Resumo Introdução: A infeção do trato urinário (ITU) é a segunda infeção mais frequente da comunidade. Objetivos: Determinar os micro-organismos responsáveis pelas ITU nos cuidados de saúde primários e o seu perfil de sensibilidade aos antibióticos, bem como avaliar se a abordagem das ITU está a ser feita de acordo com as recomendações da DGS. Métodos: Estudo observacional e retrospetivo em quatro USF de Almada. Foram incluídos os utentes de idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, a quem foram codificados os problemas do ICPC-2 (U71-Cistite/Infeção Urinária Outra e U70-Pielonefrite/Pielite), de julho a dezembro de 2019. A recolha da informação foi feita através do programa informático SClínico e da plataforma MIM@UF. As variáveis estudadas foram: sexo, idade, tipo de ITU, pedido de urocultura, antibioterapia empírica, resultado da urocultura e teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Resultados: Das 963 ITU, 88,3% ocorreram em mulheres, principalmente entre os 68 e 77 anos (18,9%). O tipo de ITU mais prevalente foi a cistite não complicada na mulher não grávida (56,3%). A antibioterapia empírica foi prescrita em 86,7% dos casos, sendo a fosfomicina o antibiótico mais utilizado (58,6%). Foram feitos 405 pedidos de urocultura, na sua maioria com resultado positivo. O micro-organismo mais frequentemente identificado foi a E. coli (66,4%), sendo o mais prevalente em todos os grupos etários e nos diferentes tipos de ITU, e sensível em 63,7% dos casos à fosfomicina. Na análise global das diferentes unidades verificou-se que a urocultura foi pedida em concordância com a norma da DGS em 70,4% dos casos e que a antibioterapia empírica esteve de acordo com a DGS em 63% dos casos. Conclusões: Neste estudo conclui-se que as ITU são mais frequentes nas mulheres entre os 68 e 77 anos. O micro-organismo mais prevalente é a E.coli, apresentando uma sensibilidade significativa à fosfomicina e à nitrofurantoína.

Abstract Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the second most prevalent infection in the community. Aims: To determine the microorganisms responsible for UTI in Primary Health Care and their profile of sensitivity to antibiotics, as well as to evaluate if the approach of the UTI is concordant with the National Health Authority’s recommendations. Methods: Observational and retrospective study in four primary health care centers in Almada. Patients aged 18 years or older, whose appointments were coded with ICPC-2’s problems (U71-Cystitis/Urinary Infection Other and U70-Pyelonephritis/Pyelitis) between July and December 2019 were included. The SClínico software and the MIM@UF platform were chosen to collect data. The variables studied were: sex, age, type of UTI, urine culture request, empirical antibiotics, the result of urine culture, and antimicrobial sensitivity test. Results: Of the 963 UTIs, 88.3% occurred in women, mainly between 68 and 77 years old (18.9%). The most prevalent type of UTI was uncomplicated cystitis in non-pregnant women (56.3%). Empirical antibiotic therapy was prescribed in 86.7% of the cases, with fosfomycin being the most used one (58.6%). Four hundred and five urine culture requests were made, most of them with a positive result. E. coli was the most frequently identified microorganism (66.4%), being the most prevalent in all age groups and in the different types of UTI. It was sensitive to fosfomycin in 63.7% of cases. In the global analysis of the different units, it was found that urine culture was in accordance with the national recommendation in 70.4% of the cases and that empirical antibiotics were in accordance in 63% of the UTI cases. Conclusions: UTIs in the community are more frequent in women between 68 and 77 years old. The most prevalent bacterial microorganism is E.coli, with significant sensitivity to fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin.

