Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality, and survival of purple passion fruit grafted onto a rootstock tolerant to fusarium wilt in an area with a history of this disease. The treatments were the combination of three elite accessions of purple passion fruit (PutEdu01, TesEdu11, and a commercial accession as the control) and three rootstocks (ungrafted, autografted, and grafted onto Passiflora maliformis). TesEdu11 grafted onto P. maliformis shows the highest estimated yield at 307 days after transplanting in areas with fusarium wilt incidence.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo, a produção, a qualidade do fruto e a sobrevivência do maracujá-roxo enxertado em um porta-enxerto tolerante à fusariose, em uma área com histórico de ocorrência da doença. Os tratamentos foram combinações de três acessos elite de maracujá-roxo (PutEdu01, TesEdu11 e um acesso comercial como controle) e três porta-enxertos (pé-franco, autoenxerto e enxerto em Passiflora maliformis). TesEdu11 enxertada em P. maliformis apresenta a maior produção estimada aos 307 dias após transplante em áreas com incidência de fusariose.

RESUMEN Para aumentar la disponibilidad de nutrientes y mejorar la productividad de los cultivos, se introducen fertilizantes químicos en el suelo, aunque la fijación biológica de nitrógeno contribuye globalmente con 180 millones de toneladas métricas de amoníaco al año, lo que es comparable al aporte actual de nitrógeno antropogénico. De esta forma, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la interacción de Azospyrillum brasilense y Bradyrhizobium japonicum con diferentes niveles de nitrógeno sobre el rendimiento y la viabilidad económica del cultivo de tomate. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de parcelas divididas, siendo la dosis de fertilización nitrogenada la parcela mayor (100% de la dosis, 50% de la dosis y 0% de la dosis) y la parcela menor con bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno (100 cc ha-1, 200 cc ha-1, 300 cc ha-1) con cuatro bloques internos aleatorios y cinco plantas como unidad experimental. Las variables evaluadas fueron: producción por planta, rendimiento/ha, número de frutos/planta y peso promedio de fruto. Finalmente, se realizó el análisis económico según la combinación de los tratamientos. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la mezcla de bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno (BFN) (Azospyrillum brasilense y Bradyrhizobium japonicum) a una dosis de 100 cc ha-1, incrementó significativamente la producción de tomate cuando no se aplicó nitrógeno (urea). La aplicación de BFN en combinación con niveles adecuados de nitrógeno favorece la sostenibilidad del tomate.

ABSTRACT To increase the availability of nutrients and improve crop productivity, chemical fertilizers are introduced to the soil, although the biological fixation of nitrogen contributes globally with 180 million metric tons of ammonia per year, which is comparable to current contribution of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this way, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the interaction of Azospyrillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium japonicum with different levels of nitrogen on the yield and economic viability of the tomato crop. An experimental design of divided plots was used, with the nitrogen fertilization dose being the largest plot (100% of the dose, 50% of the dose and 0% of the dose) and the minor plot of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (100 cc ha-1, 200 cc ha-1, 300 cc ha-1) with four random internal blocks and five plants as experimental unit. The variables evaluated were: production per plant, yield/ha, number of fruits/plant and average fruit weight. Finally, the economic analysis was performed according to the combination of the treatments. The results obtained showed that the mixture of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (BFN) (Azospyrillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium japonicum) at a dose of 100 cc ha-1, significantly increased tomato production when nitrogen (urea) was not applied. The application of BFN in combination with adequate levels of nitrogen favors the sustainability of the tomato.

ABSTRACT The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. causes yield losses of up to 68% on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops. Genetic resistance in the host plant makes the crop sustainable and it can breakdown when there is a high population density of the pathogen. The objective of this study was to determine the nematode population density that allow determining the resistance potential of tomato germplasm associated with the Mi-1 resistance gen. The Mi-1 gene was evaluated with the molecular marker SCAR Mi-23 and specific primers in the genotypes COLY007, IAC1687, LA0445, IAC1622 and two commercial controls (susceptible and resistant). The damage scale and the number of individuals recovered (eggs and juveniles) were assessed, with different population densities of the pathogen inoculated (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 individuals plant-1), in a split plot design, with six replicates and a plant as the experimental unit. The genotype IAC1687 and the resistant commercial control presented the resistance allele of the Mi-1 gene and were classified as moderately resistant to a density of 1000 individuals plant-1. Despite having the Mi-1 gene, the COLY007 genotype was classified as moderately susceptible and with densities greater than 1000 individuals plant-1 can break resistance in all genotypes evaluated. Additionally, it is necessary to correlate the genotypic and phenotypic responses to guarantee the success of the selection supported by molecular markers such as SCAR Mi-23 and identify promising genotypes that could be included in a long-term breeding and also used as rootstocks in an integrated management of root-knot nematode.

