RESUMO O objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho da co-digestão anaeróbia de dejetos de suínos associados com crescentes doses de glicerina bruta, adotando-se diferentes tempos de retenção hidráulica (TRH). O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x4, três TRH (10; 17 e 24 dias) e quatro doses de glicerina bruta (0; 5; 10 e 15% dos sólidos totais), com quatro repetições por tratamento. Os parâmetros avaliados foram produção e potencial de produção de biogás, reduções de sólidos totais (ST), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA). A produção de biogás e potencial de produção apresentaram efeito quadrático nos TRH de 17 e 24 dias, evidenciando como doses ideais 4,09 e 5,63% de glicerina bruta, respectivamente, para produção e 4,52 e 5,42% de glicerina bruta para potencial de produção. Não houve diferença entre as doses de glicerina bruta dentro do TRH de 10 dias para as reduções de ST. No entanto, foi observado diferença entre as doses nos TRH 17 e 24, com a maior redução observada de 54,9% ao incluir 5% de glicerina bruta no maior TRH. As reduções de FDN e FDA aumentaram de acordo com a adição de glicerina bruta nos TRHs de 10 e 17 dias. A inclusão de 4 a 6% de glicerina bruta no TRH 24 mostrou-se mais eficiente na produção de biogás e reduções de ST e FDN. Já visando maior redução de FDA pode-se utilizar doses mais altas de glicerina a partir da co-digestão com dejetos suínos.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the anaerobic co-digestion of pig manure associated with increasing doses of crude glycerine, adopting different periods of hydraulic retention time (HRT). A completely randomised design was used in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, three HRT (10, 17 and 24 days) and four doses of crude glycerine (0, 5, 10 and 15% of the total solids), with four replications per treatment. The parameters to be evaluated were biogas production and potential production, reduction in total solids (TS), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). Biogas production and potential production displayed a quadratic effect for an HRT of 17 and 24 days, showing the doses of 4.09% and 5.63% crude glycerine to be respectively optimal for production, and 4.52% and 5.42% crude glycerine for production potential. There was no difference between the doses of crude glycerine at the HRT of 10 days for reductions in TS. However, a difference was seen between doses at HRT 17 and 24, with the greatest reduction of 54.9% being found when including 5% of crude glycerine at the greatest HRT. The reductions in NDF and ADF were greater with the addition of crude glycerine for an HRT of 10 and 17 days. The inclusion of 4% - 6% crude glycerine at HRT 24 was more efficient in the production of biogas and reducing TS and NDF. With a view to a greater reduction in ADF, higher doses of glycerine can be used in the co-digestion of pig manure.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of anaerobic co-digestion of swine excreta associated with increasing doses of crude glycerin and different hydraulic retention times (HRT). A completely randomized design was adopted in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement composed of three HRT (10, 17, and 24 days) and four crude glycerin doses (0, 5, 10, and 15 g/100 g of total solids [TS]), with four replications per treatment. The assessed parameters were: biogas production potential, reductions of volatile solids (VS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and most probable number of total and thermotolerant coliforms. The biogas production per added VS presented quadratic effect at 17 and 24 days of HRT, with ideal doses of 5.5 and 5.9 g of crude glycerin/100 g TS, respectively. There was no difference among glycerin doses at 10-day HRT for VS reductions; however, at HRT of 17 and 24 days, there were differences, with greater reduction of 61.1% for 5 g of crude glycerin/100 g TS at 24-day HRT. The COD reduction values showed an effect among retention times, in which the 24-day HRT provided the best results. Reductions in coliforms were greater than 99%, with no difference among treatments. Addition of 5 to 6 g of crude glycerin/100 g TS with a 24-day HRT is more effective in biogas production and reduction of VS, COD, and coliforms from co-digestion of swine excreta.