RESUMO A mineração de ouro é uma das principais fontes de contaminação de arsênio (As) no Quadrilátero Ferrífero em Minas Gerais. O As é um elemento tóxico capaz de causar sérios danos à saúde humana. Com o objetivo de investigar formas mais ecológicas e igualmente eficientes para a remoção de As em solos, empregou-se a técnica de lavagem de solos (soil washing) com uso de extratos com biossurfactantes (BS) visando promover a mobilização do As contido em solo de mina de ouro abandonada. Para a produção dos extratos, foram selecionadas duas culturas mistas de bactérias produtoras de BS (MPCB e MPBR) tolerantes a alta concentração de arsênio (8 mg.L-1). Os tensoativos produzidos foram estáveis em ampla faixa de pH, 3-11; temperatura, 28-50ºC e salinidade, 1-5% NaCl (p.v-1). Nos testes de lavagem de solo, em pH 11, as remoções de As obtidas com os extratos MPCB (14,01 e 13,72%) e MPBR (12,04 e 12,31%) foram superiores àquelas obtidas com soluções a 1% (p.v-1) dos surfactantes comerciais SDS (0,87 e 0,71%); saponina (0,57 e 0,55%) e lecitina de soja (2,05 e 2,63%). Os resultados dos testes em coluna foram igualmente influenciados pelo pH e pela proporção sólido:líquido. As maiores remoções de As: 25,43% (MPCB) 22,43% (MPBR) foram obtidas em pH 11, na proporção 1:40 (g.mL-1), após 10 ciclos de extração. Os extratos MPCB e MPBR removeram o As solúvel em água, os íons ligados ao carbonato e aqueles adsorvidos. Ambos os extratos tiveram comportamento semelhante ao ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) e ao extrato de cultura microbiana comercial (GorduraKlin®).

ABSTRACT Gold mining is one of the main sources of Arsenic (As) contamination in Minas Gerais, particularly at the Iron quadrangle. Arsenic is a toxic element that causes damage to human health. The soil washing technique using biosurfactants (BS) containing extracts was tested to promote the mobilization of the As contained in some soil samples collected in an abandoned gold mine, to investigate an environmentally friendly but equally efficient alternative to remove As from soils. Two mixed cultures of biosurfactant-producing bacteria (MPCB and MPBR), both adapted to the cultivation at high As concentrations (8 mg.L-1), were selected for extracts production. Surfactants were stable over a wide pH range, 3-11; temperature, 28-50ºC and salinity, 1-5% NaCl (p.v-1), and promoted the mobilization of As. The pH and solid:liquid ratio influenced the removal efficiency of the tested extracts. The highest removals were obtained at pH 11.0 and a solid:liquid ratio of 1:40 (g.mL-1). Under pH 11.0, the arsenic removal results obtained with MPCB (14.01 and 13.72%) and MPBR extracts (12.04 and 12.31%) were superior to those obtained by using 1% (w/v) solutions of the commercial surfactants SDS (0.87 and 0.71%), saponin (0.57 and 0.55%) and, soy lecithin (2.05 and 2.63%). The pH and the solid: liquid ratio influenced the results of the column tests. The highest As removals: 25.43% (MPCB) and 22.43% (MPBR) were obtained after 10 extraction cycles, at pH 11 and 1:40 ratio (g.mL-1). The extracts MPCB and MPBR removed the water-soluble arsenic as well as the carbonate associated As and the adsorbed ions. Both extracts behaved similarly to EDTA and the commercial microbial extract (GorduraKlin®).

As duas pinturas de Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669) nas quais o artista holandês retrata lições de anatomia em 1632 e 1656 revelam limitações que a leitura de uma obra de arte pode impor ao olhar contemporâneo se nos ativermos apenas ao universo de nossa subjetividade, ignorando o panorama histórico no qual tais representações foram criadas. A partir dessa constatação aparentemente óbvia, o presente trabalho pretende apontar os parâmetros clássicos que determinaram a longa tradição das práticas anatômicas e alguns de seus desdobramentos contemporâneos, com especial enfoque nos trabalhos do polêmico artista, ou seria melhor dizer, médico e anatomista alemão Gunther Von Hagens. Como no Atlas Mnemosyne , de Aby Warburg, a associação de imagens estrutura o eixo das reflexões.