ABSTRACT The inclusion of more sustainable alternatives such as bacterial inoculants is a viable option for the competitiveness of vegetable crops in tropical countries such as Colombia. The economic feasibility of a bacterial suspension of G. diazotrophicus applied to the carrot crop was determined. The native isolate G. diazotrophicus GIBI029 was evaluated and the strain ATCC 49037 was used as a control. The experiment was installed in a subdivided plot design, where the plot was the bacterium G. diazotrophicus (ATCC49037 and GIBI029. The subplot was the concentration of G. diazotrophicus (88×106 CFU/mL and 18×107 CFU/mL) and, in it, the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus (0% and 100% nitrogen and phosphorus) were assorted. The average weight of the carrot (g) and the yield by quality of the consuming organ (kg/ha) were evaluated. Through the production cycle, fixed, variable, and total costs were calculated. Benefit / cost ratios higher than 1.46 and net income up to US$ 10,817/ha were achieved. It is possible to efficiently and economically use the native isolate G. diazotrophicus GIBI029 in the search for more sustainable and competitive cultural practices.

Resumo Objetivou-se documentar e analisar o efeito do clima no desenvolvimento feno-lógico do abacateiro ‘Hass’ em duas zonas contrastantes dos trópicos andinos de Caldas, localizadas a 1.950m e 2.400m respectivamente. Um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado foi implantado usando uma árvore ‘Hass’ de cinco a sete anos como unidade experimental e 15 repetições em cada área. As observações foram realizadas em brotos silépticos laterais e suas gemas apicais correspondentes localizadas no lado leste e oeste de cada árvore. O destino da gema apical das brotações laterais foi quantificado, a fenologia floral foi documentada, as unidades de calor foram calculadas desde o estágio 1 da gema reprodutiva até a antese e até a colheita e o crescimento radicular foi acompanhado para cada área de estudo. Valores de temperatura do ar, temperatura do solo, precipitação e radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR) foram registrados ao longo do tempo. Foram encontradas diferenças no número de gemas apicais de brotações laterais com destino reprodutivo e vegetativo, fenologia de floração, unidades de calor, crescimento radicular, PAR e precipitação. Foram encontradas diferenças entre as variáveis avaliadas nas duas altitudes contrastantes. Há uma clara necessidade de mais estudos ecofisiológicos sobre está frutífera em áreas tropicais em particular.

Abstract The objective of this study was to document and analyze the effect of climate on the phenological development of ‘Hass’ avocado in two contrasting zones of the Andean tropics of Caldas, located at altitudes of 1,950m and 2,400m a.s.l., respectively. A completely randomized experimental design was carried out using a five to seven year-old ‘Hass’ tree as experimental unit and 15 replicates on each area. Observations were conducted on lateral sylleptic shoots and their corresponding apical buds located on the eastern and western sides of each tree. The destination of the apical bud of lateral shoots was quantified, floral phenology was documented, heat units were calculated from reproductive bud stage 1 to anthesis and to harvest and root growth was followed for each study area. Air temperature, soil temperature, precipitation and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) values were recorded over time. Differences were found in the number of apical buds of lateral shoots with reproductive and vegetative destination, flowering phenology, heat units, root growth, PAR and precipitation. Differences were found among variables evaluated at the two contrasting altitudes. There is a clear need for further ecophysiological studies on this fruit tree in tropical areas in particular.

