Resumen Introducción: Las epilepsias refractarias (ER) son una condición neurológica frecuente en la infancia y adultez, destacando el uso actual de cannabis como tratamiento alternativo. Las Preparaciones Orales de Cannabis (POC) han demostrado efectividad en población adulta; no obstante, el conocimiento es limitado en población infantojuvenil. Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia disponible sobre efectividad y seguridad de POC para el tratamiento de ER en población infantojuvenil. Metodología: La revisión de alcance se llevó a cabo utilizando los criterios y diagrama de flujo establecidos en la declaración PRISMA para revisiones de alcance, considerando estudios entre Enero 2013 y Diciembre 2020 en las bases de datos SciELO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, y Web of Science. Resultados: La búsqueda dio como resultado 7 artículos finales. Los resultados indican que las POC de origen farmacéutico y artesanal, presentan un 41.3% de efectividad en la disminución de las crisis convulsivas y una baja seguridad (≤ 27.4%). Asimismo, los síntomas adversos más frecuentes post administración fueron la somnolencia/fatiga, pérdida de peso/disminución del apetito, e irritabilidad/agresividad. Conclusión: Los bajos niveles de efectividad y seguridad de POC sugieren que deben ser administrados con cautela y como tratamiento complementario y no de primera elección para el manejo de ER en población infantojuvenil.

Abstract Introduction: Refractory epilepsies (RE) are a common neurological condition expressed in childhood and adulthood, highlighting the current use of cannabis as an alternative treatment. Oral Cannabis Preparations (OCP) have demonstrated effectiveness in the adult population; however, knowledge is limited in the infant-young population. Aim: To synthesize the available evidence on the efficacy and safety of OCP for the treatment of refractory epilepsies in the infant-young population. Methods: The present study followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines and included studies from January 2013 until December 2020 from electronic databases, including SciELO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science. Results: 7 articles were included in this scoping review for critical analysis. The results indicate that pharmaceutical and artisanal origin OCP has 41.3% effectiveness in reducing seizures and low safety after administration (≤ 27.4%). Likewise, after administration, the most frequent adverse symptoms were somnolence/fatigue, weight loss/decreased appetite, and irritability/aggressiveness. Conclusion: The low levels of effectiveness and safety of OCP suggest that they should be administered with caution and as a complementary treatment and not as the first choice for managing RE in the infant-young population.

Resumen: La prematurez es un factor de riesgo para deformidades craneales posicionales, porque se asocia a un cráneo más maleable y susceptible a deformidades por presiones externas. Objetivos: Describir deformidades craneales posicionales y características de salud de lactantes prematuros y analizar la asociación entre la edad gestacional, peso al nacer, tiempo de hospitalización y la severidad de la deformidad craneal medida con el Índice de Asimetría Craneana (IAC) e Índice Cefalométrico (IC). Pacientes y Método: Estudio analítico, de corte transversal. Se incluyeron lactantes prematuros menores de 4 meses de edad corregida ingresados durante el año 2017 a un Programa de Atención Temprana (PAT). De acuerdo a la edad gestacional, se clasificaron en prematuros extremos (< 28 semanas), muy prematuros (28-32 semanas) y moderados a tardíos (32 - 37 semanas). Se midió perímetro cefálico, diámetro anteroposterior, ancho y diagonales cefálicas, y se calcularon los IAC e IC. Los antecedentes peri y postnatales se obtuvieron de los registros clínicos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 103 lactantes (17 prematuros extremos, 78 muy prematuros y 8 prematuros moderados a tardíos). 99 (96,1%) lactantes tuvieron deformidad craneal posicional. Los lactantes, independiente del grado de prematurez, presentaron mediciones antropométricas craneales similares. La plagiocefalia leve fue la deformidad craneal más frecuente en todos los grupos. No se evidenció relación entre el grado de prematurez y la severidad de la deformación craneal posicional, pero sí se observó una asociación positiva entre los días de hospitalización y el IAC. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes ingresados al PAT presentaron deformidades craneales posicionales, preferentemente plagiocefalia leve, independiente del grado de prematurez. La presencia de plagiocefalia se asoció positivamente a períodos de hospitalización prolongada. No se confirmó relación entre el grado de prematurez y la severidad de la deformación craneal posicional.