The paintings by Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669) in which the Dutch artist portrays anatomy lessons in 1632 and 1656 reveal the limitations that the interpretation of a work of art can impose on the contemporary outlook if we stick only to the realm of our own subjectivity, ignoring the historical context of creation of such representations. Based on this apparently obvious remark, the present work intends to point out the classic parameters that determined the long tradition of anatomical practices and some of its contemporary developments, focusing specially on works of the controversial artist, or should we say German physician and anatomist Gunther Von Hagens. As in Aby Warburg’s Atlas Mnemosyne , the association of images represents the axis of reflection.

Las dos pinturas de Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669) en las cuales el artista holandés retrata lecciones de anatomía en 1632 y 1656 revelan limitaciones que la interpretación de una obra puede imponer a la mirada contemporánea si nos atenemos al universo de nuestra subjetividad simplemente y ignoramos el panorama histórico en lo cual esas representaciones fueron creadas. Partiendo de esa constatación aparentemente obvia, este trabajo intenta señalar los parámetros clásicos que han determinado la larga tradición de las prácticas anatómicas y algunos de sus desdoblamientos contemporáneos, enfocando trabajos del polémico artista, o deberíamos decir médico y anatomista alemán Gunther Von Hagens. Como en el Atlas Mnemosyne , de Aby Warburg, la asociación de imágenes estructura el axis de las reflexiones.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar os fatores que influenciam os gastos do consumidor no varejo tem sido um tema desafiador para acadêmicos e gestores de marketing. Alterações nas situações de compra de consumo podem incentivar ou desincentivar estes gastos. Propomos que os desvios das compras planejadas são classes específicas de comportamento do consumidor e que podem explicar os gastos. Metodologia: O estudo envolveu um experimento de campo em um supermercado observando 372 compras durante por 13 semanas. Resultados: Os resultados mostram a importância tanto do histórico de aprendizado quanto do cenário do consumidor na previsão de desvios de Compras Planejadas e a importância desses desvios na explicação dos gastos. Contribuições: Os resultados destacam que os grupos de desvio são os principais responsáveis por gastar mais ou menos dinheiro em compras e a importância do histórico de aprendizado do consumidor e da configuração comportamental contribuem na explicação do comportamento. Assim, este resultado amplia o escopo do BPM, geralmente enfocado em resultados no nível da marca.

Abstract Purpose: Identifying the factors that influence consumer spending in retail has been a challenging topic for academics and marketing managers. Changes in consumption buying situations can encourage or discourage these expenses. We propose that deviations from planned purchases are specific classes of consumer behavior and can explain expenses. Design/methodology/approach: The research project involved a field experiment in a supermarket where 372 purchases were observed for 13 weeks. Findings: The results show the importance of both the learning history and the consumer scenario in forecasting deviations from planned purchases and the importance of these deviations in explaining expenses. Originality/value: The results highlight that deviance groups are primarily responsible for spending more or less money on purchases, as well as the importance of consumer learning history and behavioral configuration in explaining behavior. This broadens the scope of the BPM, which often focuses on brand-level results.

RESUMO Apesar de ser o esporte mais popular do país, o futebol sofre com problemas estruturais. Profissionais de marketing pouco sabem sobre os fatores que determinam variáveis de desempenho. Pesquisas existentes são desenvolvidas segundo uma lógica estritamente econômica, atribuindo importância a uma variável dependente apenas, o público total das partidas. Este artigo apresenta uma abordagem que operacionaliza uma medida de Brand Equity baseado nas vendas (SBBE) como determinante do desempenho (receitas e demanda proporcional) em estádios de futebol brasileiros. A metodologia envolveu um modelo de regressão canônica com duas variáveis dependentes, utilizando o Desempenho em Campo e o SBBE como principais direcionadores do desempenho mercadológico. O pressuposto que norteou o desenvolvimento dos modelos foi a discussão a respeito da multidimensionalidade do desempenho e a importância em se testar a correlação potencial entre variáveis de desempenho. O modelo foi estimado sobre uma base de dados contendo todas as partidas da Série A do Brasileirão realizadas entre 2012 e 2017. O principal resultado destaca o poder do SBBE como ‘driver’ do desempenho nos estádios brasileiros. Corinthians e Flamengo, as duas principais marcas de clubes de futebol, exercem influência positiva consideravelmente superior aos seus concorrentes.