ABSTRACT Much of the tomato diversity is found in cherry-type populations. There are promising wild cherry tomato species with good behavior in terms of yield and quality that can be produced with a minimum of agro-inputs. The genetic expression of genotypes is influenced by the optimal environment they can develop in. The genotype-environment interaction must be known to estimate the phenotypic adaptability in different environments. The objective of this research was to evaluate the genotype-environment interaction for 10 cherry tomato introductions in nine environments, four of which were artificial environments (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 of potassium) established in natural environments on the Farms Montelindo, Tesorito and CEUNP. The experiment design used randomized complete blocks with four replicates; the experiment unit consisted of five effective plants per introduction. The evaluated variables were production per plant (PFT) (kg/pl), number of fruits per plant (NFT), and average fruit weight (AWF) (g/fruit). The genotype×environment interaction and the stability of the 10 genotypes were estimated with the AMMI multivariate model. The environments for T120K and T180K were optimal for the variables associated with production (PFT, NFT and AWF), with IAC1621, IAC426 and IAC1624 being the most promising genotypes per environment on the Farms Tesorito, Montelindo and CEUNP, respectively. The results are useful for the identification of genotypes in key locations for selection and evaluation in breeding programs.

RESUMEN Gran parte de la diversidad del tomate se encuentra en las poblaciones tipo cereza. Se considera que hay especies silvestres de tomate cereza promisorias con buen comportamiento en rendimiento y calidad que pueden ser producidos con un mínimo de agroinsumos. La expresión genética de los genotipos está influenciada por el ambiente óptimo, en el cual puedan desarrollarse, para ello es necesario conocer la interacción genotipo-ambiente que permita estimar la adaptabilidad fenotípica de estos en diferentes ambientes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la interacción genotipo-ambiente de 10 introducciones de tomate cereza en nueve ambientes, de los cuales cuatro fueron ambientes artificiales (0, 60, 120 y 180 kg ha-1 de potasio) establecidos en ambientes naturales de las Granjas Montelindo, Tesorito y CEUNP. El diseño experimental fue bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones, la unidad experimental fue de cinco plantas efectivas por introducción. Las variables evaluadas fueron: producción por planta (PFT) (kg/pl), número de frutos por planta (NFT) y peso promedio de fruto (PPF) (g/fruto). Se estimó la interacción genotipo-ambiente y la estabilidad de los 10 genotipos a través del modelo multivariado AMMI. Los ambientes de T120K y T180K fueron óptimos para las variables asociadas a producción (PFT, NFT y PPF), siendo los genotipos más promisorios por ambiente IAC1621, IAC426 y IAC1624, en las Granjas Tesorito, Montelindo y CEUNP; respectivamente. Los resultados son útiles para la identificación de genotipos en localidades claves de selección y evaluación en programas de mejoramiento.

RESUMEN La interacción entre plantas y patógenos es una relación muy dinámica y compleja, que conlleva un alto grado de especificidad y es esta última característica, la que desencadena respuestas tan importantes en la supervivencia de uno u otro. El patosistema formado por tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) y Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) ha sido objeto de múltiples estudios, debido a la importancia de la hortaliza, a nivel mundial y por el impacto económico y ecológico del hongo, responsable de la marchitez vascular, provocando pérdidas que llegan hasta el 100%. Una forma de encontrar alternativas para el manejo de cualquier patosistema es conocer los actores involucrados y los mecanismos que rigen la interacción, a través de avances tecnológicos y científicos, que muestren, claramente, cómo se desarrolla la interacción, a nivel genético. Esta revisión recoge la información de fuentes científicas con énfasis en el conocimiento del hongo, el cultivo del tomate y la defensa vegetal, aplicada a este patosistema, así como los mecanismos moleculares.

ABSTRACT The interaction between plants and pathogens is a very dynamic and complex relationship that also includes a high degree of specificity, and it is precisely this last characteristic which triggers such important responses in the survival of one or the other. The pathosystem formed by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) has been the subject of multiple studies due to the importance of the vegetable worldwide and for the economic and ecological impact of the fungus responsible for the vascular wilt disease in tomato, causing losses that go up to 100%. One way to find alternatives for the management of any pathosystem is to know the actors involved and the mechanisms that govern the interaction through technological and scientific advances that clearly show how the interaction develops on a genetic level. This review collects the information from different scientific sources with focus on the knowledge of the fungus, tomato cultivation and plant defense applied to this pathosystem, as well as the molecular mechanisms.