Abstract: Prematurity is a risk factor for positional cranial deformities since preterm infants have a more malleable skull and are susceptible to deformities due to external pressures. Objectives: To describe positional cranial deformities and peri/postnatal pathologies in preterm infants and to analyze the association between gestational age, birth weight, length of hospitalization, and severity of cranial deformities measured by the Cranial Vault Asymmetry Index (CVAI) and the Cephalic Index (CI). Patients and Method: Analytic, cross-sectional study. 103 preterm infants aged under 4 months of corrected age admitted during 2017 to an Early Intervention Program (EIP) were included. Participants were classified according to gestational age as follows: extremely preterm (< 28 weeks), very preterm (28-32 weeks), and moderate-to-late preterm (32-37 weeks). Head circumference, anteroposterior diameter, width, and head diagonals were measured, and the CVAI and CI were calculated. Peri- and postnatal history was obtained from clinical records. Results: 103 preterm infants were evaluated (17 extremely preterm, 78 very preterm, and 8 moderate-to-late preterm). 99 (96.1%) of the preterm infants had positional cranial deformity and, regardless of the degree of prematurity, presented similar cranial anthropometric measurements. Mild plagiocephaly was the most frequent cranial deformity in all groups. We observed a positive association between the days of hospitalization and the CVAI and there was no relationship between the degree of prematurity and the severity of the positional cranial deformation. Conclusions: Most of the patients admitted to the EIP presented positional cranial deformities, mainly mild plagiocephaly, regardless of the degree of prematurity. The presence of plagiocephaly was positively associated with prolonged periods of hospitalization. No relationship was confirmed between the degree of prematurity and the severity of the positional cranial deformity.

RESUMEN Introducción: La etapa universitaria es un período de modificación en los estilos de vida. Los estudiantes de carreras de pedagogía y de la salud, adicionalmente, asumirán un rol de guías y modelos respecto a conductas saludables hacia sus estudiantes y pacientes respectivamente. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las características antropométricas, la autopercepción del índice de masa corporal (IMC), la condición física y los hábitos alimentarios en estudiantes universitarios de carreras de pedagogía y de la salud. Materiales y método: Estudio descriptivo y correlacional. La muestra fue conformada por 158 estudiantes universitarios (edad, 22,5±2,5 años). Se evaluó las características antropométricas, autopercepción del IMC, condición física y hábitos alimentarios. Resultados: El IMC se correlacionó positivamente con el IMC percibido (r= 0.46, p= 0.012). El perímetro de cintura se correlacionó positivamente con el IMC percibido y la fuerza de prensión manual. El porcentaje de grasa corporal se correlacionó positivamente con el IMC percibido y negativamente con la condición física (potencia, prensión manual y flexibilidad). El área muscular del brazo se correlacionó con el IMC percibido, puntaje de IMC percibido y condición física. Los hábitos alimentarios presentaron una correlación negativa con el IMC percibido, pero no así con las características antropométricas. Conclusión: Los estudiantes universitarios de las carreras de salud y educación con mejor características antropométricas (menor IMC, perímetro de cintura y porcentaje de grasa y mayor área muscular del brazo), presentan una autopercepción mayor del IMC y un mejor rendimiento en las pruebas de condición física.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The university stage is a period of modification in lifestyles. Pedagogy and health career students, additionally, will assume the role of guides and models regarding healthy behaviours towards their students and patients, respectively. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between anthropometric characteristics, self-perception of body mass index (BMI), physical condition and eating habits among pedagogy and health career university students. Materials and method: Descriptive and correlational study. The sample consisted of 158 university students (age 22.5 ± 2.5 years). Anthropometric characteristics, self-perception of BMI, physical condition and eating habits were evaluated. Results: BMI was positively correlated with perceived BMI (r= 0.46, p= 0.012). Waist circumference was positively correlated with perceived BMI and handgrip strength. The percentage of body fat was positively correlated with the perceived BMI and negatively with the physical condition (power, handgrip and flexibility). Arm muscle area was correlated with perceived BMI, perceived BMI score, and physical condition. Eating habits were negatively correlated with perceived BMI but not with anthropometric characteristics. Conclusion: University students from health and education careers with better anthropometric characteristics (lower BMI, waist circumference and fat percentage, and greater muscle area of the arm), have a higher self-perception of BMI and better performance in fitness tests physical.

