ABSTRACT: The effect of different feed substrates incubated in filter bags [no bag (NB); Ankom® F57, 25 μm pore size (25AN); polyester, 45 μm pore size (45PB); polyester, 67 μm pore size (67PB) ] or dispersed in the medium on gas production, digestion and rumen fermentation was evaluated using an in vitro gas production system. Filter bags reduced (P < 0.01) gas production but increased (P < 0.01) the in vitro dry matter digestibility (45PB and 67PB). Additionally, the use of filter bags with smaller pore size, reduced total volatile fatty acid (P < 0.01), but had minimal effects on acetate, propionate, and butyrate concentration. Our research suggested that using filter bags with a pore size of 67 µ would reduce some negative effects of incubating feed substrate dispersed in the medium or in filter bags with smaller pore size. However, the use of bags with a larger pore size might allow the wash out of small feed particles with consequent overestimation of digestibility.

RESUMO: O efeito de diferentes substratos alimentares incubados em sacos de filtro [sem saco (NB); Ankom® F57, tamanho de poro de 25 μm (25AN); poliéster, tamanho de poro de 45 μm (45PB); poliéster, tamanho de poro de 67 μm (67PB) ] ou disperso no meio na produção de gás, digestão e fermentação ruminal foi avaliada usando um sistema de produção de gás in vitro. As bolsas de filtro reduziram (P < 0,01) a produção de gases, mas aumentaram (P < 0,01) a digestibilidade da matéria seca in vitro (45PB e 67PB). Adicionalmente, o uso de bolsas de filtro com tamanho de poro menor reduziu o ácido graxo volátil total (P < 0,01), mas teve efeitos mínimos na concentração de acetato, propionato e butirato. Nosso trabalho sugere que usar sacos de filtro com tamanho de poro de 67 µ reduziria alguns efeitos negativos da incubação de substrato de alimentação disperso no meio ou em sacos de filtro com tamanho de poro menor. No entanto, o uso de sacolas com poros maiores pode permitir a eliminação de pequenas partículas de ração com consequente superestimação da digestibilidade.

Abstract The objective of this article is to build a predictive model, based on information from projects carried out in market research and public opinion survey companies, choosing the recommended data collection method, which can be face to face interviews, telephone or online surveys, according to the requirements of each case. The predictive model type is one of classification, and several are built and analyzed using decision tree data mining techniques, discriminant analysis, K nearest neighbor analysis, and neural network analysis. Additionally, a segmentation of contacts in clusters is carried out to complement and enrich the knowledge provided by the classification techniques. It is concluded that the models generated by both decision trees and neural networks are the ones that best predict the public opinion measurement technique to be used.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es construir un modelo predictivo, a partir de información de estudios realizados en agencias de investigación de mercados y de opinión pública, que indique el método de recolección de datos que se recomienda utilizar, que puede ser encuestas personales, telefónicas o en línea, de acuerdo con los parámetros de cada estudio. El tipo de modelo predictivo es de clasificación, y se construyen y se analizan modelos a partir de las técnicas de minería de datos de árboles de decisiones, análisis discriminante, análisis de K vecinos más cercanos y análisis de redes neuronales. Adicionalmente, se realiza una segmentación de contactos en clústeres para complementar y enriquecer el conocimiento que aportan las técnicas clasificatorias. Se concluye que los modelos generados tanto por árboles de decisiones como por redes neuronales son los que mejor predicen la técnica de medición de opinión pública a utilizar.

Resumen: La infección por SARS-CoV-2 ha generado graves problemas de salud a la humanidad, por tratarse de una enfermedad infecciosa causada por un agente etiológico nuevo, por lo que aún no se tiene un tratamiento específico. Gracias a los esfuerzos en conjunto de toda la sociedad científica se ha logrado identificar el virus, su estructura genómica y el cómo se desarrolla la infección de la COVID-19 en los pacientes diagnosticados. Debido a la continua investigación, la industria farmacéutica ofrece moléculas cuya actividad farmacológica es parcialmente positiva no solo para el tratamiento de los principales síntomas en diferentes etapas de la infección de COVID-19, sino también para las complicaciones que suelen presentarse en lospacientes si es que se actúa de manera temprana. En este artículo se realiza una revisión de las moléculas más usadas para el tratamiento de COVID-19 con la finalidad de proporcionar una guía sobre la factibilidad de uso de las moléculas conocidas que se usan en dicha enfermedad, para ello se realizó la recopilación bibliográfica de la información disponible hasta ahora sobre lo que se conoce de COVID-19 y de los principios activos que actúan efectivamente. Se hace especial énfasis en las propiedades fisicoquímicas y la estructura de los principios activos para dar las pautas de posibles tratamientos en la infección por COVID-19; además, se incluye una revisión de opinión sobre las patentes relacionadas a los mencionados principios activos para resaltar la facilidad de su posible uso o modificación de sus formulaciones.