Em virtude da grande demanda por proteína de origem animal, tem-se aumentado a produção de frangos de corte e consequentemente a geração de resíduos provenientes do abate de aves, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de técnicas que permitam o aproveitamento e reciclagem desses materiais. Objetivou-se com a execução deste trabalho avaliar a eficiência da compostagem no tratamento e reciclagem do resíduo sólido de abatedouro avícola. Utilizou-se resíduo sólido de abatedouro avícola comercial composto por fragmentos de vísceras, tecido muscular, adiposo e ósseo, sangue coagulado e penas e, como fonte de carbono, a casca de arroz. Montou-se uma leira com 1,5m3 de volume inicial, na qual foram monitorados os parâmetros: temperatura, teores de sólidos totais (ST), voláteis (SV), N, P, K, carbono orgânico (C), matéria orgânica compostável (MOC), matéria orgânica resistente à compostagem (MORC), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), massa e volume enleirados, número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, bem como suas reduções durante o processo. A temperatura máxima atingida no centro da leira foi de 53,3ºC (média semanal), já as reduções de massa de ST e SV e volume durante o processo de pré-compostagem foram de 36,1; 44,3 e 23,3%, respectivamente, e, durante o processo de compostagem, foram de 21,8; 23,8 e 4,4%. A baixa redução do volume das leiras pode estar associada à alta concentração de MORC (40,1%) que pode ser principalmente relacionada à qualidade da fonte de carbono. O processo promoveu satisfatórias reduções totais de ST, SV e volume, sendo, respectivamente, 50,1; 57,5 e 26,7%. No entanto, foram observadas reduções de 43% na quantidade de nitrogênio presente no composto final. Apesar das reduções de nitrogênio, a compostagem demonstrou ser um método eficiente no tratamento dos resíduos sólidos de abatedouro avícola.

The great demand for animal protein was responsible for the increase on the broilers production and hence, the generation of waste from the poultry slaughter was increased as well, which in turn, propelled the development of techniques that allow the reuse and recycling of these wastes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of composting on the treatment and recycling of solid waste from poultry slaughterhouse. The solid waste was from a commercial poultry slaughterhouse and was composed of viscera, muscle, fat, bone, blood and feathers that was mixed with a source of carbon, rice husk. Initially, a windrow with a volume of 1.5m3 was built, and then some parameters were monitored: temperature, total solids (TS), volatile (VS), N, P, K, organic carbon (C), composting organic matter (COC), organic matter resistant to composting (MORC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), mass and volume of the windrow, most probable number (MPN) of total and fecal coliforms, as well as their reductions during the process. The maximum temperature reached in the center of the windrow was 53.3°C (weekly average) since reductions of weight of TS and VS and volume during the pre-composting were 36.1, 44.3 and 23.3%, respectively and during the composting process was 21.8, 23.8 and 4.4%. The low volume reduction can be associated with high concentrations of MORC (40.1%) which can be mainly related to the quality of the carbon source. The process produced satisfactory total reductions of TS, VS and volume that were respectively, 50.1, 57.5 and 26.7%. However reductions were observed in 43% of amount of nitrogen in the final compound. Despite reductions in nitrogen content, composting proved to be an effective method in the treatment of solid waste from poultry slaughterhouse.

A adubação orgânica pode ser uma alternativa viável na produção de gramíneas forrageiras, no entanto poucas são as informações referentes às doses e à composição dos principais adubos orgânicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a influência das diferentes doses de composto orgânico produzido com dois tipos de cama de frango sobre as características produtivas, morfogênicas e estruturais de Brachiaria brizantha, cv 'Piatã'. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial com parcela subdividida no tempo. As parcelas foram compostas por seis tratamentos: dois tipos compostos (cama de frango a base de cana de açúcar ou napier) em três doses (100, 200 e 300kg ha-1 equivalente N) e as subparcelas pelos quatro períodos de cortes. Os compostos foram aplicados em dose única, após o corte de uniformização, nas quantidades de: 11,36 e 11,83, 22,73 e 23,67, 34,09 e 35,50g vaso-1 para os compostos de cama de frangos a base de cana de açúcar e capim napier, respectivamente, que equivalem às doses de 100, 200 e 300kg ha-1 de N. As variáveis mensuradas foram: produção de matéria seca (PMS), taxa de aparecimento de folha (TApF), taxa de alongamento de folha (TAlF), filocrono, taxa de alongamento de pseudocolmo (TAlC), comprimento final de folha (CFF) e números de folhas verdes (NFV). Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os tipos de composto e na interação composto x dose. Dessa forma, ambos poderiam ser utilizados sem que ocorresse prejuízo no aproveitamento dos nutrientes pelas plantas avaliadas no experimento. Houve diferença significativa entre a PMS, TApF, filocrono, TAlF e TAlC, NFV e TFF em função das doses crescentes de nitrogênio, segundo um modelo linear de predição. Também foi observado efeito dos períodos de corte, em que os cortes realizados no verão apresentaram melhor desempenho sobre as características morfogênicas e estruturais.

