Poverty relates to a situational context consists of living conditions measurable through statistics and indexes. Hence we can know its shape, since it can be represented by numbers. Well, the central thesis of this essay states that there are circumstances that put poverty as a component of reality; it becomes necessary to do so then make the distinction between the content of perception and reality status attributed this phenomenon, since existing approaches to address the phenomenon of poverty can´t ignore statistical information.

La pobreza, refiere a un contexto situacional constituido por condiciones de vida cuantificables, a través de estadísticas e índices. De ahí que podemos conocer su forma, toda vez que puede ser representada por medio de cifras. Pues bien, la tesis central del presente ensayo establece que existen circunstancias que sitúan a la pobreza como componente de la realidad; se torna imprescindible para ello entonces, realizar la distinción entre el contenido de la percepción y el estatus de realidad atribuido este fenómeno, toda vez que los enfoques existentes para abordar el fenómeno de la pobreza no pueden prescindir de información estadística.

An evaluation of the pesticides extracted from the soil matrix was conducted using a citrate-buffered solid phase dispersion sample preparation method (QuEChERS). The identification and quantitation of pesticide compounds was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Because of the occurrence of the matrix effect in 87% of the analyzed pesticides, the quantification was performed using matrix-matched calibration. The method's quantification limits were between 0.01 and 0.5 mg kg-1. Repeatability and intermediate precision, expressed as a relative standard deviation percentage, were less than 20%. The recoveries in general ranged between 62% and 99%, with a relative standard deviation < 20%. All the responses were linear, with a correlation coefficient (r) ≥0.99.

The detection of pesticide in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) matrix using Gas Chromatography hyphenated to Mass Spectrometry detector (GC/MS) can affect the sensitivity of the analysis by enhancement or suppression of their chromatography response, the percentages of recoveries and leading to errors in the quantification of the pesticides. In this study, the matrix effect was investigated using nine pesticides, and "Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe" (QuEChERS)-GC/MS analytical technique was validated for pesticides multiresidue analysis. The matrix effect was determined using not statistical and statistical procedures including ANOVA, with similar results. Strong negative matrix effect was found for the pesticides trifluralin, 4,4’-DDT, and permethrin, resulting in the increment of the chromatogram background and a decrease in their detection responses. Contrary, an enhancement induced by the matrix presence was obtained for carbaryl and azinphos methyl, showing a positive medium matrix effect. While, dimethoate, simazine, 4,4’-DDE, and iprodione did not exhibit matrix effect. The detection limits (LOD) obtained, varied from 0.003 to 0.1 mg kg-1. Reproducibility was less than 20% for each pesticide. Recoveries were found to be between 71% and 121%, except for dimethoate, carbaryl, and azinphos methyl which reached values lower than 70%. Recoveries relative standard deviations were less than 22%. QuEChERS-GC/MS technique was used for evaluation of fresh commercial tomatoes samples, detecting carbaryl in all of them, but in concentration levels lower than the maximum residue limits according to regulations of Codex.

The political and legal context of the negotiations leading to the Chilean constitutional amendment of 1989 is examined here. Analysis turns then to the changes introduced to article 5, subsection 2 of the Constitution, explaining their rationale and goals, as well as the reasons for the limitations of the text finally approved.

Mediante el presente artículo el autor analiza el contexto político y jurídico en que se realizó la negociación de la reforma constitucional de 1989, deteniéndose en la reforma al artículo 5° inciso 2° de la Constitución, explicando sus fundamentos y objetivos, como asimismo las razones de sus limitaciones de redacción.