Resumen Los estudios asociados con el volumen de reventado de amaranto (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) son prácticamente inexistentes. El objetivo fue evaluar la relación entre características de planta y grano crudo con el volumen de reventado del grano reventado. Entre 2018 y 2019 se establecieron cinco ensayos en Puebla, México para evaluar las variedades Nutrisol, Revancha, Gabriela, Laura, Diego, Areli y PQ2 y tres poblaciones locales. Se midieron características de planta, grano crudo y reventado. Se observaron correlaciones positivas y estadísticamente significativas (p≤ 0.01) entre volumen de reventado (VLRV) con peso hectolítrico (PHL) (r= 0.56**) y peso de mil semillas (PMS) (r= 0.3**). Asimismo, se halló que PMS y diámetro geométrico de semilla correlacionaron positivamente con volumen de grano reventado con tamaño de 2.38 y 2 mm. Por lo cual PHL y PMS podrían ser usadas para ayudar a predecir el comportamiento del volumen de reventado en genotipos de amaranto.

Abstract Studies associated with the popping volume of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) are practically nonexistent. The objective was to evaluate the relationship between characteristics of plant and raw grain with the popping volume of the popped grain. Between 2014 and 2015 2018-2019, five trials were established in Puebla, Mexico to evaluate the varieties Nutrisol, Revancha, Gabriela, Laura, Diego, Areli and PQ2 and three local populations. Characteristics of plant, raw and popped grain were measured. Positive and statistically significant (p≤ 0.01) correlations were observed between popping volume (PPVL) with hectoliter weight (HLW) (r= 0.56**) and weight of one thousand seeds (WTS) (r= 0.3**). It was also found that WTS and geometric seed diameter positively correlated with popped grain volume with size of 2.38 and 2 mm. Therefore, HLW and WTS could be used to help predict the behavior of popping volume in amaranth genotypes.

RESUMEN Las plantas purificadoras de agua que carecen de un adecuado sistema de control de calidad pueden generar problemas de salud pública. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la calidad microbiológica del agua proveniente de pequeñas plantas purificadoras de la ciudad de Puebla, así como, determinar la existencia de bacterias Aeromonas sp y Pseudomonas sp, y caracterizar si presentan un fenotipo patógeno oportunista. Se recolectaron 70 muestras de garrafones de agua de 25 establecimientos. La cuantificación bacteriana se realizó mediante el método de goteo en placa. Se comprobaron los géneros microbianos mediante análisis bioquímico. En las cepas que mostraron discrepancia se utilizó la identificación molecular con base a secuencias parciales del gen 16S rRNA para confirmar su especie y se les evaluaron sus características de patogenicidad: multirresistencia a antibióticos, producción de biopelícula y actividad hemolítica. El 40 % de las plantas purificadoras no cumplieron con la calidad microbiológica del agua para consumo humano. El 41.4 % de los garrafones de agua muestreados incumplió la normativa, presentando coliformes totales 35.7 %, Pseudomonas 30 %, Enterococcus faecalis 8.6 % y bacterias coliformes fecales el 5.7 %. Se obtuvieron 56 aislados, provenientes de los 29 garrafones contaminados; 10 de ellos se caracterizaron molecularmente, resultando 7 aislados relacionados con especies diferentes de P. aeruginosa y 3 con especies de Aeromonas. De los aislados de Pseudomonas, 5 presentaron resistencia a 2 familias de antibióticos y 2 mostraron multirresistencia. El 36 % de los 10 aislados produjeron hemólisis y biopelícula. Dos cepas de Aeromonas mostraron resistencia a Cefalosporina 3a generación pero no produjeron hemólisis. Los 10 aislados analizados fueron clasificados como no patógenos. Es necesario un seguimiento sanitario más estricto para lograr el cumplimiento de las normas nacionales e internacionales relacionadas con el consumo de agua purificada, para evitar dañar la salud de los consumidores.

