Abstract Deep vein thrombosis in the upper extremities is uncommon, especially in the pediatric population and in the trauma setting. The diagnosis is challenging, due to its rarity, requiring a high degree of suspicion. We describe a rare case of humeral vein thrombosis after a displaced supracondylar fracture of the humerus in a 7-year-old girl. The risk factors for thromboembolism and sequelae are also discussed. The early detection and treatment are mandatory to prevent poor outcomes, such as fatal thromboembolism.

Resumo Trombose venosa profunda nas extremidades superiores é incomum, especialmente na população pediátrica e no ambiente do trauma. O diagnóstico é desafiador, devido a sua raridade, exigindo alto grau de suspeita. Descrevemos um caso raro de trombose venosa úmera após uma fratura supracondilar deslocada do úmero em uma menina de 7 anos. Os fatores de risco para tromboembolismo e sequelas também são discutidos. A detecção e o tratamento precoces são obrigatórios para evitar desfechos ruins, como tromboembolismo fatal.

Abstract Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) frequently progress to involve the inferior vena cava (IVC) and even the right atrium (RA). Nephrectomy and eradication of the tumour thrombus, can extend survival and prevent symptoms of venous congestion. The authors evaluated the institutional experience of a tertiary center in the surgical management of RCC patients with tumour thrombi invading the IVC. Methods: Retrospective analysis of a single-center consecutive serie of patients with RCC and IVC tumor thrombi treated with surgery in our department between 2012 and 2021 was carried out. Demographic data, diagnostic and procedural characteristics, clinical outcomes and survival analysis were examined. Results: Of the included 18 patients, 33% (n=6) had smoking history, 78% (n=14) hypertension, 33% (n=6) diabetes and dyslipidaemia. Mean tumour size was 8.78±2.47cm (3-12cm), and 67% (n=12) of the cases were renal clear cell adenocarcinoma. On the basis of the Neves classification for IVC thrombus extension, 39% (n=7) of the patients had level I; 28% (n=5) level II; 17% (n=3) level III and 17% (n=3) level IV. The majority underwent radical nephrectomy, with cavotomy and vena cava thrombus removal followed by lateral venorrhaphy of the vena cava (89%,n=16). In one patient an infra-renal IVC ligation was performed and, in another patient, an IVC interposition with PTFE and a protesic-renal bypass were performed. In level IV, combined open sternotomy and cardiac bypass for RA thrombus control were necessary. Mean total operative time was 3h4min±1h19min and median intraoperative blood loss was 600ml requiring a median blood cells transfusion of 3.5units (0,16) during the hospital stay. Median ICU days was 2 days (0,14) and median hospital stay was 8 days (4,61). The mean preoperative serum creatinine was 1.23+0.38 mg/dL. After surgery, there was a mean decrease of serum creatinine of 0.001 mg/dL (p=.991) (paired T test), confirming the absence of renal impairment. Only one patient required reintervention in the post-operative course for splenectomy. Post-operative complications included one case of pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, acute coronary syndrome and two cases of temporary acute renal lesion. There was no 30-day mortality. Five patients underwent adjuvant chemotherapy. Median follow-up time was 19.5 months (6-46.2 months). The four-year overall survival rate was of 52.4% (figure 1). Conclusion: For advanced RCC with tumour thrombus extension into the IVC, despite the expected poor prognosis, nephrectomy and eradication of the entire tumour thrombus, has low morbidity and can prolong patient survival, in line with the presented results.

