ABSTRACT The overall objective of this work was to seek an association between the parameters of water quality and the identification of possible pollutants in a watershed in the southwest of the State of Parana. As much information as possible about the studied area was spotted, establishing relationships between the components of farmland and urban land use and the outcome of the physical-chemical and biological analyses carried out in two sampling spots from Santa Rosa River. Orthoimages taken by SPOT 5 satellite and a letter from the ‘Paranacidade’ Autonomous Service were used. The public domain SPRING 5.1.6 application was used. When comparing the water quality with the Resolution 357 (2005) by CONAMA, for class II rivers, high levels of oil, grease, boron, dissolved iron, total coliforms and fecal coliforms were found. Thus, possible relationships between the rates that were over the legal limit and the possible pollutants were investigated.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi buscar associações entre os parâmetros de qualidade da água e a identificação de prováveis agentes poluidores em uma bacia hidrográfica do Sudoeste do Paraná. Foram espacializadas informações sobre a área de estudo, estabelecendo relações entre componentes do uso da terra rural e urbano, e os resultados apresentados pelas análises fisicoquímicas e biológicas realizadas em dois pontos amostrais do Rio Santa Rosa. Foram utilizadas ortoimagens do satélite SPOT 5 e uma carta do Serviço Autônomo Paranacidade. Foi utilizado o aplicativo de domínio público SPRING versão 5.1.6. Ao se comparar a qualidade da água com a Resolução CONAMA 357 (2005), para rios classe II, foram encontrados índices acima da normalidade para óleos e graxas, boro, ferro dissolvido, coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes. Assim, foram investigadas prováveis relações entre os índices encontrados acima do limite permitido e os possíveis agentes poluidores.

Formulações de terra de diatomácea de diferentes origens apresentam variação em toxicidade e em características físicas que afetam sua eficácia. Da mesma forma, diferentes espécies de insetos variam quanto a sua suscetibilidade ao produto. Adultos de Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) e Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) foram expostos a concentrações de 250, 500, 750, 1000 e 1250g t-1 de uma formulação de terra de diatomácea de origem brasileira (Keepdry®), em trigo armazenado, por diferentes períodos de exposição. Os grãos tratados com as diferentes concentrações foram colocados em frascos, com quatro repetições de 100g de grãos por tratamento, e infestados com os insetos. Os frascos foram mantidos em câmara climatizada a 25°C e 65% UR, avaliando-se a mortalidade periodicamente. O número de insetos mortos por parcela foi submetido à análise de variância e as diferenças entre as médias discriminadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. A mortalidade das três espécies foi diretamente relacionada à concentração e ao tempo de exposição, sendo que os melhores resultados foram obtidos com concentrações acima de 500g t-1. A espécie S. oryzae atingiu 100% de mortalidade somente no 14° dia de exposição, na concentração de 750g t-1. C. ferrugineus foi a espécie mais suscetível ao tratamento com a terra de diatomácea, com 100% de mortalidade a 500g t-1 já no 4° dia. Conclui-se que a terra de diatomácea utilizada apresenta um nível de controle satisfatório, e pode ser utilizada em programas de manejo de insetos, em trigo armazenado.

Formulations of diatomaceous earth from different sources show variation in toxicity and in certain physical characteristics which can affect product efficacy. Also, different insect species show variation in their susceptibility to the product. Adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) were exposed to wheat kernels treated with a formulation of diatomaceous earth of Brazilian origin (Keepdry®), at concentrations of 250, 500, 750, 1000, and 1250g t-1 during different exposition periods. The treated kernels, in four replicates of 100g per treatment, were poured in plastic vials and infested with the insects. The vials were placed in environmental chamber at 25°C and 65% RH and the mortality was evaluated periodically. The number of dead insects per treatment was analyzed by the variance analysis and the differences between the means were determined by the Tukey test at 5%. The mortality of the three species was directly related to the diatomaceous earth concentration and to the exposition time, with the best results at concentrations above 500g t-1. The most tolerant species was S. oryzae that reached 100% mortality only at the 14th day of exposition, at 750g t-1. On the other hand, C. ferrugineus was the most susceptible species to diatomaceous earth; it reached 100% mortality at 500g t-1 at the 4th exposition day. It was concluded that the diatomaceous earth used in these experiments presented a satisfactory control level, and that it represents a very efficient grain protector for using in stored wheat insect management programs.

