestres da gravidez por pessoal treinado é um meio de diagnóstico barato e não invasivo que permite o diagnóstico precoce e a conduta precoce em países com poucos recursos.

ABSTRACT The case of a neonate in Regional Hospital Suddie of Guyana with neck tumor, was presented and diagnosed as cystic lymphangioma, rare malformation and whose diagnosis is made early in pregnancy by prenatal ultrasound evaluation of the region of the neck of the fetus. Excessive expansion or increased translucency in the hindhead may be related to a cystic lymphangioma. Congenital malformations are structural defects present at birth caused by a prenatal disorder during morphogenesis. Prenatal ultrasound performed in the first and second trimester of pregnancy by trained personnel is an average economic diagnosis and non-invasive allowing early diagnosis and taking behavior early in resource-poor countries.

RESUMEN Se presentó el caso de un neonato en el Hospital Regional Suddie, de Guyana, con tumoración de cuello, diagnosticado como higroma quístico, malformación no frecuente y cuyo diagnóstico se realiza al principio del embarazo por ecografía prenatal con evaluación de la región de la nuca del feto. La ampliación excesiva o aumento de la translucencia nucal puede estar relacionado con un higroma quístico. Las malformaciones congénitas son defectos estructurales presentes al nacimiento ocasionadas por un trastorno prenatal durante la morfogénesis. La ecografía prenatal realizada en el primer y segundo trimestre del embarazo por personal capacitado es un medio diagnóstico económico y no invasivo que permite el diagnóstico precoz y tomar conducta temprano en países de pocos recursos.

Resumen Introducción: la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) genera numerosos gastos sanitarios y es altamente prevalente en ancianos. Objetivo: caracterizar pacientes adultos mayores con ERC residentes en el municipio Consolación del Sur, Cuba, en el período comprendido entre mayo y septiembre de 2014. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal realizado en los consultorios del Programa Médico y Enfermera de la Familia 13, 14 y 42 en el Consejo Popular Entronque de Pilotos. El universo fue de 389 pacientes y la muestra final de 109. Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, color de piel, escolaridad, nivel socioeconómico, clasificación de la ERC y redes de apoyo familiar y social. Se utilizó la fórmula Modification of Diet in Renal Disease abreviada para determinar el grado de la enfermedad. Para darle salida se utilizó la estadística descriptiva (frecuencias absolutas y relativas, prueba chi-cuadrado (X2) para la regresión y X2 Bartholomeus). Se tuvo en cuenta el consentimiento informado. Resultados: prevalece el estadio 2 de la enfermedad, con 51 pacientes (46,8 %) y la raza blanca con 82 (75,2 %); el 56,9 % se encontró en el grupo de edad de 70-79 años y 71 participantes eran hombres (65,1 %). El 63,3 % apenas había alcanzado la primaria o no la concluyó, hubo un predominio de un nivel socioeconómico bajo (68,8 %) y la mayoría tenía redes de apoyo (88,1 %). Conclusiones: la caracterización de la ERC desde el enfoque sociodemográfico tiene un papel importante en el abordaje integral de la misma en el nivel primario de salud.

Abstract Introduction: chronic kidney disease generates numerous health expenses and is highly prevalent elderly.Objective: to characterize elderly patients with chronic kidney diseaseresident in the Consolación del Sur municipality, from May 2014 to September 2014. Methodological design: observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, in the Doctor's and Family Nurse's offices 13, 14 and 42 in the Popular Council of Drivers Connection. The universe was of 389 patients and the sample of 109, fulfilling the inclusion criteria. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, skin color, schooling, socioeconomic status, classification of chronic kidney disease and family and social support networks. The abbreviated MDRD formula was used to determine the degree of chronic kidney disease. To make an exit, descriptive statistics were used (absolute and relative frequencies, X2 test for Regression, X2 Bartholomeus). Informed consent was taken into account. Results: stage 2 prevails, with 51 patients (46.8%) and whites 82 (75.2%), in the 70-79 age group, 56.9% belonged, there was a predominance of men with 71 (65.1%). 63.3% have barely reached the primary level or did not finish it. There was a predominance of a low socioeconomic level (68.8%) and most had support networks (96, for 8 8.1%). Conclusions: the characterization of the chronic kidney disease from the sociodemographic approach has an important role in the integral approach of the disease in the primary level of health.