Abstract Introduction: Delayed type Ia endoleaks are often associated with proximal extension of the aneurysmal degeneration to the juxtarenal aortic segment. Endovascular treatment of type Ia endoleaks secondary to aortic neck dilatation can raise many technical challenges related to the previous implanted stent graft. Case report: The authors present a clinical case of an 84 year-old man, with a past medical history of atrial fibrillation, acute ischemic stroke, hypertension and dyslipidemia, that initially underwent an EVAR for a 5.5.cm infrarenal AAA with a TREO Bolton® endograft. After 3 years of follow-up, the CTA scan showed a delayed type Ia endoleak secondary to aortic neck dilatation with significant growth of the aneurysmatic sac. An endovascular proximal extension was planned, using a Zenith Fenestrated (ZFEN) platform (Cook Medical, Bloomington, Ind) but the short distance to the previous EVAR bifurcation did not allow the implantation of a standard 94cm CE fenestrated stent graft. To overcome this challenge, on-table modification of the fenestrated stent graft was performed by cutting the distal aortic stent. The stent graft was partially deployed on-table, the distal stent was cut with thermocautery, and the device was re-sheathed. The fenestrated cuff was then implanted in the standard fashion with target vessel catheterization and stenting. Two aortic covered stents (Aortic Begraft Bentley® 18mm) were implanted inside each iliac limb of the previous EVAR and sealed proximally in a parallel graft configuration on the fenestrated cuff. The final completion angiogram demonstrated perfusion of the visceral arteries, resolution of the Ia endoleak and without further endoleaks, as well as perfusion of both hypogastric arteries. At two months of follow up, the patient remains asymptomatic and the CTA scan showed resolution of the type Ia endoleak but the presence of a late type II endoleak. Discussion: Delayed type Ia endoleaks associated with proximal extension of the aneurysmal degeneration to the juxtarenal aortic segment, can raise some technical difficulties related to the previous implanted stent graft. Careful evaluation of patient anatomy and previous endografts should be done in planning for these procedures. On table physician modification of stent grafts is a valid solution to overcome challenging cases limitations. Further long-term follow-up is needed.

Abstract Introduction: Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) offers significant advantages on aneurysm treatment. However, the management of EVAR complications or failure often results in complex surgical approaches, sometimes requiring graft explantation which remains a major challenge and one associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study is to review our contemporary institutional experience with EVAR explantation. Methods: An institutional administrative database was reviewed to identify patients who were subject of graft explantation following standard infra-renal EVAR between 2011 and 2021. Follow-up was extracted from patient charts. The primary endpoint was perioperative mortality (30-days or in-hospital). Demographics, indications for explantation and procedure details were evaluated. Results: Over a 10-year period, between 2011 and 2021, there were 617 standard primary EVAR procedures performed in our institution for infrarenal aortic aneurysms. During this period, we identified 13 patients submitted to EVAR explantation, two of which were referrals from other vascular centers. All patients were male and mean age at explantation was 71 years (range 47-81). The primary EVAR procedure took place 29 months (range 0-72) before explantation. The primary indication for EVAR was ruptured aortic aneurysm in seven patients. The majority of explantation operations were emergent (6/13, three due to unstable aorto-enteric fistula (AEF), three due to rupture) or urgent (4/13, two stable AEF, two graft infections). In 3 cases, explantation was elective (two type Ia endoleaks and one type II endoleak with sac expansion). None of the patients had been submitted to a previous attempt at endovascular salvage. All patients were submitted to transperitoneal approaches, and all required initial supracoeliac or suprarenal aortic clamping. After explantation, in situ reconstruction was performed in eight patients, six of which with complete EVAR explantation and two with partial EVAR explantation. Two in situ reconstructions were made using superficial femoral veins, and the remaining used prosthetic grafts. Aortic ligation and extra-anatomic bypass were performed in five cases, The 30-day mortality was 54% (seven patients) with 33% of mortality for elective repair, 50% mortality for urgent repair, and 67% mortality for emergent repair. Mean hospital stay after surgery was 48 days for survivors. Mean survival after discharge was 10 months. Conclusion: EVAR explantation is still a relatively rare and particularly complex procedure. When the reason for explantation is graft infection and AEF, and when performed in an emergent context, it is a particularly morbid procedure with a dismal prognosis. As the number of endovascular aneurysm repairs increase, our global experience will become increasingly important in bettering our surgical and clinical outcomes.