RESUMO: A Colômbia é o quarto produtor e o terceiro em termos de área colhida, com uma participação de 6% da área mundial. O desenvolvimento e a promoção desta linha produtiva representam para a Colômbia uma importante fonte de crescimento na agricultura, para a geração de emprego e desenvolvimento rural com equidade para as diferentes regiões do país, devido à diversidade de pisos térmicos e às diferentes variedades plantadas. As importações deste produto diminuíram 96% nos últimos quatro anos, passando de 3128 toneladas em 2014 para 133 toneladas em 2017. Nos últimos anos, os projetos desenvolvidos no setor de abacate colombiano têm como objetivo o mercado externo devido à lucratividade desta fruta por sua demanda com a variedade Hass. Além disso, há um esforço estatal para implementar planos para regiões livres de pragas de quarentena que permitem o acesso a mercados estrangeiros. Dessa forma, constitui uma proposta estratégica composta por um conjunto coerente de objetivos, estratégias e programas que, com base em uma visão de futuro, buscam o objetivo inicial de duplicar a área de produção, garantindo condições tecnológicas e de inovação com alcance total nos mercados internacionais. Esta revisão tem como objetivo conhecer os principais desenvolvimentos da produção de abacate na Colômbia, seus desafios e oportunidades para a próxima década.

ABSTRACT: Colombia is the fourth largest avocado producer globally and the third largest in terms of harvested area, with a 6% share of the world area. The development and promotion of this production line represents an important source of growth in agriculture for Colombia, due to the generation of rural employment, equitable development across the different regions of the country, and due to the diversity of thermal floors and the different varieties planted. Imports of this product have decreased by 96% in the last four years from 3128 tons in 2014 to 133 tons in 2017. In recent years, the projects developed in the Colombian avocado sector have been aimed at the foreign market due to the profitability and demand of the Hass variety of this fruit. In addition, there is a state effort to implement plans for regions free of quarantine pests that allow access to foreign markets. This constitutes a strategic proposal made up of a coherent set of objectives, strategies and programmes which, based on a vision of the future, seek the initial goal of doubling the area of production. That move would ensure the technological and innovative conditions for sustainable and quality production, as well as achieve full links in international markets. This review aimed to know the main developments of avocado production in Colombia, its challenges and opportunities for the next decade.

RESUMEN El uso del potencial biotecnológico de microorganismos nativos como bioinsumos está teniendo un gran impacto en los sistemas agrícolas. Las rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (PGPR), además de su efecto benéfico en el crecimiento de las plantas y de facilitar la disponibilidad de elementos del suelo, también tienen un efecto antagónico frente a diferentes patógenos. En este estudio se evaluaron mecanismos de promoción del crecimiento con énfasis en el antagonismo de bacterias PGPR aisladas de cultivos de caña de azúcar y tomate. El antagonismo contra Fusarium oxysporum f.sp lycopersici (Fol) se determinó mediante pruebas duales, inhibición de la germinación y producción de quitinasas y endoglucanasas. Se evaluaron 52 aislamientos y según sus resultados en pruebas duales se seleccionaron 10 para su posterior análisis. El aislado GIBI127 mostró el mejor porcentaje de Inhibición de la Germinación (IG) de Fol (59,29%). Luego, se calculó un índice de selección utilizando los resultados de IG, pruebas duales y mecanismos de promoción del crecimiento para seleccionar los cinco mejores aislamientos. Finalmente, estas bacterias fueron evaluadas en la producción de quitinasas y endoglucanasas utilizando el método de Miller. Como resultado, se evidenció la cepa GIBI419 (Burkholderia cepacia) como la de mayor producción de estas enzimas. Los aislados seleccionados tienen un potencial antagónico junto con características de promoción del crecimiento de las plantas, que pueden usarse para el desarrollo de inoculantes microbianos que permitan el establecimiento de sistemas agrícolas para el cultivo de tomate que sean sostenibles, eficientes y amigables con el medio ambiente.