ABSTRACT Water purification establishments that lack an adequate quality control system can cause public health problems. The objective of this study was to examine the microbiological quality of water from small purification establishments in the city of Puebla, as well as to determine the existence of Aeromonas sp and Pseudomonas sp bacteria, and to characterize whether they present an opportunistic pathogenic phenotype. 70 water jug samples were collected from 25 establishments. Bacterial quantification was performed using the drop plate method. Microbial genera were determined by biochemical analysis using the standard methodology. In the strains that showed discrepancy, molecular identification based on partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene was used to confirm their species, and their pathogenic characteristics were evaluated: multiresistance to antibiotics, biofilm production, and hemolytic activity. The results showed that 40 % of the purification establishments did not comply with the microbiological quality of water for human consumption. Similarly, 41.4 % of the jugs of water sampled failed to comply with the regulations, presenting total coliforms 35.7 %, Pseudomonas 30 %, Enterococcus faecalis 8.6 % and fecal coliform bacteria 5.7 %. Likewise, 56 isolates were obtained from the 29 contaminated jugs, of which 10 were molecularly characterized, resulting in 4 different species for P. aeruginosa and 3 for Aeromonas. Of the 7 Pseudomonas isolates, 5 presented resistance to 2 families of antibiotics and 2 showed multiresistance. In total, 36 % of the 10 isolates produced hemolysis and biofilm. Two Aeromonas strains showed resistance to 3rd generation Cephalosporin but did not produce hemolysis. The 10 isolates analyzed were classified as non-pathogenic. A stricter sanitary monitoring is necessary to achieve compliance with national and international standards related to the consumption of purified water, to avoid harming the health of consumers.

Abstract Introduction: The circadian rhythm is responsible for regulating important metabolic and endocrine functions. “Chrononutrition” explains the importance of time and types of food based on circadian rhythm. Obesity is one of the biggest public health problems. Objective: To describe the relation between chrono-nutrition and obesity. Methods: A systematic review was performed using PubMed, Scielo and Medline databases of articles published between 2014 to 2019 in humans. Nineteen articles were obtained and four articles met inclusion criteria. Results: Higher Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight circumference (WC) values were observed in people who skipped breakfast and ate less than 3 hours before bed. Children 4 years of age with higher energy intakes at lunch and dinner were more likely to be overweight or obese at 7 years. Skipping breakfast and eating dinner later was negatively associated with body weight. Among adolescents, eating main meals late was associated with an increase in BMI and WC. In normal weight subjects, regardless of whether they ate early or late, if eating was aligned with their circadian rhythm, they did not suffer major changes in weight. This was not the case for subjects with excess weight. Conclusions: A diet not aligned with the circadian rhythm, may increase the probability of generating obesity in the medium and long term. However, evidence is still needed.

RESUMEN Introducción: A través del reloj central y de los relojes periféricos que se encuentran en un organismo, se regula el ritmo circadiano (RC), el cual interviene en las funciones metabólicas y endocrinas. La “crononutrición” explica la importancia del tiempo y los tipos de alimentación sobre nuestro RC. La obesidad es uno de los mayores problemas de salud pública. Objetivo: Describir la relación que existe entre la crononutrición y la obesidad. Métodos: Revisión sistemática; búsqueda en PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scielo y Medline, entre los años 2014 a 2019, sólo en humanos. Se obtuvieron 19 artículos y de ellos sólo 4 artículos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: Se observó que valores de Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y circunferencia de cintura (CC) eran mayores en personas que no desayunaban y que cenaban con menos de 3 hrs antes de dormir. Se obtuvo que en niños de 4 años con ingestas energética mayores en almuerzo y cena, presentaban mayor probabilidad de sobrepeso u obesidad a los 7 años y además, no desayunar y cenar tardíamente se asoció negativamente con el peso corporal. En otro estudio, se observó que los adolescentes que realizaban sus comidas principales en horarios tardíos, hubo una asociación con el aumento en el IMC y CC. En sujetos con peso normal, independiente de si comían con tendencia hacia la mañana o la noche, pero presentaban una sincronía en su RC, no sufrían mayores alteraciones en su peso, lo cual no sucedió en sujetos con exceso de peso. Conclusiones: Una alimentación no sincronizada con el RC, puede aumentar la probabilidad de desarrollar obesidad en el mediano y largo plazo. Sin embargo, aún se necesita mayor evidencia.