Resumo Introdução: Nas últimas duas décadas, a abordagem de tratamento de aneurisma da aorta abdominal (AAA) mudou drasticamente de cirurgia aberta para cirurgia endovascular. A diminuição de cirurgia de AAA convencional , open aneurysm repair (OAR), levanta preocupações relativamente à competência dos futuros cirurgiões vasculares para executar este procedimento complexo e de alto risco. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as tendências de tratamento de AAA entre internos de Cirurgia Vascular, ao longo de 15 anos, a nível nacional. Métodos: Identificação dos médicos que terminaram o internato de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular entre 2002 e 2017, inclusive, a nível nacional e colheita dos dados através da consulta dos currículos para a prova final de conclusão do internato complementar. Foram avaliados o total de cirurgias por AAA, tanto por OAR e por EVAR e contabilizadas aquelas realizadas como 1º cirurgião. A correlação entre o número de cirurgias abertas de AAA e o ano de conclusão do internato complementar foi testada usando o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Em Portugal, de 2002-2017, apesar de não se verificar variabilidade no número total de OAR realizados, verificou-se um decréscimo marcado naqueles realizados como 1º cirurgião (rho=-0,363; P<0.02). No final do internato em 2007, um interno de Cirurgia Vascular realizava em média 15 casos de OAR e em 2007 a média foi de apenas 7 casos. Por outro lado, constatou-se um aumento marcado no número total de procedimentos de EVAR (rho=0,478; P<0.02) bem como aqueles realizados como 1ºcirurgião (rho=0,540; P<0.01). Conclusão: O presente estudo revela que os internos de Cirurgia Vascular, a nível nacional, se encontram expostos a progressivamente menos casos de OAR e verifica-se uma diminuição significativa nos procedimentos de OAR como 1º cirurgião.

Abstract Introduction: Surgical site infections are associated with devastating consequences in vascular surgery patients but the data on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection among those remains scant and conflicting. Most vascular surgery antibiotic prophylaxis assume that all patients submitted to surgery are tested prior to the intervention or that all patients with risk factors for MRSA are presumed to be colonized. However, the costs associated with testing all patients are not negligible, and most of the vascular surgery patients have risk factors for MRSA colonization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the burden of MRSA clinical infection and its outcome and to adjust clinical practice accordingly. Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical data from all patients with MRSA isolations that were submitted to vascular surgery in the year 2019 was conducted. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary endpoints were timing of infection (pre-existent infection or post-surgical infection), need for ICU and length of hospital stay. Results: Out of 1681 patients admitted for surgery in the year 2019 in the vascular surgery ward, only 21 had clinical infection with positive MRSA isolates. All the patients had risk factors for MRSA colonization. Seventeen were admitted for PAD (Rutherford grade 5 or 6). Eight patients had post-operatory infections, whilst the remaining presented with MRSA infection prior to the intervention. Post-operatory infections ranged from superficial incisional in three patients, deep incisional in one patient, and organ/space/prosthesis infection in four patients (of the last group, two had prosthesis infection). There were five deaths, of which two were unrelated to the infection. Of the three deaths probably infection-related, all were post-operatory surgical site infections, and all were organ/space/prosthesis infections (one with prosthesis infection). There was no patient admitted to the ICU that survived. The mean hospital stay was increased by 26 days (31 days, 95% CI, 19-43). Conclusion: Infection by MRSA was less frequent than expected in our population, which may mean that colonization might be smaller than expected. Pre-operative infection was almost always related to chronic wounds and did not increase the risk of post-operative wound infection or death, contrary to post-operative infection, which seems to significantly increase mortality.