ABSTRACT Use of biotechnological potential of native microorganisms as bio-inputs is having a great impact on agricultural systems. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), in addition to their beneficial effect on plant growth and on the availability of soil elements, also have an antagonistic effect against different pathogens. In this study, growth promotion mechanisms with emphasis on the antagonism of PGPR isolated from sugarcane and tomato crops were evaluated. Antagonism against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp lycopersici (Fol) was determined by dual tests, inhibition of germination and production of chitinases and endoglucanases. 52 isolates were evaluated and according to their results in dual tests 10 were selected for further analysis. Isolate GIBI127 showed the best percentage of Inhibition Germination (IG) of Fol (59.29%). Then, a selection index was calculated using results from gi, dual tests and growth promotion mechanisms to select five best isolates. Finally, these bacteria were evaluated for chitinases and endoglucanases production using Miller's method. As a result, strain GIBI419 (Burkholderia cepacia) showed a higher production of these enzymes. Selected isolates have antagonistic potential along with plant growth promotion characteristics, which can be used for the development of microbial inoculants which allow the establishment of agricultural systems for tomato cultivation that are sustainable, efficient, and environmentally friendly.

RESUMEN Se evaluó la interacción genotipo-ambiente (IGA) de 10 accesiones de tomate cereza en nueve ambientes, los cuales estuvieron conformados por cuatro ambientes artificiales (0, 60 120 y 180 kg ha-1 de potasio) establecidos en ambientes naturales de las Granjas Montelindo (Palestina), Tesorito (Manizales) y CEUNP (Palmira) (Colombia). El material vegetal incluyó diez genotipos de tomate cherry obtenidos de los bancos de germoplasma del Instituto Agronómico de Campinas y del Centro de Recursos Genéticos de Tomate (TGRC). Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con cuatro bloques correspondientes al nivel de fertilización con potasio (0, 60, 120, 180 kg ha-1); particularmente, 0 kg ha-1 es el nivel reportado para el suelo. El tamaño efectivo de la unidad experimental fue de siete plantas; la parcela incluía las cinco plantas centrales. Se estableció una distancia de 1,5 m entre filas, 0,50 m entre plantas y 2 m entre bloques. Las variables evaluadas fueron: contenido de sólidos solubles (°Brix), contenido de vitamina C (mg/100 g peso fresco) y contenido de licopeno (µg g-1 peso fresco). El análisis de varianza (ANOVA) reveló diferencias significativas (P(0.01) entre genotipos de tomate, ambientes y su interacción para las tres características evaluadas. El análisis AMMI identificó ambientes semejantes y contrastantes y se discriminó los genotipos que más contribuyeron a la IGA. Los ambientes de 180 y 120 kg ha-1 de potasio fueron favorables para la expresión del contenido de vitamina C y Palmira para la variable contenido de licopeno. Los resultados encontrados podrían ser de gran utilidad para identificar localidades óptimas y genotipos élite que pueden ser utilizados como fuentes de variabilidad en programas de mejoramiento de la calidad del fruto de tomate.

