Resumen Introducción. El prurigo actínico es una fotodermatosis crónica. Afecta con mayor frecuencia a la población latinoamericana, predomina en mujeres y compromete la piel expuesta al sol, las conjuntivas y los labios. Objetivo. Actualizar la información sobre las características clínico-epidemiológicas y el tratamiento de pacientes con prurigo actínico en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal que incluyó los registros clínicos de pacientes con prurigo actínico atendidos en el Servicio de Fotodermatología del Hospital Universitario Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta entre el 2011 y el 2016, y se describieron sus características demográficas, clínicas e histopatológicas, así como su tratamiento. Resultados. Se incluyeron 108 pacientes, el 71,3 % de ellos mujeres y el 28,7% hombres, con predominio de los fototipos III-IV (70 %). La enfermedad se había iniciado durante la primera década de vida en el 66,4% de los casos y el 25 % de los pacientes tenía antecedentes familiares de la enfermedad. Las lesiones predominaban en el rostro (93,5 %), los antebrazos (79,6 %) y el dorso de las manos (70,4 %). También, se documentó compromiso ocular (87,9 %) y de los labios (88,8 %). Se hizo la prueba de fotoprovocación con radiación ultravioleta A en el 25 % de los casos y biopsia cutánea en el 19,4 %. Todos los pacientes se trataron con protección solar química y física. En los casos leves a moderados, se formularon corticoides tópicos (91,7 %) e inhibidores de la calcineurina (65,7 %), y en los graves, talidomida (33,3 %) y pentoxifilina (14,8 %). Conclusión. Las características de los pacientes colombianos con prurigo actínico son similares a las reportadas en otros países latinoamericanos: inicio temprano de la enfermedad, predominio en mujeres, compromiso frecuente de conjuntivas y labios, y adecuada respuesta al tratamiento tópico y sistémico.

Abstract Introduction: Actinic prurigo is a chronic photodermatosis. It affects the Latin American population more frequently, predominantly women, and involves the sun-exposed areas of the skin, conjunctiva, and lips. Objective: To update the information on the clinical-epidemiological characteristics and treatment of patients with actinic prurigo in Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study including the medical records of patients with actinic prurigo treated in the Photodermatology Service of Hospital Universitario Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta between 2011 and 2016. We described the demographic, clinical, histopathological, and treatment characteristics of the patients. Results: We included 108 patients, 77 (71.3%) were women and 31 (28.7%) men, mainly with phototypes III-IV (70%). The disease had begun during the first decade of life in 66.4% of the cases and 25% of the patients had a family history with the condition. The lesions predominated on the face (93.5%), forearms (79.6%), and back of the hands (70.4%). Ocular (87.9%) and lip (88.8%) involvement was also documented. A photo-provocation test with UVA was performed in 25% of the cases and skin biopsies in 19.4%. Physical and chemical photoprotection was indicated in all patients. Mild to moderate cases were treated with topical corticosteroids (91.7%) and calcineurin inhibitors (65.7%) while severe cases received thalidomide (33.3%) and pentoxifylline (14.8%). Conclusion: The characteristics of actinic prurigo patients in Colombia are similar to those reported in other Latin American countries: early onset of the disease, predominance in women, frequent involvement of conjunctiva and lips, and adequate response to topical and systemic treatment.

Resumen Introducción: El dolor es uno de los principales síntomas que presentan los pacientes hospitalizados. Objetivo: Establecer los indicadores de la calidad del cuidado hospitalario relacionados con el manejo del dolor (prevalencia, intensidad e interferencia) en pacientes adultos hospitalizados posterior a la implementación de estrategias enmarcadas en la Política Clínica sin dolor de una institución de tercer nivel. Metodología: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años con más de 24 horas de hospitalización y previa firma de consenti miento informado, se aplicó el instrumento Brief Pain Inventory -Short Form (Inventario Breve de Dolor) en español para la evaluación del dolor. Las diferencias por género y servicio se estimaron a través del test de Wilcoxon para las variables cuantitativas y X2 para las variables cualitativas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 338 participantes. La prevalencia de dolor fue 43,4%, siendo más alta en mujeres (52,1% vs. 28,8%, p = < 0.001) y servicios quirúrgicos (48,0% vs. 37,5%, p = 0.05). Las mujeres presentaron mayor intensidad en el ítem "dolor mínimo" (mediana 3 Rango intercuartílico 2-5 vs. mediana 2 Rango intercuartílico 0-1, p = 0.009). Las actividades con mayor interferencia fueron el sueño y la actividad general en ambos sexos y servicios. Discusión: Los indicadores de la calidad del cuidado hospita lario medidos en este estudio permiten caracterizar de una mejor forma el dolor en este tipo de población, lo cual permite mejorar a futuro la identificación y manejo de éste síntoma para brindar mayor confort al paciente.