Abstract Introduction: Phlegmasia cerulea (PC) is a severe form of deep vein thrombosis. In the setting of massive venous thrombosis and severe ischemia, catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) or trombectomy is mandatory. We report three cases of women with PC managed with venous thrombectomy after failure of CDT. Case reports: 1: 20 years-old, with recent intake of oral contraceptive, referred with acute onset of limb swelling, pain and a cold left lower extremity associated with foot pallor, paresthesia and numbness. Doppler ultrasound revealed occlusive thrombosis of the entire deep venous system and the great saphenous vein (GSV). Anticoagulation (AC) and CDT were started. However due to increasing levels of transaminases, creatine kinase and myoglobin, CTD was stopped and venous thrombectomy was proposed. A retrievable inferior vena cava filter (IVC) was implanted and venous surgical trombectomy. The completion venography showed a Cockett compression that was treated with stenting of the left iliac vein. Thrombophilia tests were positive for anticardiolipin antibodies an hyperhomocysteinemia. At 3-years follow-up, the patient is asymptomatic and under AC. The 3-year Doppler showed normal patency for the iliac stent and a mild femoropopliteal vein insuffiency. 2: 19 year-old, taking oral contraceptives, with acute onset of PCD with acute thrombus in the left iliac, femoral, popliteal veins. CDT was started at admittance but stopped after two days because of very low values of serum fibrinogen and persistence of occlusive thrombus in the iliac vein. A retrievable IVC filter was placed and the thrombus removed with surgical thrombectomy. Phlebography showed no significant residual thrombus and no signs of compression were present. At 1 month follow-up, the patient presented without leg edema or venous claudication symptoms. Thrombophilia testing is awaited. 3: 54 year-old who presented with low back pain, worsening left leg pain and swelling with a cyanosed and colder foot. At doppler ultrasound there were monophasic arterial flow in the left leg. After exclusion of arterial embolism, the first therapeutic approach was CDT, but it was also stopped due to very low fibrinogen levels and an ineffective thrombus lysis in venography controls. After implantation of a retrievable IVC, surgical thrombectomy via femoral vein was performed, with successful thrombus removal. Venography showed Cockett syndrome and a stent was implanted. At 6 months the patient remained without major symptoms, and Doppler confirmed stent patency with non residual obstruction or venous insufficiency. Conclusion: Awareness and timely diagnosis of phlegmasia cerulea is necessary to ensure prompt intervention to prevent loss of limb. When CDT is not effective, surgical thrombectomy remains successfully alternative. Iliac venous stenting complement is also crucial to treat associated Cockett syndrome. Endovascular thrombectomy devices may be a reasonable alternative to surgical thrombectomy.

Resumo Introdução: A endoprótese Nellix® (Endologix Inc., Irvine CA) é composta por dois stents expansíveis por balão envolvidos por endobags preenchidos por um polímero, obliterando assim o saco aneurismático - Endovascular Aneurysm Sealing (EVAS). Inicialmente, pelas suas propriedades, foi introduzida com instruções para uso (IFU) alargadas, possibilitando a utilização em Aneurismas da Aorta Abdominal (AAA) de anatomia mais complexa. Porém, durante a experiência com esta endoprótese, foi descrito um elevado número de complicações, levando à restrição progressiva das IFU. Atualmente, o seu uso livre foi descontinuado e apenas está disponível em centros selecionados e para efeitos investigacionais. O objetivo deste estudo é reportar os resultados institucionais da utilização da endoprótese Nellix® no contexto de AAA. Material e Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo referente a doentes tratados a AAA utilizando a endoprótese Nellix® numa instituição terciária universitária. Foram incluídos todos os casos eletivos e urgentes, identificados através da consulta de registos clínicos da instituição. Foram excluídos casos de aneurisma toraco-abdominal. Os dados referentes às características de base, procedimento realizado, curso do internamento e seguimento pós hospitalar foram obtidos por consulta dos processos clínicos. Foram analisados como endpoints o sucesso técnico e clínico aos 30 dias, assim como complicações e intervenções secundárias a médio e longo prazo. Resultados: Entre 2015 e 2017, a esta endoprótese foi utilizada em 12 doentes, 9 homens e 3 mulheres, com média de 71(±8) anos. As comorbilidades mais frequentemente associadas foram HTA (n=12), tabagismo (n=7), cardiopatia isquémica (n=7), DAOP (n=6) e DRC (n=6). Em todos os doentes a indicação foi aneurisma primário degenerativo, com uma excepção, cuja indicação foi a presença de endoleak (EL) tipo 1a pós-EVAR prévio. Dez doentes foram submetidos a cirurgia eletiva e dois a cirurgia urgente, ambos por aneurisma sintomático. Três eram aneurismas aortoilíacos e os restantes aórticos (n=9), sendo que 3 tinham envolvimento de pelo menos uma artéria renal. Nove doentes foram submetidos a EVAS sem procedimentos complementares; os restantes a EVAS com chimney (ChEVAS) para as renais e/ou artéria mesentérica superior (n=3). O diâmetro médio pré-operatório era de 57mm (±6.5mm). Num doente tratou-se concomitantemente um aneurisma popliteu através do implante de stent coberto. Aos 30 dias verificou-se o óbito em 2 doentes submetidos a ChEVAS. As complicações mais frequentes foram Insuficiência Respiratória (n=3) e LRA com necessidade de diálise (n=3), sendo que em dois houve oclusão intencional das artérias renais (doentes com DRC terminal em pré-diálise). Neste período, houve uma reintervenção, por isquémia aguda de membro por trombose aguda de stent popliteu, tratada com sucesso com trombólise dirigida por catéter.Após os 30 dias, verificou-se o óbito em 4 doentes (sobrevivência aos 2 anos de 60%, SE=.154). As complicações verificadas foram EL tipo 1a (n=3), EL 1b (n=1) e trombose de stent aórtico (n=1). Dois doentes foram submetidos a intervenção secundária: um submetido a pontagem femoro-femoral cruzada por trombose de stent e outro a explantação protésica e reconstrução in-situ através de pontagem aorto-bifemoral. No último, verificou-se o óbito no pós-operatório precoce. Dois doentes aguardam intervenção secundária por EL tipo 1a e crescimento do saco. O diâmetro médio do saco aneurismático no último exame ou pré-intervenção secundária era 59mm (±10.6mm). O tempo médio de follow-up é de 2.3(±1.6) anos. Conclusões: Na nossa instituição, a utilização da endoprótese Nellix® está associada a elevada taxa de complicações perioperatórias e a médio prazo, com elevada taxa de complicações relacionadas com o aneurisma, sendo o EL tipo 1a a mais frequente. Apesar de atualmente o uso livre da endoprótese estar descontinuado, os doentes que foram submetidos previamente a EVAS carecem de um plano de vigilância específico e mais intensivo, para deteção e correção atempada de complicações.