The organic fertilizer can be a viable alternative in the production of forage grasses, however there is little information regarding doses and composition of the major organic fertilizers. The aim of this paper was to verify the influence of the different doses of organic compost produced from two types of poultry litter on the structural, morphogenetic and productive characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cv 'Piatã'. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme l with parcel subdivided in time. The parcels were composed by six treatments: two types of compost (poultry litter based in sugar cane and napier grass) in three doses (100, 200 and 300kg ha-1 equivalent N.) and the subparcels by the four different periods of cut. The composts were applied in a unique dose, after the uniformization cut, at the quantities: 11,36 and 11,83, 22,73 and 23,67, 34,09 and 35,50 g pot-1 for the poultry litter based in sugar cane and napier grass, respectively which are equivalent to the rates of 0, 100, 200 and 300kg ha-1 of N. The variables measured were: dry matter production (DMP), leaf appearance rate (LApR), phyllochron, leaf elongation dose (LER) and shoots elongation rate (SER), number of green leaves (NGL), final size of the leaf (FSL). No significant difference between the types of composts and in the interaction compost x doses was observed, thus, both could be used without the risk of loss in the use of the nutrients by the plants evaluated in the experiment. There was a significant difference between the DMP, LApR, phyllochron, LER, SER, NGL and FSL because of the increasing rates of nitrogen, followed by a linear model of prediction. The effect of the periods of slaughter was also observed, where the slaughters carried out in the summer presented a better performance over the morphogenetic and structural features evaluated.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar diferentes doses de efluente de abatedouro avícola para proporcionar melhorias nas características produtivas, morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-piatã. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, adotando-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em que foram testadas cinco doses de efluentes: 324, 648, 972, 1.296 e 1620m³ ha-1 ou equivalente a 50, 100, 150, 200 e 250kg ha-1 de N. As variáveis mensuradas foram: produção de matéria seca (MS), taxa de aparecimento de folha (TApF), taxa de alongamento de folha (TAlF), filocrono, taxa de alongamento de pseudocolmo (TAlC), comprimento final de folha (CFF) e números de folhas verdes (NFV). A produção de MS seguiu um modelo linear de predição em função das doses efluente avícola, em que o tratamento com 250kg ha-1 de N foi 55% maior, quando comparado com o tratamento de 50kg ha-1 de N. Todas as características morfogênicas e estruturais avaliadas com exceção do filocrono apresentaram comportamento linear positivo. Dessa forma, o efluente de abatedouro avícola pode ser utilizado como uma alternativa para adubação do capim-piatã, pois este respondeu de maneira crescente até a dose máxima testada.

The organic fertilizer is considered a viable alternative for the production of forage grasses. However there is little information about the rates and composition of the organic fertilizers. According to this assumption the objective of this study was to figure out the best dose of effluent from poultry processing plants in order to improve the structural, morphogenetic and productive characteristics of Piata palidadegrass. The experiment was carried out at a greenhouse and performed in a completely randomized design in which five doses of effluent, 324, 648, 972, 1296 and 1620m³ ha-1 were tested and equivalent to 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250kg ha-1 de N respectively. The measured variables were: dry matter (DM), leaf appearance rate, leaf elongation rate, phyllochron, pseudo stem elongation rate, final leaf length and numbers of green leaves. The production of DM presented a linear prediction model according to the N rates, while the treatment with 250kg ha-1 de N was 55% higher when compared to the treatment with 50kg ha-1 de N. All morphogenetic and structural characteristics that were evaluated presented a positive linear fashion, except the phyllochron. Thus, the effluent from poultry processing plant may be used as an alternative to fertilization of the 'Piata' palisadegrass because this responded by increasing the maximum dose tested.