Abstract Introduction: Pain is one of the major symptoms experienced by hospitalized patients. Objective: To establish the hospital care quality indicators associated with pain management (prevalence, intensity, and interference) in adult inpatients, following the implementation of strategies framed within the pain-free Hospital Policy at a third-level institution. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional trial. Patients over 18 years of age, hospitalized for more than 24hours, and who previously signed their informed consent were included. The Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form in Spanish was adminis tered for pain evaluation, and the sex and service differences were estimated using the Wilcoxon test for quantitative variables and x2 for qualitative variables. Results: Three hundred thirty-eight participants were includ ed. The prevalence of pain was 43.4%, with a higher percentage among females (52.1% vs 28.8%, P <0.001) and in the surgical services (48.0% vs 37.5%, P = 0.05). Women showed higher intensity in the "minimum pain" item (median 3 interquartile range 2-5 vs median 2 interquartile range 0-1, P=0.009). The activities with the highest interference were sleep and general activity in both sexes and services. Discussion: The hospital quality of care indicators herein measured allow for an enhanced approach to characterize pain in this population group, with a view to improving pain identifica tion and management in the future to provide a more comfortable experience for the patient.

RESUMO Introdução: As hemoglobinopatias são doenças genéticas comuns em todo o mundo e representam um problema de saúde pública. Na Colômbia, embora existam áreas geográficas com maior risco de apresentá-las, não há programas de triagem nem estudos para estabelecer sua prevalência na população. Objetivo: Estabelecer a prevalência de variantes de hemoglobina (Hb) na população pertencente ao programa de triagem neonatal da Clínica Colsanitas S.A. entre junho de 2000 e dezembro de 2014, em oito cidades do país. Métodos: Estudo transversal retrospectivo. Os registros do programa de triagem neonatal das hemoglobinopatias foram revistos para a informação dos resultados de eletroforese de hemoglobina em pH alcalino, praticada no sangue dos recém-nascidos com idades compreendidas entre 5-15 dias. Resultados: A prevalência geral de Hb anormal foi de 1,3%. Dentro dos grupos de recém-nascidos afetados com qualquer hemoglobinopatia (n = 400), as hemoglobinas anormais estruturais mais frequentes foram hemoglobina S (HbS) (43%), hemoglobina C (HbC) (9%) e Hb rápida (8%). Para as Hb quantitativas, o aumento da hemoglobina A2 (HbA2) foi de 3,7%, e a hemoglobina A (HbA) aumentada permaneceu ligeiramente elevada em 14,7% casos. A frequência de homozigotos para HbS foi de 0,01%. Barranquilla, Cartagena e Cali foram as cidades com maior frequência de hemoglobinopatias. Não houve associação entre sexo e presença de algum tipo de Hb. Discussão e conclusão: A prevalência global de hemoglobinopatias em nosso estudo foi alta (> 1%) de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Portanto, há a necessidade de implementação de programas de triagem neonatal com maior cobertura nacional para as hemoglobinopatias.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Hemoglobinopathies are among the most common genetic disorders of hemoglobin worldwide and a public health problem. In Colombia, even though geographical areas with high incidence of this disorder have been reported, the absence of a national screening program does not permit us to determine its prevalence. Objective: Establish the prevalence of hemoglobin variants in a population covered by the neonatal screening program of Clínica Colsanitas S.A., between June 2000 and December 2014, including eight capital cities in Colombia. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. We collected data from reports of the neonatal hemoglobinopathy-screening program for full-term newborn babies between 5 and 15 days old. Qualitative hemoglobin analysis was performed using gel electrophoresis of blood samples taken from the babies' heels. Results: The overall prevalence of abnormal Hb was 1.3%. Within the groups of newborns affected with any hemoglobinopathy (n = 400), the most frequent abnormal structural hemoglobins found were HbS (43%), HbC (9%), fast Hb (8%). For quantitative hemoglobins, HbA2 was 3.7% and HbA kept slightly elevated in 14.7% of cases. Frequency of homozygosis for HbS was 0.01%. Barranquilla, Cartagena and Cali were the cities with the greatest frequency of hemoglobinopathies. No correlation between sex and abnormal hemoglobin was found. Discussion and conclusion: Taking in consideration data from the World Health Organization (WHO) on hemoglobinopathies, our prevalence of > 1% is considered high. Therefore, a more extended coverage and the need for a national screening program are priorities.

