ABSTRACT: Lowlands have been cultivated with irrigated rice (Oryza sativa) in a monoculture cropping system for more than a century in southern Brazil. Shallow topsoil with high bulk density and deficient water infiltration favors the of production paddy rice; however, this condition does not favor species non-tolerant to flooding or oxygen restriction. Thus, soil and irrigation management may be necessary to raise the rice-soybean (Glycine max) rotation systems to sustainable levels. We carried out a two-year field experiment to assess the effects of irrigation treatments and soil management on soil physical properties, soybean growth, and grain yield in lowland systems. The experiment comprised a randomized block design with two factors and three replications. The main factor comprised the following irrigation treatments: sprinkler; surface, and rainfed. Four soil managements composed the second factor: conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT), conventional tillage with raised-seedbed, and no-tillage with raised-seedbed. Soil physical properties, soil penetration resistance, crop parameters, grain yield and water productivity were evaluated. CT increased the soil penetration resistance near the soil surface layer. The highest soil bulk density at the 0.05-0.10 m layer in the CT reduces grain yield in rainfed soybean compared to NT. Supplementary irrigation increased soybean yield of about 36 % in years of uneven rainfall distribution. Sprinkler irrigation resulted in higher irrigated water productivity (90 %) compared to surface irrigation, contributing to a more sustainable increase in grain yield. Crop rotation in a no-tillage cropping scheme could improve the sustainability of diversified agriculture in lowlands.

ABSTRACT The study of weed interference periods and the economic threshold level (ETL) of weeds on crops allows the adoption of management methods and the rationalized use of herbicides. The objective of this study was to determine the periods of interference and to test mathematical models to determine the economic threshold level of ryegrass in the wheat crop. Two experiments were carried out in a randomized block design with four replications. The first experiment was conducted in the 2014/2015 agricultural season. The periods of interference and control of ryegrass were studied in wheat. The periods of interference and/or control were: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 120 days after emergence (DAE). The second experiment was conducted in the 2016/2017 agricultural season. The ETLs were studied, being the treatments composed of wheat cultivars and 12 populations of ryegrass, in competition with the respective cultivars. The results allowed concluding that the management methods of weed ryegrass must be adopted in the period between 11 and 21 days after crop emergence, which is described as a critical period of control of this weed. The wheat grain yield loss competing with ryegrass reached 59% when grown with ryegrass. For ETL, the linear regression model of the rectangular hyperbola adequately estimates grain yield losses in the presence of ryegrass. The cultivar presenting the lowest values of ETL, that is, less capacity to live with the weed, was TBIO Alvorada. The other cultivars presented similar ETL values.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise de séries temporais dos dados de temperatura mínima e temperatura máxima mensal da cidade de Erechim, RS; apresenta-se uma comparação de duas classes de modelos tradicionais de previsão, nomeadamente: modelos da classe ARIMA e modelos de alisamento exponencial. Na classe de modelos ARIMA foram selecionados, utilizando-se critérios de informação, modelos do tipo SARIMA, que consideram a característica sazonal da temperatura do ar; já para os modelos de alisamento exponencial utilizaram-se os modelos Holt-Winters aditivo, em que as constantes de alisamento são determinadas de forma a minimizar o erro quadrático médio entre valores previstos e observados; esta análise permitiu a identificação de componentes como sazonalidade e períodos atípicos. Os modelos de previsão foram comparados para diferentes horizontes de previsão, sendo que os modelos da classe ARIMA se mostraram mais acurados. Os modelos ajustados se mostraram adequados para traçar previsões das variáveis de temperatura do ar, mostrando-se importantes ferramentas para a climatologia agrícola.

This paper presents a time series analysis of the minimum and maximum air temperature of Erechim, RS. A comparison between two traditional classes of the forecasting models, namely: ARIMA models and exponential smoothing models is also presented. In the class of ARIMA models using criteria information, SARIMA type models that consider the seasonal characteristics of air temperature were selected, whereas for exponential smoothing models Holt-Winters additive algorithm were used. Smoothing constants are determined to minimize the mean square error between observed and predicted values. This analysis allowed the identification of components such as seasonality and atypical periods. The model predictions were compared for different forecast horizons. The ARIMA class models proved to be more accurate while the adjusted models were adequate for adjusting forecasts of variables of air temperature, being important tools for agricultural climatology.