The objective was to evaluate the differences between distinct types of litter material and their combinations in the dynamics of degradation on the organic matter fractions and the quality of the final compound. The treatments were established according to material used as substrate for broiler litter: treatment 1 - rice husks; 2 - sugar cane bagasse; 3 - wood shavings; 4 - wood shavings + sugar cane bagasse; 5 - rice husks + sugar cane bagasse; and 6 - Napier grass. The following variables were monitored: temperature, levels of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), mass and volume of the pile, fibrous fraction, and levels and reductions of N, P and K during the process. Piles formed with Napier grass and sugar cane bagasse presented the highest average temperatures during composting. The greater average reductions in TS and VS were attained in piles with sugar cane bagasse (68.12 and 73.07%, for TS and VS, respectively). The reductions of greatest volume occurred in piles with sugar cane bagasse (52.08%), followed by Napier grass (50.56%). Poultry litters composed of rice husks and wood shavings presented 13.21 and 10.23% of lignin, respectively, which contributed to the lower degradation of fibrous fraction and degradability. Substrates with lower lignin content were those with greatest organic matter degradation rate and had reduced losses of N levels during the process. Composting performance is affected by the initial substrate used to compose the poultry litter.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a interferência do tempo de acúmulo sobre o desempenho do processo de biodigestão anaeróbia de dejetos de aves de postura. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos que constaram de 1, 8, 15 e 22 dias de acúmulo dos dejetos, efetuando-se cinco repetições por tratamento, totalizando assim 20 biodigestores. Foram utilizados biodigestores do tipo batelada de bancada com capacidade útil para 3 litros de substrato em fermentação. A eficiência do processo de biodigestão foi avaliada pelas reduções de sólidos totais (ST), sólidos voláteis (SV), número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, além das produções e dos potenciais de produção de biogás. Foram observadas reduções significativas dos conteúdos de SV presentes nos dejetos de aves à medida que se aumentaram os dias de acúmulo, sendo observados teores de SV (em % dos ST) de 97,1 e 75,6% no primeiro e após 22 dias de acúmulo, respectivamente. A redução de SV contribuiu para reduzir a produção e os potenciais de produção do biogás à medida que se aumentaram os dias de acúmulo, sendo observada redução de 37,2% no potencial de produção de biogás kg de SV-1 entre o menor e maior período de acúmulo, ou seja, 6,81 litros de biogás a menos por dia de acúmulo para cada kg de SV adicionado. Também foram observadas reduções de 100% no NMP de coliformes totais e termotolerantes ao final do processo, independente do tratamento testado. O tempo de estocagem contribui para reduzir os potenciais de produção de biogás dos dejetos de aves de postura.

The objective was to evaluate the interference of the time of accumulation of waste on the performance of the anaerobic digestion process of waste from laying hens. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments, which observed 1, 8, 15 and 22 days of accumulated waste with five repetitions per treatment, with a total of 20 digesters. It was used batch digesters of bench with useful capacity of 3 liters of substrate fermentation. The efficiency of digestion was evaluated by reductions in total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), most probable number (MPN) of total and thermotolerant coliforms, beyond the production and potential of biogas production. There were significant reductions in the levels of VS present in the laying hens waste as it increased the days of accumulation, being observed a level of VS (in percent of TS) of 97.1 and 75.6% of VS for 1 and 22 days of accumulation, respectively. The reduction in VS contributed to reduce the production and potential of biogas production as it increased the days of accumulation, and observed a 37.2% of reduction in the potential production of biogas kg VS-1 between the lowest and longer period of accumulation, or 6.81 liters less per day accumulation for each kg of VS added. It was also observed reductions of 100% in the MPN of total and thermotolerant coliforms at the end of the process, independent of the tested treatment. The storage time reduces the potential production of biogas from manure layers.