ABSTRACT Despite being the most popular sport in Brazil, soccer suffers from structural problems. Managers working in this reality know little about the factors that determine performance measures in stadiums. Existing research is undertaken according to an economic logic, which attributes importance to a dependent variable only, the total attendance of soccer matches. This article presents an approach that retrieves a sales-based brand equity (SBBE) measure responsible for performance (revenues and proportional demand) in Brazilian soccer stadiums. The methodology involved a process of a canonical regression model with two dependent variables using on-field performance and SBBE as the main drivers of marketing performance. The theoretical assumption underlying the models is the discussion about the multidimensionality of performance and the importance of testing the potential correlation amongst marketing performance variables. The model developed was estimated using all matches of the Premium Division of Brazilian Championship (Série A) held between 2012 and 2017. The main result highlights the power of SBBE as the primary driver of performance in Brazilian stadiums. Corinthians and Flamengo, the two most important Brazilian soccer club brands, exert a positive influence considerably higher than all other competitors.

ABSTRACT: Data Mining techniques play an important role in the prediction of soil spatial distribution in systematic soil surveying, though existing methodologies still lack standardization and a full understanding of their capabilities. The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of preprocessing procedures and supervised classification approaches for predicting map units from 1:100,000-scale conventional semi-detailed soil surveys. Sheets of the Brazilian National Cartographic System on the 1:50,000 scale, “Dois Córregos” (“Brotas” 1:100,000-scale sheet), “São Pedro” and “Laras” (“Piracicaba” 1:100,000-scale sheet) were used for developing models. Soil map information and predictive environmental covariates for the dataset were obtained from the semi-detailed soil survey of the state of São Paulo, from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) 1:50,000-scale topographic sheets and from the 1:750,000-scale geological map of the state of São Paulo. The target variable was a soil map unit of four types: local “soil unit” name and soil class at three hierarchical levels of the Brazilian System of Soil Classification (SiBCS). Different data preprocessing treatments and four algorithms all having different approaches were also tested. Results showed that composite soil map units were not adequate for the machine learning process. Class balance did not contribute to improving the performance of classifiers. Accuracy values of 78 % and a Kappa index of 0.67 were obtained after preprocessing procedures with Random Forest, the algorithm that performed best. Information from conventional map units of semi-detailed (4th order) 1:100,000 soil survey generated models with values for accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity and Kappa indexes that support their use in programs for systematic soil surveying.

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve por objetivos: (i) determinar e mapear os teores dos micronutrientes (cobre - Cu, ferro - Fe, manganês - Mn e zinco - Zn) em solos do Estado do Ceará; (ii) avaliar atributos do solo relacionados à disponibilidade dos micronutrientes; (iii) avaliar, por krigagem ordinária, a dependência espacial dos teores dos micronutrientes. A área estudada está localizada na região central do Ceará, na bacia do Rio Banabuiú. Amostras de solo foram coletadas, nas camadas superficiais e subsuperficiais, para determinação dos atributos químicos, granulometria, e dos teores de micronutrientes, extraídos com solução de Mehlich-1. Os pontos dos principais tipos de solos da região foram espacializados. Os resultados foram submetidos a análises descritivas e análises de correlação de Pearson. Foram testados os semivariogramas que tiveram os melhores ajustes, utilizando o método de krigagem ordinária, e elaborados os mapas de variabilidade espacial. Os maiores teores de média, máximo e mínimo para Cu e Fe se encontram nas camadas subsuperficiais, e para Mn e Zn nas camadas superficiais. Nas camadas superficiais, a maioria dos solos apresentam Fe, Mn e Zn em teores adequados à produção agrícola, e Cu apresenta teores nas classes médio a baixo. Os micronutrientes apresentaram correlações significativas positivas, principalmente, com os atributos dos solos e entre si. Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn apresentam dependência espacial classificada como média a forte, nas camadas superficiais e subsuperficiais.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present work was to: (i) determine and map the micronutrient content (copper - Cu, iron - Fe, manganese - Mn and zinc - Zn) in soils of the State of Ceará; (ii) evaluate soil attributes related to micronutrient availability; and (iii) evaluate, by ordinary kriging, the spatial dependence of the micronutrient content. The study area is located in the central region of Ceará, in the basin of the River Banabuiú. Soil samples were collected in the surface and subsurface layers to determine the chemical attributes, granulometry, and micronutrient content, extracted with Mehlich-1 solution. The sites of the principal types of soil in the region were spatialised and the results submitted to descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation analysis. The semivariograms with the best fit were tested using the ordinary kriging method, and the maps of spatial variability were prepared. The highest values for the mean, maximum and minimum levels of Cu and Fe are found in the subsurface layers, while for Mn and Zn, they are found in the surface layers. In the surface layers, the majority of soils present Fe, Mn and Zn in levels suitable for agricultural production, while the levels of Cu are classified as medium to low. The micronutrients showed a significant positive correlation, especially with the soil attributes and with each other. Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn are classified as having medium to strong spatial dependence in the surface and subsurface layers.