Resumen: La prematurez es un factor de riesgo para deformidades craneales posicionales, porque se asocia a un cráneo más maleable y susceptible a deformidades por presiones externas. Objetivos: Describir deformidades craneales posicionales y características de salud de lactantes prematuros y analizar la asociación entre la edad gestacional, peso al nacer, tiempo de hospitalización y la severidad de la deformidad craneal medida con el Índice de Asimetría Craneana (IAC) e Índice Cefalométrico (IC). Pacientes y Método: Estudio analítico, de corte transversal. Se incluyeron lactantes prematuros menores de 4 meses de edad corregida ingresados durante el año 2017 a un Programa de Atención Temprana (PAT). De acuerdo a la edad gestacional, se clasificaron en prematuros extremos (< 28 semanas), muy prematuros (28-32 semanas) y moderados a tardíos (32 - 37 semanas). Se midió perímetro cefálico, diámetro anteroposterior, ancho y diagonales cefálicas, y se calcularon los IAC e IC. Los antecedentes peri y postnatales se obtuvieron de los registros clínicos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 103 lactantes (17 prematuros extremos, 78 muy prematuros y 8 prematuros moderados a tardíos). 99 (96,1%) lactantes tuvieron deformidad craneal posicional. Los lactantes, independiente del grado de prematurez, presentaron mediciones antropométricas craneales similares. La plagiocefalia leve fue la deformidad craneal más frecuente en todos los grupos. No se evidenció relación entre el grado de prematurez y la severidad de la deformación craneal posicional, pero sí se observó una asociación positiva entre los días de hospitalización y el IAC. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes ingresados al PAT presentaron deformidades craneales posicionales, preferentemente plagiocefalia leve, independiente del grado de prematurez. La presencia de plagiocefalia se asoció positivamente a períodos de hospitalización prolongada. No se confirmó relación entre el grado de prematurez y la severidad de la deformación craneal posicional.

Abstract: Prematurity is a risk factor for positional cranial deformities since preterm infants have a more malleable skull and are susceptible to deformities due to external pressures. Objectives: To describe positional cranial deformities and peri/postnatal pathologies in preterm infants and to analyze the association between gestational age, birth weight, length of hospitalization, and severity of cranial deformities measured by the Cranial Vault Asymmetry Index (CVAI) and the Cephalic Index (CI). Patients and Method: Analytic, cross-sectional study. 103 preterm infants aged under 4 months of corrected age admitted during 2017 to an Early Intervention Program (EIP) were included. Participants were classified according to gestational age as follows: extremely preterm (< 28 weeks), very preterm (28-32 weeks), and moderate-to-late preterm (32-37 weeks). Head circumference, anteroposterior diameter, width, and head diagonals were measured, and the CVAI and CI were calculated. Peri- and postnatal history was obtained from clinical records. Results: 103 preterm infants were evaluated (17 extremely preterm, 78 very preterm, and 8 moderate-to-late preterm). 99 (96.1%) of the preterm infants had positional cranial deformity and, regardless of the degree of prematurity, presented similar cranial anthropometric measurements. Mild plagiocephaly was the most frequent cranial deformity in all groups. We observed a positive association between the days of hospitalization and the CVAI and there was no relationship between the degree of prematurity and the severity of the positional cranial deformation. Conclusions: Most of the patients admitted to the EIP presented positional cranial deformities, mainly mild plagiocephaly, regardless of the degree of prematurity. The presence of plagiocephaly was positively associated with prolonged periods of hospitalization. No relationship was confirmed between the degree of prematurity and the severity of the positional cranial deformity.