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of different levels of biofertilizers from cattle and swine manure on the structural, morphogenetic and productive characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized factorial design with split plots. The plots were defined by eight treatments: two biofertilizers (cattle and swine), four levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N.ha-1) and subplots by four different cutting periods. The cutting for plant uniformity was performed at 45 days after sowing at 15 cm above the soil surface. The biofertilizeres were applied in a single level, after the cutting of plants, in rates of 0, 0.23 and 0.19, 0.45 and 0.38, 0.68 and 0.57 liters pot-1 for the biofertilizers from cattle and swine manure, respectively. These rates were also equivalent to levels of 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N.ha-1. There was no significant difference between the types of biofertilizers as there was no interaction between them and the different levels, hence both biofertilizers could be applied without any loss of nutrient intake by the plants used in this experiment. There was a significant difference between the production of green and dry matter, the leaf appearance rate, phyllochron, leaf and pseudostem elongation rates, number of green leaves, final leaf length, number and weight of tillers, according to the increase of nitrogen rates, following linear prediction model. Effect of the cutting periods was also observed, once the plants harvested during the summer presented greater performance of structural and morphogenetic characteristics.

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o processo de biodigestão anaeróbia no tratamento de efluentes de abatedouro avícola, considerando-se os TRH de 7, 14 e 21 dias, além da adição de enzima lipolítica aos substratos, nas concentrações de 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 g L-1 de carga adicionada aos biodigestores. A influência dos TRH e da adição de enzima lipolítica aos substratos foi avaliada por meio das produções de biogás e CH4, dos potenciais de produção por DQO, adicionada e removida, bem como pelas reduções dos teores de DQO, concentrações de N, P e K e dos valores de pH. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que houve influência dos TRH (em que o TRH 7 expressou os melhores resultados, para produção semanal média de biogás, com 40,7 L, e CH4, com 32,2 L) e das concentrações de enzimas, com maiores valores de produção para os tratamentos 1,0 (24,6 L) e 1,5 g L-1 (26,2 L), que não diferiram entre si. As concentrações de enzimas de 1,0 e 1,5 g L-1 apresentaram maiores potenciais de produção de biogás (1,1 e 1,1 L g-1 de DQO adicionada, respectivamente) e metano (0,9 e 0,8 L g¹ de DQO adicionada, respectivamente), quando comparadas com as da 0,5 g L-1 (0,8 e 0,7 L g-1 biogás e CH4, respectivamente) e 0 (0,7 e 0,5 L g-1 biogás e CH4, respectivamente). As maiores remoções de DQO foram alcançadas nas concentrações de 0,5 g L-1 (83,3%) e TRH de 21 dias (74,4%). Contudo, para que haja maior eficiência na reciclagem energética, recomenda-se a utilização de concentrações de 1,0 g L-1 de efluente e tempo de retenção hidráulica de 7 dias.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the process of anaerobic digestion treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater, considering hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 7, 14 and 21 days, plus the addition of lipolytic enzyme to the substrates at concentrations of 0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 g L-1 charge added to the digesters. The influence of HRT and the addition of lipolytic enzyme to the substrates was evaluated by biogas production and CH4 production potentials for COD (chemical oxygen demand) added and removed as well as by reductions in the levels of COD, concentrations of N, P and K and pH values. The results showed that there was influence of HRT (HRT 7 in which the expressed best results, average weekly production of biogas with 40.7 L-1 and 32.2 L-1 CH4) and concentrations of enzymes with higher production values to treatments 1.0 (24.6 L) and 1.5 g L-1 (26.2 L), which did not differ. The enzyme concentrations of 1.0 and 1.5 g L-1 showed the largest potential for biogas production (1.1 and 1.1 g L-1 of COD added, respectively) and methane (0.9 and 0.8 g1 L COD added, respectively), compared with 0.5 g L-1 (0.8 and 0.7 g L-1 biogas and CH4 respectively) and 0 g L-1 (0.7 and 0.5 g L-1 biogas and CH 4, respectively). The highest COD removals were achieved at concentrations of 0.5 g L-1 (83.3%) and HRT of 21 days (74.4%). However for there to be a more efficient energy recycling, it is recommended to use concentrations of 1.0 g L-1 effluent and hydraulic retention time of seven days.