Resumo Influenciadores digitais são formadores de opinião virtuais que representam uma alternativa para empresas que confiam na comunidade reunida em torno desses perfis como público-alvo de divulgação. Esses indivíduos expandiram conceitos de teorias consolidadas que versam sobre o processo de difusão de inovações e o fluxo comunicacional entre líderes de opinião e seguidores. Pesquisas sobre o poder dos formadores de opinião nas redes sociais virtuais estão nos estágios iniciais e uma lacuna é a mensuração da sua capacidade de influência sobre o engajamento. Este artigo apresenta uma abordagem que mensura essa influência no Instagram por meio da análise de todas as postagens publicadas ao longo de 2015 em quatro perfis de grande audiência. Três hipóteses avaliaram diferenças nas métricas de engajamento provocadas por formadores de opinião individuais (perfis de pessoas) e institucionais. Os modelos de regressão em dois estágios confirmaram as hipóteses de que são os formadores de opinião individuais que provocam mais engajamento: postagens em perfis individuais produzem significativamente mais curtidas, comentários e boca a boca que publicações em perfis institucionais. Os resultados da pesquisa são particularmente relevantes para empresas que buscam aumentar os níveis de interação com seus públicos nas redes sociais virtuais.

Abstract Digital influencers are virtual opinion leaders that represent an alternative for companies targeting to advertise at the community surrounding these individuals. These individuals expand concepts of consolidated theories that examine the process of innovation diffusion and the flow of communication between opinion leaders and followers. Research about the power of these opinion leaders have in virtual social networks is still in its early stages and an obvious gap is how to measure the influence these opinion leaders have on engagement. This article details an approach that measures this influence on Instagram by analyzing all posts published in 2015 on four widely followed public profiles. Three hypotheses evaluated differences in engagement metrics provoked by individual (people) and institutional (institutional entities) opinion leaders. The two-stage least squares regression models confirmed the hypotheses that individual opinion leaders intensify engagement: postings on individual profiles produce significantly more likes, comments and word of mouth than posts on institutional profiles. Results from the empirical models are particularly relevant to companies seeking to raise interaction levels with their target audience on virtual social networks.