Resumen Introducción: Existe una amplia heterogeneidad de síntomas neuropsicológicos reportados en el envejecimiento patológico. La investigación actual se ha enfocado en la enfermedad de Alzheimer y demencia Frontotemporal; sin embargo, aún no se ha profundizado en los perfiles cognitivos-lingüísticos del Deterioro Cognitivo Leve (DCL) y otras formas de demencia. Objetivo: Caracterizar los perfiles cognitivos-lingüísticos en personas mayores con DCL, demencia vascular, demencia por cuerpos de Lewy, y Enfermedad de Parkinson. Metodología: La revisión de literatura se realizó bajo los criterios y diagrama de flujo establecidos en la declaración PRISMA, considerando estudios de las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, entre los años 2000 y 2020. Resultados: La búsqueda dio como resultado 49 artículos finales. Los hallazgos sugieren declives significativos en personas mayores con DCL, demencia vascular, demencia con cuerpos de Lewy y enfermedad de Parkinson a nivel de memoria, función ejecutiva, atención, y habilidades visuoespaciales/visuoconstructivas. Sin embargo, también se reportan declives lingüísticos a nivel de fluidez verbal (semántica y fonológica) y en habilidades tanto sintáctico-gramaticales como discursivas. Conclusión: Estos perfiles cognitivos-lingüísticos podrían ser una herramienta de utilidad en la práctica clínica para mejorar los procesos de evaluación neuropsicológica precoz e incluso, determinar diagnósticos diferenciales entre estos cuadros clínicos.

Abstract Introduction: There is a wide heterogeneity of neuropsychological symptoms reported in pathological ageing. Current research has focused on patients with Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. However, still no detailed knowledge of the cognitive-linguistic profiles in patients whit Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and other forms of dementia. Objective: To characterize cognitive and linguistic profiles in older people with MCI, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and Parkinson’s disease. Methods: The present study followed the PRISMA guidelines and included studies from the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, published between 2000 and 2020. Results: 49 articles were included in this literature review for critical analysis. Older people with MCI, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and Parkinson's disease shows a significant decline in the following cognitive domains: memory, executive function, attention, and visuospatial/visuoconstructive skills. However, linguistic symptoms are also reported, especially the deficit in verbal fluency (semantic and phonological) and syntactic-grammatical and discursive skills. Conclusion: This literature review characterized cognitive-linguistic profiles in older people with MCI, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and Parkinson’s disease. These profiles could be helpful in clinical practice to improve early neuropsychological assessment processes and even determine differential diagnoses between these clinical conditions.

Background: Physical activity (PA) practice reduces the adverse effects of COVID-19. PA counseling promotes healthy lifestyles and prevents cardiometabolic diseases. Aim: To assess the trend in cases of PA counseling and the cardiometabolic disease between 2012 and 2019 (before COVID-19) in a southern Chilean region. Material and Methods: Records of Maule Region Health Service for 731.163 men, and 829.097 women aged < 10 to ≥ 65 years were analyzed. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) during the study period and the annual percentage change (APC) during intermediate periods, were calculated. Results: There was a significant decrease in PA counseling in women in the study period (AAPC: −13.6%). In the 2012-2017 period a significant decrease in counseling for total, men and women were observed (APC: −18.1, −16.5 and −19.1%, respectively). Obesity increased significantly in total, men and women in the 2012-2019 period (AAPC: 10.1, 8.5 and 10.7%, respectively). The same trend was observed for hypertension (AAPC: 8.1, 8.5 and 7.6% respectively) and elevated blood glucose (AAPC: 10, 11.5 and 9.6%, respectively). Conclusions: In the study period PA counseling decreased along with an increase in obesity, hypertension and high blood glucose. Increasing PA counseling is a mainstay in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases and probably to prevent contagion and complement the treatment of COVID-19.