ABSTRACT Genotype-environment interactions (GEI) were assessed in 10 cherry tomato accessions in nine environments, including four artificial settings (0, 60 120, and 180 kg ha-1 of potassium) established on the experimental farms Montelindo (Palestina), Tesorito (Manizales), and CEUNP (Palmira) (Colombia). The plant material included 10 cherry tomato genotypes obtained from the germplasm bank at the Instituto Agronómico de Campinas and Tomato Genetics Resources Center (TGRC). A completely randomized block design with four blocks corresponding to the level of potassium fertilization was used (0, 60, 120, 180 kg ha-1); 0 kg ha-1 was the level reported for the soil. The effective size of the experiment unit was seven plants; the plot included the five central plants. A distance of 1.5 m between rows, 0.50 m between plants, and 2 m between blocks was used. The contents of soluble solids (°Brix), vitamin C (mg/100 g fresh weight), and lycopene (µg g-1 fresh weight) were assessed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences (P(0.01) between the tomato genotypes, environments, and G×E interactions for the three assessed traits . The AMMI analysis identified similar and contrasting environments and determined the genotypes that contributed the most to the GEI. The environments with 120 and 180 kg ha-1 potassium favored the expression of vitamin C, while Palmira favored the lycopene content. The findings are useful for identifying optimal locations and elite genotypes that can be used as sources of variability in fruit quality improvement programs for cherry tomatoes.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la tolerancia al estrés hídrico y salino en cuatro especies cultivadas de Passiflora L. Se evaluaron 11 accesiones de cuatro especies de Passiflora de interés comercial provenientes de diferentes plantaciones. El diseño experimental fue en parcelas subdivididas, donde la parcela principal fue el porcentaje de saturación de agua en relación con los requisitos del cultivo (33 y 100%). La subparcela se estableció por los niveles de saturación de sal (cloruro de sodio nivel reactivo - 99,9% de pureza) (CE: 1.50 y 5.5 dS m-1) con 11 accesiones en una disposición completamente aleatoria, con cinco repeticiones, donde la unidad experimental fue una planta. Los resultados mostraron que las accesiones m11, m13 (P. edulis f. flavicarpa) y m15 (P. tarminiana) se consideraron tolerantes a la salinidad y la sequía; las accesiones m2 (P. edulis f. edulis), m12 y m14 (P. edulis f. flavicarpa) fueron moderadamente tolerantes. Estas observaciones son la base para futuros estudios de tolerancia a la sequía en Passiflora, que deben ser seguidos por evaluaciones de campo.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine tolerance to water and salt stress in four cultivated Passiflora L. species. Eleven accessions of four Passiflora species of commercial interest from different plantations were evaluated. The experiment design used sub-split plots, where the plot was the percentage of water saturation in relation to the requirements of the crop (33 and 100%). The subplot was established with the saturation levels of salt (sodium chloride reactive level - 99.9% purity) (EC: 1.5 and 5.5 dS m-1) with the 11 accessions in a completely randomized array with five replications, where the experiment unit was one plant. The results showed that accessions m11, m13 (P. edulis f. flavicarpa) and m15 (P. tarminiana) were tolerant to salinity and drought; accessions m2 (P. edulis f. edulis), m12 and m14 (P. edulis f. flavicarpa) were moderately tolerant. These observations provided a basis for future studies on drought tolerance in Passiflora, which must be followed up with field evaluations.

Resumen Este estudio muestra el efecto de tres cepas de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (PGPR) del género Bacillus sobre el desarrollo de la mora (Rubus glaucus Benth) bajo condiciones de semitecho y libre exposición (sistemas de cultivo). La cepa endógena Bacillus subtilis GIBI-200, B. pumilus GIBI-206, su mezcla (B. subtilis GIBI-200 + B. pumilus GIBI-206) y la cepa comercial B. subtilis QST-713 se compararon con la fertilización mineral convencional (Control) en cada sistema de cultivo. El sistema a libre exposición presentó valores más altos (P <0.001) que el semitecho en: número total de ramas (7.32), número de ramas productivas (7.0), flores por racimo (26.2) y menor porcentaje de ramas improductivas (6.1%). Se obtuvo diferencias significativas (P <0.05) en el número total de ramas a través del tiempo como efecto de las cepas bacterianas. No obstante, la última observación de esta variable no presentó diferencias estadísticas entre cepas y fertilización mineral. No se observaron diferencias significativas en términos de número, longitud, diámetro y flores en las ramas productivas como efecto de las cepas bacterianas y el Control. B. subtilis GIBI-200 + B. pumilus GIBI-206 mostró un comportamiento estadístico similar comparado con la fertilización mineral en el número de racimos (8.3) y porcentaje de ramas improductivas (11.1%). Además, GIBI-200 + GIBI-206, a pesar de la igualdad estadística, expuso mayores valores que las cepas individuales. El sistema a libre exposición sigue siendo la alternativa más prometedora para el desarrollo de cultivos de mora y PGPR actúan como biofertilizantes permitiendo lograr efectos en el crecimiento a largo plazo de mora, similar a la fertilización mineral. Las mezclas de PGPR pueden producir un efecto sinérgico y nuevas combinaciones deben ser evaluadas en futuros estudios.