ABSTRACT Lithological and geomorphological variations determine formation of soils with different mineralogical constitutions and can influence the distribution of potentially toxic elements (PTE). The aim of this study was to determine the contents of PTE and mineralogical assemblages along soil profiles of different classes and parent materials and to investigate the association among these factors in the São Francisco sedimentary basin in the northern part of the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil). Eight soil pedons of different classes that developed from different parent materials (limestone, siltstone, phyllite, alluvial-colluvial sediments, detrital cover, and rhythmite) were studied in two lithotoposequences. Soil morphological, particle-size, and chemical analyses were carried out for soil characterization and classification. A mineralogical investigation was carried out by X-ray diffraction on soil sand, silt, and clay fractions. Potentially toxic elements were extracted by microwave-assisted acid digestion (EPA 3015A method) and determined in an ICP-OES. Soil mineralogy showed relevant interactions between pedogenesis and morphogenesis. Quartz is the main mineral in the sand and silt fractions, with varying amounts of weatherable primary minerals, whereas kaolinite is the main mineral in the clay fraction, followed by 2:1 clay minerals and oxides. The main soil properties associated with PTE variability were pH, redox environment, mineral and organic reactive surfaces, and clay content. The unique patterns of PTE distribution per pedon and differences in PTE contents in soils from the same parent material, but with different pedogenic evolution, showed that pedogenic processes influence PTE distribution. Mainly Mn, Ni, Pb, and Ba were influenced by parent material, especially limestone, siltstone, and detrital cover, but Cd, As, and Cu were also influenced. To a lesser extent, Mo was influenced by phyllite and Cr by detrital cover and phyllite. Rhodic Ferralsol (Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico) was the only taxonomic class to show class association with PTE. The association of Ferralsols (Latossolos) with Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ba, As, and Cu and the low contents of these elements in soils of this class suggest that pedogenic processes common to Ferralsol (Latossolo) evolution are responsible for decreasing levels of these PTE.

Abstract Cutaneous and systemic plasmacytosis is a rare disorder characterized by cutaneous polyclonal plasma cell infiltration frequently associated with polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and lymphadenopathy. We report a case of a 67-year-old woman with an inflammatory ulcerated plaque in the left masseter region. A skin biopsy showed dense perivascular infiltrate of mature plasma cells in the dermis without atypia and immunoglobulin light chain restriction. After physical examination and further investigation, we ruled out systemic disease. Our patient was successfully treated only with hydrocortisone cream application. Few cases of isolated benign primary cutaneous plasmacytosis have been described, particularly in children. After excluding the diagnosis of a reactive process to an infection, which is unlikely in this case, we suspected of a rare manifestation of primary cutaneous plasmacytosis in adults with distinct presentation and clinical course.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o impacto de diferentes tipos de conteúdo no marketing viral, em uma rede social virtual bastante popular. A pesquisa é fundamentada em estudos recentes que categorizam postagens no Facebook. Metodologia: Dados de 2583 postagens em oito perfis de marcas brasileiras de cerveja foram codificados e analisados por meio de análise de regressão e análise de variância. Resultados: Duas hipóteses foram suportadas. Encontrou-se um relacionamento positivo entre postagens das categorias Fã e Promocional e o marketing viral. Postagens das categorias Informacional e Enquete não produziram efeitos significativos, confirmando estudos anteriores que analisaram curtidas e comentários como variáveis dependentes. Contribuições: Estudos anteriores não categorizaram postagens produzidas por fãs/seguidores de marca. A tipologia desenvolvida representa avanço quantitativo em relação a outros estudos com objetivos semelhantes. Desse modo, gestores de marketing responsáveis pela gestão de marcas no Facebook devem publicar postagens que promovam a marca e reproduzir conteúdo produzido por indivíduos engajados, caso o objetivo seja aumentar a viralização dessas postagens.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of different types of content of viral marketing in a popular social networking site. Our research is founded on recent studies which categorize posts on Facebook. Design/methodology/approach: Data for 2583 posts in eight profiles of Brazilian beer brands were coded and analyzed. We used a regression model and Analysis of Variance to establish relationships among independent variables and a dependent variable. Findings: Two hypotheses were supported. There was a positive relationship between posts of the categories Fan and Promotion and Publicity and viral marketing. Posts of the categories Information and Pool did not have any significant effects, and confirmed previous studies which analyzed likes and comments as dependent variables. Originality/value: Previous studies using the platform did not categorize posts created by brand fans/followers. Our typology is a quantitative improvement in relation to studies with similar objectives. Hence, marketers involved with brand management on Facebook should publish posts which promote the brand and reproduce content generated by people engaged with it if they seek to increase the viralization capacity of such posts.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes estratégias para a predição da distribuição de classes de solo em mapas pedológicos digitais de áreas sem dados de referência, na bacia sedimentar do São Francisco, no Norte de Minas Gerais. As estratégias incluíram: o detalhamento da legenda, o treinamento por observações em campo, a ampliação do conjunto de treinamento e o uso de diferentes algoritmos de mineração de dados. Foram elaboradas quatro matrizes, diferenciadas pelo volume de dados, para o aprendizado dos algoritmos, e pelo nível taxonômico das classes de solo a serem preditas. Avaliou-se o desempenho dos algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina - Random Forest, J48 e MLP -, associados a procedimentos de discretização, balanceamento de classes, seleção de variáveis e expansão do conjunto de treinamento. O balanceamento de classes, a discretização de variáveis por frequências iguais e o algoritmo Random Forest apresentaram os melhores desempenhos. A extensão da representatividade das observações em campo, que presume uma área de treinamento mais ampla, não trouxe ganho preditivo. A generalização taxonômica para subordem diminui a fragmentação dos polígonos mapeados e aumenta a acurácia dos mapas pedológicos digitais. Quando são produzidos após treinamento por observações de solo in situ, na área de mapeamento, os mapas pedológicos digitais têm valores de acurácia equivalentes aos dos treinados em mapas preexistentes.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate different strategies for the prediction of soil class distribution on digital soil maps of areas without reference data, in the sedimentary basin of San Francisco, in the north of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The strategies included: taxonomic generalization, training by field observations, training set expansion, and the use of different data mining algorithms. Four matrices were developed, differentiated by the volume of data for machine learning and by soil taxonomic levels to be predicted. The performance of the machine learning algorithms - Random Forest, J48, and MLP -, associated with discretization, class balancing, variable selection, and expansion of the training set was evaluated. Class balancing, variable discretization by equal frequencies, and the Random Forest algorithm showed the best performances. The representativeness extension of field observations, that assumes a larger training area, brought no predictive gain. Soil taxonomic generalization to the suborder level reduces the fragmentation of mapped polygons and improves the accuracy of digital soil maps. When generated by training on in situ soil observations at the mapping area, digital soil maps are as accurate as those trained on preexistent maps.