Introducción: las mujeres con antecedente de preeclampsia (PE) tienen mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular. El estudio GenPE ha captado gestantes con y sin PE en Colombia durante diez años, haciendo posible hoy evaluar desenlaces cardiovasculares en este grupo. Objetivo: determinar la presencia de enfermedad cardiovascular en mujeres jóvenes expuestas o no a preeclampsia, captadas por el estudio GenPE en Bucaramanga, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio de cohorte que incluyó 106 pacientes –a partir de la cohorte original, 666 pacientes (2005-2010)–, menores de 26 años, primigestantes, sin antecedentes de enfermedades crónicas. Se realizó examen físico y venopunción para glucemia, perfil lipídico, ácido úrico y apolipoproteínas A-I y B. Se evaluó la presencia de hipertensión arterial (HA), obesidad, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y síndrome metabólico. Se establecieron diferencias entre las mujeres expuestas y no expuestas a preeclampsia y el cambio entre el ingreso a GenPE y el primer seguimiento mediante test Wilcoxon o chi cuadrado y riesgo relativo con IC 95%. Resultados: se encontró asociación entre la exposición a PE con cifras mayores de presión arterial diastólica (p = 0,003) e hipercolesterolemia (p = 0,040). En toda la población existen niveles subóptimos de colesterol HDL y Apo A-I. Al primer seguimiento no se evidencia asociación con desenlaces fuertes, tales como: hipertensión arterial, obesidad, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, síndrome metabólico. Conclusión: en una muestra de mujeres colombianas jóvenes expuestas y no expuestas a PE, en un primer seguimiento, en los primeros dos años posteriores al parto, se evidencian cambios en la presión arterial diastólica (PAD), y biomarcadores asociados a riesgo cardiovascular.

Introduction: Females having a background of pre-eclampsia (PE) are at greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The GenPE study has captured pregnant females with and without PE in Colombia during the last 10 years, making it possible today to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes in this group. Objective: Determining the presence of cardiovascular disease in young females who were and were not exposed to preclampsia and who were recruited by the GenPE study carried out in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Materials and methods: This was a cohort study which included 106 primiparous patients aged less than 26 years old having no background of chronic disease taken from an original cohort of 666 patients (2005-2010). They were physically examined and venopuncture was made for glycemia, lipid profile, uric acid and apolypoprotein A-I and B. The presence of hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome were evaluated. Differences were established by Wilcoxon or Chisquared tests (relative risk and 95% CI) between females who had been exposed to PE and those who had not been so and the change between entering the GenPE study and the first follow-up. Results: An association was found between exposure to PE and having higher diastolic pressure figures (p = 0.003) and hypercholesterolemia (p = 0.040). Sub-optimal HDL cholesterol and apo A-I levels were found in the whole population. No association with strong outcomes was found during the first follow-up, such as hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Changes in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and cardiovascular risk-associated biomarkers became evident in a sample of young colombian females who developed PE during the first followup within 2 years after delivery.