Abstract This study shows the effect of three plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains of the genus Bacillus on blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.) development under semi cover and field conditions (cropping systems). Endogenous strain Bacillus subtilis GIBI-200, B. pumilus GIBI-206, its mixture (B. subtilis GIBI-200 + B. pumilus GIBI-206), and commercial strain B. subtilis QST-713 were compared to conventional mineral fertilization (Control) in each cropping system. Field condition system presented higher values (P<0.001) than semi cover in: total number of branches (7.32), number of productive branches (7.0), flowers per raceme (26.2), and the lowest percentage of unproductive branches (6.1%). Significant differences (P<0.05) were obtained in total number of branches over time by bacterial strains. Nonetheless, last observation of this variable did not present statistical differences among strains and mineral fertilization. No significant differences were evident in terms of number, length, diameter and flowers in the productive branches regarding to bacterial strains and Control. B. subtilis GIBI-200 + B. pumilus GIBI-206 showed a similar statistical behavior compare to mineral fertilization in the number of clusters (8.3) and percentage of unproductive branches (11.1%). In addition, GIBI-200 + GIBI-206, despite statistical equality, exposed greater values than individual strains. Field condition system remains the most promising alternative for the development of blackberry crop and PGPR acts as biofertilizers achieving effects in the long-term growth of blackberry similar to mineral fertilization. Mixtures of PGPR can produce a synergic effect and new combinations should be evaluated in future studies.

RESUMEN Passiflora tarminiana es una glicofita trepadora, nativa de la región andina que tiene tolerancia a la salinidad y estrés hídrico moderado. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad para la excreción de sodio como una posible estrategia de esta especie para la tolerancia a la salinidad y a la sequía. La excreción de sal y las concentraciones de iones excretados se examinaron en plantas cultivadas durante siete meses bajo varios niveles de salinidad [(NaCl) 2,5; 4,0 y 5,5 dS m-1 (25, 40 y 55 mM)] y de estrés hídrico moderado (33 y 100% de humedad en el sustrato). El experimento fue llevado a cabo en un diseño completamente al azar con un arreglo de parcelas subdivididas, donde la parcela constituye el porcentaje de saturación de agua (33 y 100%), la subparcela los niveles de saturación de sal (CE: 2,5; 4,0 y 5,5 dS m-1), con cinco repeticiones, y la unidad experimental compuesta por una planta. Se evaluaron los cristales de sal y las estructuras de la epidermis foliar. Las sales fueron excretadas en la superficie adaxial de la hoja, posiblemente debido a las glándulas secretoras de sal especializadas. Se observaron otras estructuras como tricomas y papilas, que se cree que también están implicadas en la tolerancia a la salinidad en P. tarminiana.

ABSTRACT Passiflora tarminiana is a climbing glycophyte, native to the Andean region that has tolerance to salinity and moderate water stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate its capacity for sodium excretion as a possible strategy for salinity tolerance and the drought. Salt excretion and excreted ion concentrations were evaluated in plants grown for seven months under various levels of salinity [(NaCl) 2.5, 4.0, and 5.5 dS m-1 (25, 40 and 55 mM)] and moderate water stress (33 and 100% moisture in the substrate). The experiment design was completely randomized in a split-plot array, where the plot was determined by the percentage of water saturation (33% and 100%). The ubplot had saturation levels of salinity (EC: 2.5, 4.0, and 5.5 dS m-1), with five replicates. The experiment unit consisted of one plant. Salt crystals and structures of the leaf epidermis were evaluated. Salts were excreted in the adaxial leaf surface, possibly because of specialized salt secreting glands. Other structures, such as trichomes and papillae, were also observed, which are believed to also be involved in the salt tolerance of P. tarminiana.

RESUMO Atualmente, o tomate é uma das culturas mais cultivadas no mundo, com o maior valor econômico, aumentando sua demanda e, assim, sua expansão, produção e comercialização. A cultura do tomate é suscetível ao ataque de patógenos com consequências devastadoras no declínio da produtividade de 50 para 100%. Por esta razão, novos métodos de produção são propostos, como o uso de porta-enxertos selvagens, que possuem alta variabilidade genética e genes responsáveis pela resistência a fungos, bactérias, vírus e nematoides. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do enxerto de cultivares comerciais de tomateiro sobre genótipos de tomateiro em produtividade e qualidade de frutos. O experimento foi organizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. A unidade experimental consistiu em quatro plantas, espaçadas a 0,9 m entre linhas (canais), 0,30 m entre linhas duplas e 0,4 m entre plantas. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação dos seguintes fatores: três porta-enxertos promissores (IAC391, IAC426 e LA2076), dois enxertos comerciais (Calima e Torrano), dois métodos de enxertia (fenda e inglês simples) e dois controles comerciais não enxertados. Os componentes de rendimento, teor de sólidos solúveis, porcentagem de qualidade dos frutos e peso médio dos frutos foram avaliados. O IAC391 foi o porta-enxerto mais promissor, alcançando produções semelhantes às dos controles. O método de enxertia de fenda atingiu uma taxa de sucesso de 98,3%. O enxerto comercial Torrano se destacou por alcançar os maiores rendimentos.