ABSTRACT The SARS-CoV-2 infection has generated serious health problems for humanity, as it is an infectious disease caused by a new etiological agent and there is still no a specific treatment. Thanks to the joint efforts of the entire scientific society, it has been possible to identify the virus, its genomic structure and how the COVID-19 infection develops in diagnosed patients. Due to continuous research, the pharmaceutical industry offers molecules whose pharmacological activity is partially positive not only for the main symptoms treatment at different stages of COVID-19 infection, but also for the complications occurred in patients, if treated early. This article presents a review of the most used molecules for the COVID-19 treatment with the purpose of providing a guide on the use feasibility of the known-molecules that are used for this disease. This involves a consolidated bibliography of information available so far on what it is known about COVID-19 and the active ingredients that act effectively. Special emphasis is placed on the physicochemical properties and the activeingredients structure in terms of providing guidelines for possible treatments in COVID-19 infection. In addition, an opinion review on the patents related to the aforementioned active ingredients is included for highlighting the facility of their possible uses or modifications on their formulations.

Abstract: Four Holstein steers (266 ± 13 kg) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different levels of urea (0%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2%) in a steam-flaked, corn-based finishing diet containing dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) on the site and extent of N compounds and organic matter (OM) digestion, and on the ruminal N-NH3 and blood concentrations of urea nitrogen. Increasing the urea levels linearly decreased the OM flow to the duodenum (P<0.04) and increased the total N and non-ammoniacal N flow to the duodenum (P<0.01), which resulted from linear increases in the flow of microbial N and NH3-N (P<0.01) without affecting the feed residual N flow (P>0.47). Increasing the urea levels linearly increased ruminal digestion of OM and dietary N (P<0.03), and decreased protein efficiency (P<0.01) without affecting microbial efficiency. The urea supplementation did not affect post-ruminal digestion. Urea supplementation linearly increased (P<0.01) total tract digestion of N compounds without affecting total tract digestion of OM. Ruminal pH averaged 6.09 ± 0.03 and was not affected (P>0.97) by the inclusion of urea. Ruminal NHg-N concentration increased with urea supplementation (linear component, P<0.01). The same effect was observed for blood urea concentrations and plasma urea (P<0.01). On the basis of the results observed here, urea can be incorporated in finishing corn-based diets that include DDGS. However, this must done carefully to avoid exceeding the RDP concentration in the diets in order to optimise ruminal fermentation and reduce the risk of high N excretion in the faeces. This is relevant when higher levels of DDGS are included in the diets (i.e. 30%).

Nine grain sorghum hybrids (bicolor Sorghum L. Moench) were analyzed to evaluate the relationship between the physical [dry matter (DM), thousand grains weigh (TGW), particle size (PS), relative density (RD), area surface (AS) and particles for gram (PG), hard endosperm (HE) and soft endosperm (SE)]; and chemical characteristics [total nitrogen (N), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total starch (S), soluble starch (S-S), insoluble starch (I-s)]. The predicted ruminal starch digestion (PRSD) was determined enzymatically from the S-S and I-S fractions. The average of TGW, PS, RD, AS, PG and HE were 24.61 g, 3.17 mm, 1.30 g/cm³, 17.44 cm²/g, 30.33 and 46.68 % respectively. The average (%) of DM, CP, FDN, FDA, S, S-S and I-S were 92.47, 8.19, 19.17, 8.30 69.58, 6.00 and 47.74 respectively. The concentration of tannins was very low (<0.003 eqCat). The PRSD averaged 66.04 ± 1.24 % (range 64.61 to 68.42). No relationship was detected (P>0.05) among the physical or chemical variables with the total content of starch in the grain; however, the variables relative density and area surface, significantly increases prediction (PRSD,% = 74.058 - 0.108HE + 0.027AS - 5.887RD, R²= 0.77, P<0.05). According to the study, the sorghum hybrids are of intermediate hardness, free of tannins and with a potential of ruminal starch digestion of 66 %.

Nueve híbridos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) se analizaron para determinar la relación de sus características físicas [materia seca (MS), peso de mil granos (PMG), tamaño de partícula (TP), densidad relativa (DR), superficie de área (SA), partículas por gramo (PPG), endospermo duro (END-DU), endospermo blando (END-BL)]; y químicas [nitrógeno total (NT), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), contenido de almidón (ALM), almidón soluble (AlmS), almidón insoluble (AlmNS). La digestión ruminal esperada (DRUM) se estimó con las fracciones de AlmS y AlmNS in vitro. El promedio de PMG, TP, DR, SA, PPG y END-DU fue de 24.61 g, 3.17 mm, 1.30 g/cm³, 17.44 cm²/g, 30.33 y 46.68 %, respectivamente El promedio (%) de MS, PC, FDN, FDA, ALM, AlmS y AlmNS fue de 92.47, 8.19, 19.17 y 8.30, 69.58, 6.00 y 47.74 respectivamente. La concentración de taninos fue baja (<0.003 eqCat). La DRUM promedió 66 % (rango 64.6 a 68.4 %). No se detectó ninguna relación (P>0.05) entre las variables físicas o químicas con el contenido total de almidón en el grano; sin embargo las variables densidad relativa y superficie de área, permiten incrementar el poder de predicción de la digestibilidad ruminal del almidón (DRUM,%= 74.058 - 0.108END-DU + 0.027SA - 5.887DR, R²= 0.77, P<0.05). De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, las variedades estudiadas son de dureza intermedia, libres de taninos y con un potencial de digestibilidad ruminal del almidón del 66 %.