Background: A low education level has been associated with cognitive impairment in older adults. Aim: To determine the association between educational attainment and suspicion of cognitive imparirment in older Chilean population. Material and Methods: Data from 2,005 adults aged ≥ 60 years assessed during 2016-2017 Chilean National Health Survey were included. Education was self-reported and categorized as primary: ≤ 8 years; secondary: 9 to 12 years and beyond secondary: > 12 years. suspicion of cognitive imparirment was assessed with the Mini-Mental questionnaire. Results: Men and women with low education attainment had a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment (33% [95% confidence intervals (CI): 24; 41] and 27% [95% CI: 21; 33], respectively). Men who reported less schooling (≤ 8 years) were more likely to be at risk of suspicion of cognitive imparirment (Odds ratio (OR): 4.53 [95% CI: 1.10, 18.62]) compared to their peers. Women showed a substantially higher magnitude of association than men. The probability of suspicion of cognitive imparirment increased 9-times (OR: 9.96 [95% CI: 1.24; 79.6]) for 9-12 years and 18-times for ≤ 8 years of education (OR: 18.8 [95% CI: 2.42; 146.1]) compared to women with higher education. Conclusions: Older adults with low education attainment had an increased likelihood of developing suspicion of cognitive imparirment. However, the risk differs by sex, being higher in women than men.

Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with metabolic diseases and adiposity markers. Aim: To assess the association of CRF with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and obesity in a representative sample of the Chilean population. Material and Methods: Data from 5,958 participants in the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-1027 aged 15 years or above were analyzed. CRF was estimated by an equation that included sociodemographic, anthropometric and health-related data and expressed in metabolic equivalent units (METs). The association between CRF and adiposity was assessed using linear and Poisson regression models and the results were presented as Prevalence Ratio (PR). Results: One MET increment in CRF was associated with a 3.27 kg/m2 (95% confidence intervals (CI): -3.35; -3.2) and 4.56 kg/m2 (95% CI: -4.67; -4.46) lower BMI in men and women, respectively. Waist circumference was 6.7 cm [95% CI: -6.98; -6.42] and 9 cm [95% CI: -9.33; -8.67] lower per 1-MET increment in CRF. With one MET increment, the probability of being obese was 34% (PR = 0.66 [95%CI: 0.63; 0.69]) and 36% (PR = 0.64 [95%CI: 0.61; 0.67]) lower in men and women, respectively. The probability of having a central obesity was 26% (PR = 0.74 [95%CI: 0.71; 0.77]) and 30% (PR = 0.70 [95%CI: 0.68; 0.73]) lower in men and women, respectively. Conclusions: A higher estimated CRF was associated with lower adiposity levels and a lower risk of being obese in both men and women. Public health policies aiming to increase physical activity are needed to increase the CRF of the Chilean population.

Muscle strength can be measured through different methods and handgrip strength is one of the most used techniques in epidemiological studies. Given its easy application, high reliability, and low cost, it is considered an important health biomarker. Handgrip strength is associated with adverse health outcomes such as mortality and risk of developing chronic diseases, cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer and dementia. There is a paucity of evidence in Chile about the association of handgrip strength with these health outcomes limiting its visibility and implementation in clinical settings. Therefore, this narrative review summarizes the scientific evidence about the association of grip strength with non-communicable chronic diseases and mortality in middle age and older adults.

Resumen Introducción: El aumento del uso de teléfono celular y la baja actividad física en universitarios se han asociado a un bajo rendimiento académico. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre tiempo de uso del teléfono celular, el nivel de actividad física y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de alcance correlacional y temporalidad longitudinal. Participaron 36 estudiantes universitarios, a quienes se evaluó durante un semestre, el tiempo que destinaron al uso de teléfono celular, a través de la aplicación “Moment” y la actividad física mediante la aplicación “Pacer”. Se registró el rendimiento académico con el promedio de notas. Resultados: Durante el semestre, los hombres realizaron mayor actividad física y utilizaron por mayor tiempo el teléfono. En periodos de evaluación, las mujeres tuvieron mayor actividad física y menor uso del teléfono celular (p=0,019 y p=0,033, respectivamente). Además, los hombres que tuvieron mejores notas promedio hacían un menor número de pickups diarios (p=0,032). Conclusiones: Los hombres universitarios son físicamente más activos y usan más el celular durante el semestre, aunque en periodo de evaluaciones las mujeres tienden a ser más activas y usar menos tiempo su celular. Los universitarios que usan menos el teléfono celular tienen mejor rendimiento académico.