ABSTRACT Currently, tomato is one of the most cultivated crops worldwide, with the highest economic value, increasing its demand and, thus, its expansion, production, and trade. The tomato crop is susceptible to attack of pathogens with devastating consequences on the decline in yields from 50 to 100%. For this reason, new production methods are proposed such as grafting in wild rootstocks, which have high genetic variability and genes responsible for resistance to fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grafting commercial tomato cultivars onto cherry tomato genotypes on yield and fruit quality. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. The experimental unit consisted of four plants. spaced at 0.9 m between rows (channels), 0.30 m between double rows, and 0.4 m between plants. The treatments consisted of the combination of the following factors: three promising rootstocks (IAC391, IAC426, and LA2076), two commercial scions (Calima and Torrano), two grafting methods (cleft and splice), and two ungrafted commercial controls. Yield components, soluble solids content, percentage of fruit quality, and average fruit weight were evaluated. IAC391 was the most promising rootstock, reaching productions similar to those of the controls. The cleft grafting method, reached a success rate of 98.3%. The commercial scion Torrano stood out for achieving the highest yields.

Meloidogyne spp. es un problema de gran importancia económica en el cultivo de tomate tipo cherry, causando pérdidas en rendimiento del 25 al 50%, lo cual conlleva a la búsqueda de materiales silvestres resistentes o promisorios. El objetivo de este trabajo fue contribuir en el conocimiento de la epidemiología del nematodo del Nudo radical, causado por Meloidogyne spp. en quince introducciones de tomate silvestre tipo cereza sembrados a libre exposición y bajo semitecho y, determinar las especies de Meloidogyne presentes en el cultivo. Se utilizó un diseño de parcelas divididas, las parcelas principales fueron asignadas a los dos sistemas de producción (libre exposición y semitecho), mientras que las subparcelas fueron asignadas a las introducciones de tomate, con cuatro repeticiones. El tamaño efectivo de la unidad experimental fue de cuatro plantas por repetición. Se evaluó el daño radical causado por el nematodo y se hizo identificación de especies tanto en hembras como en juveniles (J2). Se realizó un análisis de varianza y pruebas de promedio tipo Duncan. En el sistema productivo a libre exposición la población de nematodos osciló entre 29.472 en IAC1624 y 170.804 en IAC421 con un promedio de 97.677 nematodos y en el sistema bajo semitecho, osciló entre 57.871 en IAC391 y 197.800 en LA2692 con un promedio de 108.572 nematodos, lo que demuestra que este sistema reduce el ciclo del nematodo, y por consiguiente, aumenta la población. Las especies identificadas según el método del patrón perineal sobre las hembras fueron Meloidogyne incognita(80%) y Meloidogyne javanica (20%).

Meloidogyne spp. is a problem of great economic importance in tomato Cherry, causing yield losses ranging from 25 to 50%, which conduce to look for wild materials resistant or promising. The objective of this work was to contribute to the knowledge of the epidemiology of the root knob nematode, caused by Meloidogyne spp. in fifteen introductions of wild tomato Cherry planted at free exposition and semi cover, and to determine the species of Meloidogyne present in the crop. The experimental design was a split plots, the main plots were the two production systems, the subplots, the tomato introductions, with four replications and four plants per replication. Was determined the root damage caused by the nematode and the identification of the species in both females and juveniles (J2). It was conducted an analysis of variance and Duncan's tests. According to the analysis, at free exposition, the population of nematodes ranged between 29.472 in IAC1624 and 170.804 in IAC421 with an average of 97.677 nematodes and under semi cover, ranged between 57.871 in IAC391 and 197.800 in LA2692 with an average of 108.572 nematodes, which demonstrate that under this system the cycle of the nematode is reduced, increasing its population. According to the perineal pattern of the females, were identified two species of the nematode: Meloidogyne incognita with a frequency of 80% and M. javanicawith a frequency of 20%.