La Preeclampsia (PE) es un trastorno multisistémico, exclusivo de la gestación humana y responsable de aproximadamente 44.000 muertes maternas anuales a nivel mundial; esta enfermedad está asociada a múltiples complicaciones tanto en la madre como en el feto, sin embargo, su etiología no se encuentra totalmente dilucidada y en consecuencia ha sido difícil definir estrategias válidas de predicción. La PE es una enfermedad compleja y comparte diferentes factores de riesgo con las enfermedades cardiovasculares; como la obesidad, hipertensión arterial, resistencia a la insulina y dislipidemias. Con esto se evidencia que algunas alteraciones en los niveles lípidos y apolipoproteínas, se asocian con mayor peroxidación lipídica y estrés oxidativo lo cual puede desencadenar en disfunción endotelial para ambas patologías. Por tanto, la exploración de la evidencia de una asociación entre las fracciones lipídicas y riesgo de PE, puede aportar nuevo conocimiento en torno a la etiología de esta enfermedad. En la presente revisión, se plantearán las principales implicaciones biológicas de las alteraciones del perfil lipídico y apolipoproteínas en la génesis de la PE. Se describirán los estudios observacionales que se han aproximado a su evaluación y se identificarán sus principales debilidades metodológicas, con el fin de plantear estrategias para una evaluación integral de esta vía fisiopatológica, con posibles implicaciones predictivas de la enfermedad.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystemic disorder unique to human pregnancy and responsible for about 44,000 maternal deaths worldwide. This disease is associated with multiple complications for both mother and fetus; however, its etiology is not totally clear and it has therefore been difficult to define valid prediction strategies. PE is a complex disease and it shares different risk factors with cardiovascular disease, such as obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, evidencing that the presence of disturbances in lipid and apolipoprotein levels are associated with increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress which can lead to endothelial dysfunction in both diseases. Therefore, exploring the evidence of an association between lipid fractions and PE risk can provide new knowledge about the etiology of this disease. In this review, the major biological implications of lipid profile and apolipoproteins alterations in the genesis of PE will be presented, describing the observational studies and identifying its main methodological weaknesses in order to create strategies for comprehensive assessment of the pathophysiological pathway with potential predictive implications of the disease.

A Preeclampsia (PE) é um transtorno multissistêmico, exclusivo da gestação humana e responsável por aproximadamente 44.000 mortes maternas anuais a nível mundial; esta doença esta associada a múltiplas complicações tanto na mãe como no feto, porém, sua etiologia não está totalmente esclarecida e consequentemente tem sido difícil definir estratégias válidas de predição. A PE é uma doença complexa e compartilha diferentes fatores de risco com as doenças cardiovasculares, como a obesidade, hipertensão arterial, resistência à insulina e dislipidemias; evidenciando que alterações nos níveis dos lipídios e apolipoproteínas, se associam com maior peroxidação lipídica e estresse oxidativo que pode desencadear disfunção endotelial para ambas patologias. Portanto, a exploração da evidência de uma associação entre las frações lipídicas e risco de PE, pode contribuir com novo conhecimento ao redor da etiologia desta doença. Na presente revisão, serão apresentadas as principais implicações biológicas das alterações do perfil lipídico e apolipoproteínas na gênese da PE, descrevendo os estudos observacionais que se aproximaram à sua avaliação e identificando suas principais fraquezas metodológicas, com o objetivo de propor estratégias para uma avaliação integral desta via fisiopatológica, com possíveis implicações preditivas da doença.

Preeclampsia affects between 4% to 8% of all human pregnancies. It compromised both mothers and offspring beyond perinatal period. This is the second of two papers devoted to show the available evidence about the effect of preeclampsia on offsprings beyond perinatal period from cohort studies, some over 60-years follow-up. From this perspective, these children are at great risk to develop cardiovascular disorders as hypertension, as well as other disorders, as cancer or neuropsychiatric ones.

La preeclampsia es una entidad que afecta un 4-8% de las gestaciones y compromete tanto a las madres como a sus hijos. Los hijos se ven afectados no solo por las complicaciones derivadas de la prematurez que muchos sufren, sino también por los problemas que enfrentan mucho más allá del período perinatal. En esta segunda parte se presenta la evidencia disponible en la bibliografía mundial sobre los efectos de la preeclampsia sobre la vida extrauterina. Se da especial atención a los datos surgidos de estudios de cohortes, algunos de los cuales llegan hasta los 60 años de seguimiento. Desde esta perspectiva, se ha encontrado que estos niños tiene mayor riesgo de presentar con más frecuencia, gravedad y precocidad trastornos cardiovasculares, y se plantea que algo similar puede ocurrir para trastornos neuropsiquiátricos u oncológicos.