Abstract Introduction: Low academic performance of college students has been associated with an increase in time spent on cell phones and a low physical activity. Objective: To analyze the relationship between time spent on cell phones, physical activity level, and academic performance in college students. Materials and methods: A study with a correlational and longitudinal temporality approach. During a semester, 36 college students were assessed on the time they spent using cell phones and their physical activity levels through the Moment and Pacer applications, respectively. Academic performance was monitored through report cards. Results: Men engaged in more physical activity and used cell phones more frequently during the analyzed period, while women showed higher physical activity levels and lower cell phone usage during evaluation periods (p=0.019 y p=0.033, respectively). Also, men who had better grade averages showed lower number of daily pickups (p=0.032). Conclusions: College men show higher physical activity levels and longer cell phone usage during the semester, while women tend to be more active and use their cell phones less frequently during evaluation periods. College students who use cell phones less regularly also have a better academic performance.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de un programa de telerehabilitación (TR) en el nivel de independencia funcional y el número de caídas en personas mayores, asistentes a un centro de cuidados diurno. Materiales y método: 14 personas mayores ( χ =74 años), sometidas a un programa de kinesiterapia/fisioterapia/ terapia física (TF) a través de tele rehabilitación por un período de 12 semanas. El grupo control recibió intervención educativa a través de un cuadernillo de actividad física que debieron desarrollar de forma autónoma, con supervisión telefónica semanal; mientras que el grupo experimental recibió 15 sesiones de kinesiterapia/fisioterapia/terapia física por video llamada mediante aplicación WhatsApp TM . Ambos grupos fueron evaluados pre y post intervención con escala índice de Barthel (IB) y el número de caídas, mediante el cuestionario de la valoración geriátrica integral (VGI). Resultados: El grupo experimental aumentó el puntaje del índice de Barthel (↑3.6), mientras que el grupo control disminuyó este puntaje (↓6.9). Ambos grupos disminuyen el número de caídas, sin encontrar diferencias entre grupos. Al comparar ambos grupos, las personas mayores sometidas a un programa de kinesiterapia/fisioterapia/ terapia física a través de tele rehabilitación presentaron mejoras significativamente mayores en el índice de Barthel que el grupo control (p<0.05). Conclusión: Las personas mayores que participaron en un programa kinesiterapia/ fisioterapia/ terapia física a través de tele rehabilitación presentaron un mayor nivel de independencia funcional que las personas con la intervención con cuadernillo de actividad física guiado por llamada telefónica, lo que sugiere considerar a los programas de terapia física como una alternativa terapéutica para mejorar el nivel de independencia en personas mayores.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the effects of a telerehabilitation (TR) program on the level of functional independence and the number of falls in older people attending a day care center. Materials and method: 14 older people ( χ = 74 years), submitted to a kinesitherapy / physiotherapy / physical therapy (PT) program through telerehabilitation for a period of 12 weeks. The control group received educational intervention through a physical activity booklet which they had to develop independently, with weekly telephone supervision, while the experimental group received 15 kinesitherapy / physiotherapy / physical therapy sessions via video calls through WhatsApp TM application. Both groups were evaluated pre and post intervention with the Barthel index scale (BI) and the number of falls using the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). Results: The experimental group increased the Barthel index scale score (↑3,6) while the control group decreased this score (↓6,9). Both groups decreased the number of falls, without differences between groups. When comparing both groups, the elderly who underwent a kinesitherapy / physiotherapy / physical therapy program through telerehabilitation showed significantly greater improvements in Barthel index scale than the control group (p <0.05). Conclusion: Older people who participated in a kinesitherapy / physiotherapy / physical therapy program through telerehabilitation presented a higher level of functional independence compared to participants in the intervention with a phone call-guided physical activity booklet, which suggests a telerehabilitation programs as an alternative therapeutics to improve the level of independence in older people.