Abstract Classical galactosemia is caused by the genetic deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate-urydyl-transferase resulting in clinical symptoms development during the first weeks of life including jaundice, hypotonia, lethargy, emesis, hepatomegaly, among others. Currently, dietary restriction of galactose is considered the standard for classical galactosemia management. For several years, severe dietary galactose restriction was considered necessary, implying restriction not only of dairy products, but also fruits, vegetables, legumes, and viscera. Such management failed to improve or prevent the appearance of long-term complications, by contrast, such restrictive approach may lead to nutritional deficiencies development. Thus, the last consensus suggests guidelines that are more flexible. In addition, the lack of knowledge regarding the physiopathology of the disease, and the toxicity threshold of the metabolites accumulated, make even more difficult to propose novel and more effective therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding classical galactosemia in terms of physiopathology, long-term complications, newborn screening and genetic variants and their implications on galactosemia treatment, summed to the challenges that researchers working on this disease must address in future studies including the analysis of galactose content in foods, galactose tolerance threshold and search for novel therapeutic targets.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Nordic Diet has been proposed and implemented as another healthy alternative to the classic Mediterranean diet, both for daily living and also for the control and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To review the scientific evidence currently published on the association between the uptake of the Nordic Diet (ND) and its protective effect for cardiovascular risk. Methods: An electronic search of the scientific literature was performed, using keywords, based on randomized controlled clinical trials and case-control studies, published in PubMed and Cochrane from 2010 to date. We included: adult subjects of both sexes, with cardiovascular risk factors such as overweight, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure and/or insulin resistance. Results: Of the five randomized controlled clinical trials included in this review, the ND significantly reduces levels of LDL-C, LDL/HDL ratio, and apoB/apoA ratio, in addition to significantly reducing body weight and waist circumference. Regarding triglyceride levels, VLDL, insulin sensitivity and blood pressure, only one study demonstrated significantly favorable effects of these variables and the Sysdiet study was able to demonstrate an anti-inflammatory effect of the ND. Conclusion: The ND has considerably beneficial effects on different cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, dyslipidemia and inflammation, making it an additional healthy alternative to the Mediterranean diet or the DASH diet in the control and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

RESUMEN Introducción: El patrón de dieta nórdica (DN) se ha propuesto e implementado como otra alternativa saludable a la clásica dieta mediterránea, tanto para el diario vivir de la población como también para el control y tratamiento de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Revisar la evidencia científica actualmente publicada sobre la asociación entre el consumo del patrón de la DN y su efecto protector en los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica de la literatura científica, usando palabras clave, basada en estudios clínicos controlados (ECA), aleatorizados, estudios de caso y control, publicados en PubMed y Cochrane desde el 2010 hasta la fecha. Se incluyeron: sujetos adultos de ambos sexos, con factores de riesgo cardiovascular como sobrepeso, dislipidemia, hipertensión arterial y/o resistencia a la insulina. Resultados: De los 5 ECA incluidos en esta revisión, se demostró que la DN reduce significativamente los niveles de LDL-C, el radio LDL/HDL y apoB/apoA, además de reducir significativamente el peso corporal y la circunferencia de cintura. En cuanto a los niveles de triglicéridos, VLDL, la sensibilidad a la insulina y la presión arterial, sólo un estudio demostró los efectos favorablemente significativos de estas variables y el estudio Sysdiet, logró demostrar el efecto antiinflamatorio de este patrón de dieta. Conclusión: La DN tiene efectos considerablemente beneficiosos sobre diferentes factores de riesgo cardiovascular como la obesidad, la dislipidemia y la inflamación por lo que resulta una alternativa saludable adicional a la dieta la Mediterránea o la dieta DASH en el control y prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares.

ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies and represents one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. There is strong evidence that dietary factors influence CRC incidence. Dairy products have been incorporated into nutritional guidelines as part of a healthy diet; many studies have reported a protective effect between dairy consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer, presumably because of its calcium (Ca) content; however, the evidence is inconsistent. Objective: To evaluate the current scientific evidence on the relationship between dairy consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer. Methodology: A literature search was conducted in the PudMed databases, limited to articles written in English and published between 2014 and November 2019, prioritizing cohort and case-control studies with exposure to dairy products such as milk, yogurt, butter and/or cheese. Results: A significant inverse association was found between the consumption of total dairy products and risk of colorectal cancer. In relation to calcium from dairy products, results are inconsistent. Only milk, as a specific dairy product, showed a protective effect, with no difference by fat content. Conclusions: Increased intake of total dairy products, milk and calcium are associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer.