Se evaluó el efecto de la entrada de nutrientes, principalmente nitrógeno y fósforo, en la estructura de la comunidad zooplanctónica, incluida la diversidad, la equidad, la dominancia y la riqueza, en la Represa de Pampulha, en la ciudad de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Las muestras fueron tomadas el 15 de septiembre de 2009 en 23 estaciones de muestreo, cubriendo completamente el embalse. El análisis espacial mostró que la riqueza de especies disminuyó gradualmente en los sitios con mayor cantidad de nutrientes; los copépodos y rotíferos incrementaron su densidad a lo largo de este mismo gradiente espacial (principalmente Thermocyclops decipiens, Metacyclops mendocinus y Brachionus calyciflorus). Los mapas temáticos que describen la distribución horizontal de algunas variables mostraron que las áreas con concentraciones de nutrientes más altos estuvieron asociados con un incremento en la dominancia y una disminución de la diversidad y la riqueza de especies.

The effect of nutrients inputs, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus on the structure of the zooplankton community, including diversity, evenness, dominance, and richness, in Pampulha Reservoir in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil was evaluated. The samples were taken on 15 September 2009 at 23 sampling stations, covering the entire reservoir. The spatial analysis showed that species richness gradually decreased in those sites with increased nutrients; copepods and rotifers increased in density along this same spatial gradient (mainly Thermocyclops decipiens, Metacyclops mendocinus and Brachionus calyciflorus). Thematic maps describing the horizontal distribution of some variables showed that areas with higher nutrient concentrations were associated with increases in dominance and decreases in diversity and species richness.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Failed back surgery syndrome refers to a condition in which a patient has undergone back surgery with a poor outcome. This syndrome leads to losses in daily living activities and hinders the return to physical exercise. The objective of this study was to analyze the relation between chronic low back pain and functional capacity and the physical activity level of these patients.METHODS:Cross-sectional study comprising 57 patients, mean age 51.07±12.93 years, who underwent low back surgery. These patients were divided into two groups, according to the presence of chronic low back pain. All patients filled in a questionnaire that covered demographic data, visual analog scale for pain, Rolland-Morris Questionnaire to evaluate functional incapacity and International Physical Activity Questionnaire to measure physical activity level.RESULTS:The following predominated: women (77%), obese (49%), surgery for spinal disc herniation (80%), underwent one low back surgery (52%). Patients with chronic low back pain refer a greater perception of disability and 81% of this group showed an average of 3.53±3.51 points in Roland-Morris. Chronic low back pain had no influence on the different levels of physical activity demonstrated in patients with chronic low back pain and results of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire showed no significant difference between the groups (p=0.54).CONCLUSION:These findings indicate that there were other factors beyond chronic pain interfering with the physical activity level in these groups and further studies to explore lifestyle, physical exercise adherence and other dimensions of pain are still needed. Results contribute to the understanding and management of patients with chronic low back pain.

