RESUMO O avanço tecnológico sugere o desenvolvimento de novos materiais e novas tecnologias que possam proporcionar produtos competitivos economicamente e com as propriedades mecânicas desejadas. Durante o processo de cementação e posterior têmpera o material sofre uma transformação, passando de uma estrutura austenítica para martensitica. Essa transformação geralmente não é completa devido a estabilização do carbono e outros elementos de liga, restando uma fase residual de austenita. Este componente degrada as propriedades mecânicas do aço, provocando alterações dimensionais e diminuição em sua resistência mecânica. Para limitar a presença da austenita retida, além de processos de conformação mecânica, o revenimento é um dos tratamentos térmicos mais empregados. Estes métodos exigem equipamentos de elevado custo, procedimentos complexos e elevadas incertezas nos resultados. Neste contexto surge como alternativa o processo de tratamento superficial através de shot peening a fim de melhorar as propriedades mecânicas na superfície dos metais. Diante do exposto este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma técnica confiável para redução do percentual de austenita retida em martensita, melhorando o desempenho de componentes cementados. Para tal foi realizada a cementação de uma amostra de aço para aplicação dos processos de shot peening dinâmico e estático e posterior análise microestrutural e de microdureza. Os resultados indicaram que a aplicação dos processos mecânicos de shot peening se apresentou com uma técnica confiável para transformação da austenita retida em martensita, melhorando o desempenho de componentes cementados. Dentre estes processos o de shot peening estático foi o que apresentou melhor rendimento com valores de percentual de austenita retida de 6,04% e microdureza de 92 HV. Os resultados são coerentes com os encontrados na literatura e contribuem para que esta técnica possa ser utilizada no intuito de proporcionar um material com menor índice de falha.

ABSTRACT The technological advancement suggests the development of the new materials and technologies that can be supply economically competitive products and with the desired mechanical properties. During the carburizing process and quenching the material undergoes a transformation from that austenitic for the martensitic structure. This transformation is generally not full due of the carbon stabilization and other alloy elements result in the austenite residual phase. This component destroys the mechanical properties of steel causing dimensional changes and decreasing in its mechanical strenght. For the limit the presence retained austenite, moreover of the mechanical forming process, the tempering is one of the most used heat treatments. These methods require expensive cost equipments, complex procedures and high uncertainties in the results. In the context the superficial treatment process trought the shot peening appears as a alternative to improve the mechanical properties in the surface of the metals. Given the above that this paper aims to develop a reliable technique for the decreasing the percentage retide austenite in the martensite improving the performance of cemented componentes. To this end, the steel sample was realized the carburing of for the application of the dinamic and static shot peening process and microstructutal and microhardness analisys. The results indicated that the application of the shot peening mechanical process performed with the reliable technique for the transformation from retide austenite for the martensite, improving the performance of the cemented components. Among these processo the static shot peening was the presented the best performance with the retained austenite porcentage values of 6,04% and microhardness of 92 HV. The results are consistents with the those found in the literature and contribute for that technique can be used in order to provide the material with minor failure rate.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to form a hydrophobic surface in a highly porous wood by coating and incorporating TiO2 micro/nano structures through the microwave-assisted solvotermal method, without need any pre- or post-modification of the wood substrate, using low temperatures and short times. The behavior and morphology of the TiO2-treated surfaces was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the elemental composition was determined via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results indicated that the crystallization of the TiO2 anatase phase was efficient and fully coated the wood surface during the solvothermal process. The treated wood contained TiO2 particles agglomerate with an average diameter of 200 nm that also allowed to coat an abundant fraction of tracheids cell walls. When investigated through X-ray spectroscopy-mapping, the element titanium appeared abundantly throughout the wood. After TiO2 growth in wood through the microwave-assisted solvotermal method, a roughness at the micro/nano scales structures was created on the wood surface, originating an increase in the contact angle up to 137°, which characterizes the appearance of a hydrophobic surface. The TiO2-treated wood demonstrated 85% of water absorption after 400 h of immersion, while untreated wood reached 160%, suggesting that the microwave-assisted solvotermal process promotes a delay in the progression of water absorption. This feature can improve the dimensional stability of wood, contributing to the increase of its durability and applications.