Background: Long term sequelae can be observed after SARS-CoV2. Aim: To describe the sexual, physical, mental and sleep sequelae four months after SARS-CoV2 diagnosis. Patients and Methods: Patients recovering from SARS-CoV2 with different degrees of disease severity were consecutively included and separated in two study groups, namely Group 1 including patients that had an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and Group 2 including those with mild or moderate COVID-19. Handgrip strength, respiratory polygraphy (RP), Quality of life using the SF-12 questionnaire, and the international index of erectile (IIEF-5) function were assessed. Results: Twenty patients who had ARDS, and 10 without ARDS were included. Erectile dysfunction was observed in 77 and 10% of patients with and without ARDS, respectively (p < 0.01). The figures for sleep obstructive apnea were 82 and 40% respectively (p = 0.02) and for the physical domain SF-12 score were 39.2 and 47.9 points respectively (p = 0.01). No differences in muscle strength were observed. After a multivariable analysis, previous ARDS due to COVID-19 was independently associated with erectile dysfunction, with an odds ratio of 30.6 (95% confidence intervals, 3.08300.3, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Among men with ARDS due to COVID-19, the prevalence of erectile dysfunction was high and independently associated with a severe disease four months after discharge.

Background: COVID-19 confinement measures in the population affected the quality of life and sleep. Aims: To determine if confinement is associated with a lower quality of life and sleep. Subjects and Methods: A self-reported survey including questions about type of confinement, time spent in front of a screen, the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ), the Sleep Self Report questionnaire and the SF-36 quality of life survey, was answered by 621 Chilean university students. Results: Confined and not confined respondents spent a great amount of time in front of a screen, in sedentary activities and sleeping > 8 or < 6 hours per day. Those who were in confinement reported having a poorer quality of sleep and quality of life compared to those who were not in confinement. Those who required mandatory confinement for suspected COVID-19 had the worst quality of sleep and quality of life. Conclusions: University students had sedentary lifestyles regardless of the type of confinement. Those who were in confinement, especially for suspected COVID-19 infection, had the worst quality of sleep and quality of life.

Resumen Sepúlveda Martin, S., Martínez González, L., Cigarroa, I., y Zapata Lamana, R.E. (2022). Actividad física durante una jornada escolar con y sin clase de educación física y salud en estudiantes chilenos. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-18. Los altos índices de obesidad y el aumento del tiempo sedentario en los escolares tienen consecuencias directas en la prevalencia de enfermedades no transmisibles en edad adulta. El entorno escolar es una oportunidad para combatir estos factores de riesgo y la importancia de la clase de educación física es relevante. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el nivel de actividad física, gasto energético y tiempo sedentario entre una jornada con y sin clases de educación física en niños y niñas de primer ciclo básico. Es un estudio no experimental, analítico transversal con una muestra intencionada de 46 escolares de primer ciclo básico. Se midió índice de masa corporal (IMC), actividad física, gasto energético y tiempo sedentario con acelerometría en jornada escolar con y sin clase de educación física. Se utilizó la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon para determinar diferencias entre las jornadas escolares (p < .05). Los resultados muestran que, durante la jornada con clases de educación física, los escolares presentaron un nivel de actividad física moderada (3.03 MET) y, en la jornada sin clases de educación física, un nivel ligero (2.32 MET). Los estudiantes en la jornada escolar con educación física tuvieron mayores niveles de actividad física moderada (Z = -4.430; p < .0001), vigorosa (Z = -5.403; p < .0001), muy vigorosa (Z = -3.940; p < .0001) y disminuyeron el tiempo sedentario (Z = -4.149; p < .0001) con respecto a la jornada sin clase de educación física. Se concluye que aun cuando durante la jornada con educación física, los escolares tienen mayor actividad física, mayor gasto energético y menor tiempo sedentario, este rendimiento resulta insuficiente de acuerdo con las recomendaciones internacionales para la salud.

