Clinical studies show that physical exercise has anxiolytic and pro-cognitive properties for both healthy individuals and psychiatric patients. Most of these data refer to the effects of aerobic exercise. However, other modalities such as resistance exercise deserve more attention because they may also modulate brain function. This study aimed to compare the effects of an aerobic exercise protocol on a treadmill and a resistance exercise protocol on a ladder apparatus on anxiety-like behavior, cognitive flexibility, and neuroplasticity parameters in healthy animals. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sedentary control, aerobic training, and resistance training. Subsequently, they were evaluated in the elevated plus-maze (EPM), light-dark box, and modified hole board (mHB) tests. The expressions of synaptophysin and postsynaptic plasticity protein 95 in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus were analyzed by immunofluorescence. The results demonstrated an anxiolytic effect promoted by exercise in the EPM, particularly in the animals submitted to aerobic training, and a mild pro-learning effect of both exercise modalities was observed in the mHB test. All groups showed similar outcomes in the other evaluations. Therefore, the exercise modalities investigated in the present study did not provide considerable modifications to such aspects of the emotional/cognitive functions and neuroplasticity under physiological contexts. Perhaps the two types of exercise acted in neurobiological pathways not analyzed in this study, or the effects may emerge under pathological contexts. These hypotheses should be tested in future studies.

Objective. The main aim of this investigation was twofold: first to evaluate the effects of exercise and whole body vibration training on flexibility in women with fibromyalgia (FM) and determine whether these improvements are related to symptom severity (stiffness and bodily pain). Method. Forty-six women (mean ± sd, age: 58.2 ± 8.5 years; weight: 72.1 ± 9.6 kg; height: 156.9 ± 6.1 cm) with FM were randomized into one of three groups: exercise and whole body vibration (WBV) training group (WBV + EX; n = 15), exercise training group (EX), and usual-care control group (CG). WBV + EX and EX groups carried out two sessions per week of exercise training for 8 weeks. In addition, WBV + EX group performed 3 vibration-training (30 Hz, 4 mm) sessions per week. Outcome assessed included sit and reach test (primary outcome), tender points (TP) evaluation, and a visual analog scale (VAS) was used to determine the stiffness level. Results. Results showed no statistical intra and intergroup differences in stiffness or the number of TP. However, a significant increment in the sit and reach performance was observed in WBV + EX (58%; p < 0.05). Moreover, correlation analysis showed an inverse and significant relationship (r = -0.55; p < 0.05) between sit and reach and number of TP in WBV+EX group. Conclusion. In conclusion, exercise and WBV seems to be effective on flexibility in women with FM. However, the number of TP and stiffness was not modified after the intervention.

Objetivo. En la presente investigación hemos planteado como objetivos principales, por un lado, valorar el efecto del ejercicio físico y el entrenamiento vibratorio sobre la amplitud de movimiento en mujeres con fibromialgia (FM) y, por otro, determinar si existe alguna relación entre dicha variable y el dolor y la rigidez. Método. La muestra estuvo constituida por un total de cuarenta y seis mujeres (edad: 58,2 ± 8,5 años; peso: 72,1 ± 9,6 kg; altura: 156,9 ± 6,1 cm) diagnosticadas con FM. Los participantes fueron divididos aleatoriamente en tres grupos: ejercicio físico y entrenamiento vibratorio (WBV + EJ; n = 15); ejercicio físico sin vibraciones (EJ; n = 15) y un grupo control (GC; n = 16). Los grupos WBV + EJ y EJ realizaron dos sesiones semanales de ejercicio físico durante 8 semanas. Además, los integrantes de WBV + EJ realizaron 3 sesiones semanales de entrenamiento vibratorio (30 Hz, 4 mm). Las pruebas de evaluación incluyeron el test de sit and reach (variable principal), la valoración del número de tender points (TP) y una escala analógica visual (VAS) para determinar la rigidez. Resultados. Los resultados derivados del análisis intra e intergrupo no mostraron diferencias significativas en la rigidez o el número de TP, si bien, la prueba de sit and reach mostró una mejora estadísticamente significativa en WBV + EJ (58%; p < 0,05). El análisis correlacional mostró una relación inversa (r = -0,55; p < 0,05) entre el sit and reach y el número de TP. Conclusión. Como conclusión, podemos indicar que los datos obtenidos en la presente investigación han mostrado los efectos significativos del entrenamiento vibratorio sobre la amplitud de movimiento en mujeres con FM, aunque el número de TP o la rigidez no se vieron afectados en ningún caso.

Historical documents and newspapers from Mexican Pacific states (north of 14° N) were reviewed to determine the incidence of landfalling tropical cyclones from 1850 to 1949, prior to the start of the United States National Hurricane Center database. The reviewed documents are only found in Mexican repositories at national, state and municipal level and the systematic search embarked upon in this study yielded valuable information that cannot be found elsewhere. A time series of landfall was reconstructed back to 1850, indicating active and quiet periods. An average of 1.8 ± 1.6 landfalls per year is determined from the time series for 1850-2010. When the series is limited to 1880-2010, eliminating the first 30 years that may have some undercounting, the average increases to 2.1 ± 1.6 cases per year. Spectral and wavelet analysis of the 161 years of landfalling tropical cyclones indicates that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) modulates the activity. The influence of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the landfall frequency may be present throughout the reconstruction period but both oscillations have lower correlations compared to that from the PDO.

Se revisaron periódicos y documentos históricos de los estados del Pacífico mexicano ubicados al norte de 14° N, para determinar la frecuencia de eventos de entrada a tierra de ciclones tropicales desde 1850 hasta 1949, cuando comienza la base de datos del Centro Nacional de Huracanes de Estados Unidos. Los documentos consultados únicamente existen en repositorios nacionales, estatales y municipales, y la búsqueda sistemática realizada en este estudio ha aportado información valiosa que no puede hallarse en otro lugar. A partir de estos documentos se ha reconstruido una base de datos que se remonta a 1850, la cual indica que ha habido tanto periodos activos como de poca incidencia de eventos de entrada a tierra. En promedio se observan 1.8 ± 1.6 eventos de este tipo por año, considerando el periodo 1850-2010. Cuando la serie se limita al periodo 1880-2010, sin considerar los primeros 30 años, en los que podría haber una subestimación de casos de entrada a tierra, el valor promedio aumenta a 2.1 ± 1.6 por año. El análisis espectral y de ondeletas de la serie completa de 161 años indica que la entrada a tierra por el Pacífico mexicano está modulada por la Oscilación Decenal del Pacífico. La influencia de El Niño/Oscilación del Sur y de la Oscilación del Atlántico Norte parece estar presente en la serie reconstruida pero la correlación es menor que con la Oscilación Decenal del Pacífico.