Contexto:A insuficiência venosa é uma doença muito prevalente. Há algumas décadas, evidenciou-se a existência de um grupo que, embora apresentasse sintomas de insuficiência venosa, não possuía alterações anatômicas visíveis. Estudos mostraram redução no tônus venoso nesses indivíduos, denominando-os portadores de flebopatia hipotônica.Objetivo:Estudar a prevalência, a faixa etária e as variações do índice de massa corporal (IMC) em pacientes portadores de flebopatia hipotônica.Metodologia:Foram examinados 1.960 membros de 1.017 pacientes, devido a queixas compatíveis com insuficiência venosa. Foram considerados obesos aqueles com IMC ≥ 30. Foram avaliados com ecocolor Doppler, para se detectar a presença ou não de refluxo em veias dos membros inferiores, sendo então distribuídos em dois grupos: aqueles com CEAP ≤ 1, além de excluído refluxo, os portadores de flebopatia hipotônica, e outros com CEAP ≥ 2 e com refluxo.Resultados:A amostra foi composta por 89,7% de mulheres e 10,3% de homens, com faixa etária média de 44,9 anos. A flebopatia hipotônica foi mais comum em mulheres (p-valor = 0,0001). Naquelas obesas, houve mais lesão troncular como etiologia dos sintomas venosos do que nas não obesas (p-valor = 0,0017). Dentre os homens, a presença de obesidade não influenciou na etiologia dos sintomas (p-valor = 0,5991). Nos grupos etários de idade mais avançada, a presença de sintomatologia teve como origem etiológica a lesão venosa troncular com mais frequência do que nas faixas etárias mais jovens (p-valor <0,0001).Conclusão:A flebopatia hipotônica se mostrou muito prevalente, principalmente em mulheres jovens não obesas.

Background:Venous insufficiency is a very prevalent disease. Some decades ago a group of patients was identified that had symptoms of venous insufficiency, but no visible anatomic abnormalities. Studies showed that this subset had reduced venous tone, and their condition became known as hypotonic phlebopathy.Objective:To investigate prevalence, age group and variations in body mass index (BMI) among patients with hypotonic phlebopathy.Methodology:A total of 1,960 limbs were examined in 1,017 patients who had been referred for complaints compatible with venous insufficiency. Patients with BMI ≥ 30 were defined as obese. The patients were examined using color Doppler ultrasonography to detect presence or absence of reflux in veins of the lower limbs and were then distributed into two groups as follows: patients with CEAP ≤ 1 and no reflux, diagnosed with hypotonic phlebopathy; or patients with CEAP ≥ 2 and reflux.Results:The study sample comprised 89.7% women and 10.3% men with a mean age of 44.9 years. Hypotonic phlebopathy was more common among the women (p = 0.0001). Obese women were more likely than women who were not obese to have venous symptom etiology involving trunk lesions (p = 0.0017). Among the men, obesity was unrelated to etiology of symptoms (p = 0.5991). Symptomology was more likely to be related to trunk vein damage among older age groups than among younger age groups (p-valor <0.0001).Conclusions:Hypotonic phlebopathy was very prevalent, particularly among young women who were not obese.