Resumo Sepúlveda Martin, S., Martínez González, L., Cigarroa, I., e Zapata Lamana, R.E. (2022). Atividade física durante um dia letivo com e sem aula de educação física e saúde em estudantes chilenos. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-18. As altas taxas de obesidade e o aumento do tempo sedentário em estudantes têm consequências diretas sobre a prevalência de doenças não transmissíveis na idade adulta. O ambiente escolar é uma oportunidade de combater esses fatores de risco e a importância da aula de educação física é relevante. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o nível de atividade física, gasto energético e tempo sedentário entre um dia letivo com e sem aulas de educação física em crianças do primeiro ciclo da educação fundamental. Trata-se de um estudo não experimental, analítico transversal com amostra intencional de 46 estudantes do primeiro ciclo da educação fundamental. O índice de massa corporal (IMC), a atividade física, o gasto energético e o tempo sedentário foram medidos com a acelerometria no dia letivo com e sem aula de educação física. O teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon foi utilizado para determinar diferenças entre os dias letivos (p < 0,05). Os resultados mostram que, durante o dia com aulas de educação física, os escolares apresentaram nível moderado de atividade física (3,03 MET) e, no dia sem aulas de educação física, nível leve (2,32 MET). Os alunos no dia letivo com educação física apresentaram níveis mais elevados de atividade física moderada (Z = -4,430; p < 0,0001), vigorosa (Z = -5,403; p < 0,0001), muito vigorosa (Z = -3,940; p < 0,0001) e diminuição do tempo sedentário (Z = -4,149; p < 0,0001) em relação ao dia letivo sem aula de educação física. Conclui-se que, embora durante o dia letivo com educação física os escolares tenham maior atividade física, maior gasto energético e menos tempo sedentário, esse desempenho é insuficiente de acordo com as recomendações internacionais para a saúde.

Abstract Sepúlveda Martin, S., Martínez González, L., Cigarroa, I., & Zapata Lamana, R.E. (2022). Physical activity indicators during a school day with and without physical education class and health among chilean students. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-18. High obesity rates and the increase in sedentary time among schoolchildren have direct consequences on the prevalence of non-communicable diseases in adulthood. The school environment is an opportunity to deal with these risk factors, and the importance of physical education classes is critical. The object of this study was to compare the level of physical activity, energy expenditure and sedentary time between a day with physical education class and one without, among first- to third-grade children. This is a non-experimental, analytic, cross-cutting study with a deliberate sample of 46 schoolchildren. Body Mass Index (BMI), physical activity, energy expenditure and sedentary time were measured with accelerometry on school days with and without physical education class. Wilcoxon’s non-parametric test was used to determine differences between school days (p < .05). The results show that schoolchildren had a moderate level of physical activity (3.03 MET) during a day with physical education class, and a light level (2.32 MET) during a school day without physical education class. Students in a school day with physical education class had higher levels of moderate ( Z = -4.430; p < .0001), energetic (Z = -5.403; p < .0001) and highly energetic (Z = -3.940; p < .0001) physical activity, and their sedentary time was lower ( Z = -4.149; p < .0001) as compared to a day without physical education time. The conclusion is that, even though schoolchildren have higher physical activity, higher energy expenditure and lower sedentary time during a day with physical education class, this performance proves insufficient as compared to international recommendations for health.

Background: The confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic changed the lifestyles of the population affecting their levels of physical activity. Aim: To determine the factors associated with a low level of physical activity in adults during confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: Adults from Chile, Colombia, México and Perú were invited through social networks to answer an online survey. Questions about sociodemographic, health status and lifestyle variables were included. The level of physical activity and sedentary behavior were determined through the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results: The survey was answered by 3,362 adults aged between 18 and 60 years. Respondents more likely to be inactive were women, those with less than eight years of education, those with overweight or obesity, those who smoked at least one cigarette a day, consumed alcohol four or more times a week, slept less than six hours per day and spent more than 6 hours per day in sedentary behaviors. Conclusions: These findings provide a sociodemographic and lifestyle profile associated with physical inactivity during the period of confinement in Latin American adults. The results confirm the need to promote healthy lifestyles in the population during periods of confinement.