Abstract: This study aimed to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method to incorporate them to the structure of Pinus elliottii wood. The color changes and the decay resistance of impregnated wood was investigated. The titanium dioxide nanoparticles were impregnated into Pinus elliottii wood by vacuum-pressure and simple immersion methods. Furthermore, Pinus elliottii wood was treated with chromated copper borate solution tocompare their effectiveness to the titanium dioxide treated wood. The titanium dioxide nanoparticles impregnated by vacuum-pressure were presented especially on the wood surface, forming a homogeneous coating. The titanium dioxide nanoparticles did not change the natural color of wood and, at the same time, decreased the degree of the white rot fungus (Ganoderma applanatum) colonization in the wood structure and the wood decay, compared to the untreated one. The titanium dioxide treated wood samples provided similar protection against decay in comparison to wood treated with chromated copper borate. The impegnation with titanium dioxide nanoparticles can be a good alternative to decrease/avoid the fungi proliferation, providing to Pinus elliottii wood a self-cleaning mechanism.

RESUMO Os objetivos deste estudo foram os seguintes: a) observar o efeito de termorretificação sobre a durabilidade natural da madeira de Eucalyptus tereticornis e Corymbia citriodora após ataque de fungos causadores de podridão-branca (Trametes versicolor eGanoderma applanatum); b) avaliar parâmetros colorimétricos após a submissão das madeiras a tratamentos térmicos e aos fungos T. versicolor e G. applanatum. Para realização do estudo, corpos de prova de ambas as espécies foram submetidos aos tratamentos: T1 - testemunha; T2 - autoclave (120 °C) a 1,5 kgf/cm2 durante 1 h; T3 - estufa laboratorial (180 °C) por 4 h; e T4 - térmico combinado [120 °C (1 h) + 180 °C (4 h)]. Posteriormente, os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao apodrecimento acelerado, sendo expostos às duas espécies de fungos por 16 semanas. Após esse período, foram avaliadas a perda de massa e as variáveis colorimétricas, através dos parâmetros L*, a*, b*, C* e hº antes e depois do ataque pelos fungos. De acordo com os resultados, E. tereticornis e C. citriodora foram classificados como altamente resistentes a fungos apodrecedores, exceto no tratamento testemunha de C. citriodora submetido ao ataque de G. applanatum, o qual foi classificado como resistente. Com os tratamentos T3 e T4, a perda de massa foi reduzida em ambas as espécies de madeira. As maiores mudanças nos parâmetros colorimétricos ocorreram devido ao tratamento térmico e à pouca variação observada com o ataque dos fungos apodrecedores. Houve redução da variável claridade (L*) e queda das matrizes vermelho (a*) e amarelo (b*), razão por que o tratamento térmico mostrou-se como alternativa para proteção e escurecimento da madeira de eucalipto, tornando-a mais próxima de padrões de coloração de madeiras nobres.

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were: a) to observe the effect of heat treatment on natural durability of Eucalyptus tereticornis and Corymbia citriodora wood to attack of white rot fungi (Trametes versicolor and Ganoderma applanatum); b) to evaluate colorimetric parameters after the submission of the woods to heat treatments andT. versicolor and G. applanatum fungi. To start the study, samples of both specie were submitted to the treatments: T1 - control; T2 - autoclave (120 °C) at 1,5 kgf/cm2 for 1 h; T3 - oven (180 °C) for 4 hours; and T4 - thermal combined [120 °C (1 h) + 180 °C (4 h)]. Subsequently, the samples were subjected to accelerated decay, being exposed to both species of fungi for 16 weeks. After this period, the mass loss and the colorimetric variables through the parameters L*, a*, b*, C* and hº were evaluated before and after the fungal attack. According to the results, E. tereticornis and C. citriodora were classified as highly resistant to decay fungi, except for the control treatment of C. citriodora subject to the attack ofG. applanatum, which was classified as resistant. T3and T4 treatments reduced the mass loss for both wood species. The biggest changes in colorimetric parameters occur due to heat treatment and minimum variation was observed with the attack of decay fungi. There was a reduction in the variable lightness (L*) and red (a*) and yellow (b*) matrix, thereby the heat treatment could be an alternative to protection and darkening of eucalyptus wood approximating these to hardwood patterns.