O uso de terra de diatomácea (TD) representa uma medida de controle importante em programas de MIP de armazenamento devido ao baixo custo, facilidade de aplicação, redução do nível de resíduos de ingrediente ativo e da contaminação ambiental e maior segurança para o operador. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficácia da combinação de diferentes dosagens de TD com deltametrina em pó para o controle de Sitophilus zeamais em milho armazenado. Amostras de 100 g de milho limpo e seco, em três repetições, foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: TD (Keepdry®), nas dosagens de 500, 750 e 1000 g/t, deltametrina em pó (K-Obiol®) a 0,5 g i.a./t e 1,0 g i.a./t; combinações das dosagens maior e menor de TD com as duas de deltametrina. Em cada frasco foram colocados 30 adultos de S. zeamais, mantidos a 25°C. A mortalidade foi avaliada do 1º ao 28º dia. Nos tratamentos utilizando somente TD, a mortalidade foi registrada a partir do 3º dia sem diferença significativa entre as dosagens até o 7º dia. Nos tratamentos com deltametrina em pó (isoladamente ou combinada com TD) foram registrados insetos mortos já no 1º dia após a aplicação. Porém, no 7º dia não havia diferença entre a maioria dos tratamentos, e no 14º dia todos atingiram mortalidade elevada sem diferença estatística, incluindo a TD na dosagem mais baixa. Concluiu-se que os tratamentos combinando TD com baixas dosagens de deltametrina são eficientes no controle de S. zeamais em milho armazenado porque aceleram a mortalidade dos insetos e reduzem os resíduos de ingredientes ativos.

The use of diatomaceous earth (DE) is a very efficient insect control measure in stored grain IPM due to its low cost, easy application, reduction of active ingredient residues, lower environmental contamination and operator safety. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of different dosages of DE mixed with powder deltamethrin for controlling Sitophilus zeamais in stored corn. Samples of 100 g of clean and dry corn, in three replicates, were submitted to the following treatments: DE (Keepdry®), at the dosages of 500, 750 and 1000 g/t; powder deltamethrin (K-Obiol®) at 0,5 g a.i. /t and 1,0 g a.i. /t; and combinations of the lowest and highest DE dosages with the two dosages of deltamethrin. Thirty adults of S. zeamais were placed in each vial with the treated grains and kept in environment chambers at 25ºC. Mortality was evaluated from the 1st to the 28th day. In the treatments mixing DE with deltamethrin or deltamethrin alone, the mortalyti was registered since the first day. In the treatments using only DE, the first dead insects were recorded after the 3rd day, especially in the highest dosages. After the 7th day, however, there was no statistical difference among all treatments, except for the lowest dosage of DE which reached a satisfactory control level only by the 14th day. It was concluded that treatments using DE combined with low dosages of powder deltamethrin represent an efficient control measure against S. zeamais in stored corn because insect mortality is faster than in treatments using DE alone and residues of active ingredients are much lower than using the insecticide in high dosages.

The qualitative and quantitative losses caused by stored product insects are of great concern, and since there is only a few active ingredients available for their control it is very important to have a frequent insect resistance monitoring. The objective of this research is to evaluate combination of bioassays and molecular marker techniques to detect insecticide resistance in stored product beetles. The Coleoptera species used for the tests were Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Curculionidae), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Bostrichidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Silvanidae). For the bioassays it was used the impregnated filter paper technique, applying 1 mL of deltamethrin (K-Obiol 25 CE TM) using four concentrations and five replicates, including a control with solvent only. Ten adults of each species were liberated separately on each dish. The mortality was evaluated after 24 h and resistance determined by probit analysis. The samples used for the PCR-RAPD were either in vivo or preserved in 70% ethanol, kept in -18°C freezer. After extraction, quantification and DNA quality analysis, the 25 µL samples had the DNA amplified and tested with six primers. The bioassays showed a crescent mortality proportional to insecticide concentration. The resistance factor for R. dominica, S. zeamais and S. oryzae were: 2,2; 3,2 and 9,2, respectively, compared to the susceptible populations of each species. The PCR-RAPD analysis revealed bands which indicate inter and intraspecific variability in the populations, but it was not possible to correlate them to resistance. The association of bioassay and PCR-RAPD represents a precise and valuable tool for resistance management of stored product insects, but more populations and primers should be tested.