RESUMEN El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es una de las neoplasias más frecuentes y representa una de las principales causas de muerte por cáncer en todo el mundo. Existen fuertes evidencias que factores dietarios influyen en su incidencia. Los lácteos han sido incorporados en numerosas guías nutricionales como parte de una dieta saludable; numerosos estudios han reportado un efecto protector entre el consumo de lácteos y el riesgo de cáncer colorrectal, presuntamente por su contenido de calcio (Ca); sin embargo, la evidencia es inconsistente. Objetivo: Evaluar la evidencia científica actual sobre la relación entre el consumo de lácteos y el riesgo de cáncer colorrectal. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda sensible en las bases de datos de PudMed, limitándose a artículos en inglés desde el 2014 hasta el 2019, priorizando estudios de cohorte y caso-control con exposición a productos lácteos como leche, yogurt, mantequilla y/o queso. Se encontró una asociación inversa significativa entre el consumo de productos lácteos totales y el riesgo de cáncer colorrectal. Con relación al calcio proveniente de los lácteos los resultados son inconsistentes. Solo la leche, como lácteo específico, mostró un efecto protector pero no discrimina según el contenido de grasa. La mayor ingesta de productos lácteos totales, la leche y el calcio están asociados con una disminución del riesgo de cáncer colorrectal.

Abstract Since neonatal screening and early nutritional treatment began, it has been possible to reverse the neurological damage that phenylketonuria (PKU) causes. Scientific evidence gathered over more than 50 years on the monitoring of individuals with PKU indicates that a phenylalanine level of about 6 mg/dL (360 µmol/L) is ideal and points to the necessity of starting a long-term phenylalanine-restricted diet in which blood phenylalanine level should stay between 2 and 6 mg/dL (120-360 µmol/L). This article aims to establish the general basis for proper monitoring of people with PKU and provide a useful tool for clinicians overseeing treatment. We hope to establish similar criteria throughout Latin America and create a uniform protocol in order to have comparative monitoring results for the region.

Hyperphenylalaninaemias are defined by a blood phenylalanine over 2 mg/dl. The main cause is due to a mutation in the gene that codes the phenylalanine hydroxylase that catalyses the reaction that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. The hyperphenylalaninaemias are classified into benign or mild hyperphenylalaninaemias, or mild, moderate or classic phenylketonurias. Due to its delayed detection outside the neonatal period it causes severe mental retardation. Its detection along with congenital hypothyroidism has been part of the National Neonatal Screening Program since 1992 in Chile. This article aims to answer the most common questions asked by the paediatrician when faced with a patient with hyperphenylalaninaemias.

Las hiperfenilalaninemias se definen por un nivel sanguíneo de fenilalanina sobre 2 mg/dl. La principal causa es una mutación en el gen que codifica la fenilalanina hidroxilasa que cataliza la reacción que transforma la fenilalanina en tirosina. Las hiperfenilalaninemias se clasifican en benignas o leves, y las fenilcetonurias en leves, moderadas y clásicas. Debido a que su detección más allá del periodo neonatal causa retardo mental severo, desde 1992 en Chile su detección, junto con la del hipotirodismo congénito, es parte del Programa Nacional de Pesquisa Neonatal. Este artículo pretende responder las preguntas más comunes que se puede hacer el pediatra cuando enfrenta a un paciente con hiperfenilalaninemias.

Background: Tyrosinemia type I is an inborn error of metabolism due to deficiency of fumarilacetoacetase. Acute presentation is with liver failure, hypophosphatemic rickets and peripheral neuropathy. Chronic presentation is with visceromegaly and subclinical rickets. The most severe complications are hepatic cancer and acute neurological crises. Without treatment, tyrosinemia type 1 is fatal. In 1992 treatment for tyrosinemia type 1 with 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethybenzoyl)-1,3-ciclohexanedione (NTBC) was proposed. A clinical response was reported in 90% of patients. In cases that did not respond, a successful liver transplantation was performed, reducing mortality to 5%. Aim: To report the follow up of 12 patients treated with NTBC. Patients and Methods: Review of clinical records of 12 Chilean cases treated with NTBC at the Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA) from January 2004 until June 2010. Results: In all patients, a rapid metabolic control was achieved. Two patients developed hepatocarcinoma. One of these patients died and one was successfully treated with liver transplantation. One patient died after receiving a liver transplantation. Nine patients have at present good liver function, but 2 had peripheral neuropathy due to late diagnosis and discontinuing NTBC treatment. Conclusions: Treatment with NTBC allows metabolic normalization in tyrosinemia type 1, prevents liver cirrhosis and hepatic cancer, improving survival rates and quality of life in the patients. Neonatal screening is essential for the early diagnosis of this treatable disease, that otherwise may be lethal.