Abstract Introduction: Nellix® endoprosthesis (Endologix Inc., Irvine, CA) is composed by two ballon-expandable stents surrounded by endobags, which are filled with a polymer, thus obliterating the aneurysmal sac - Endovascular Aneurysm Sealing (EVAS). Initially, due to its properties, was introduced with extended IFU, allowing the use in more complex abdominal aortic aneurysms. However, during the initial experience with this endoprosthesis, a high number of poor outcomes have been described, leading to the progressive restriction of IFU. Currently, it has been discontinued and is only available in selected centers for clinical research purposes. Our study aim to report the institutional results of the use of the Nellix® endoprosthesis in the treatment of AAA. Material and Methods: A retrospective study was designed, including patients with AAA treated with Nellix® endoprosthesis treated at a universitary tertiary care facility. Elective and urgent patients we&apos;re included, and patients we&apos;re identified through the institutional files. Thoraco-abdominal aneurysm we&apos;re excluded. Data about baseline characteristics, surgery, hospitalization course and follow-up post discharge was obtained by consulting personal clinical files. Primary endpoints are technical and clinical success at 30 days, as complications and secondary interventions at mid and long-term. Results: Between 2015 and 2017, this endoprosthesis was used in 12 patients, 9 male and 3 female, with a mean age of 71 (±8) years. The most common comorbidities associated we&apos;re hypertension (n=12), current or former tobacco use (n=7), coronary heart disease (n=7), peripheral artery disease (n=6) and chronic kidney disease (n=6) In all patients, the treatment indication was primary degenerative aneurysm, with one exception, which was the presence of type 1a EL after EVAR. Ten patients underwent elective and 2 urgent surgery due to symptomatic aneurysm. Three we&apos;re aortoiliac aneurysms and the remaining aortic aneurysms (n=9) with three having involvement of at least one renal artery. Nine patients underwent conventional EVAS; the remaining EVAS with chimney (ChEVAS) for the renal artery(ies) or superior mesenteric artery (n=3). The average preoperative diameter was 57(±6.5) mm. One patient was simultaneously submitted to endovascular repair of a popliteal artery aneurysm with covered stent. By 30 days, death occurred in 2 patients, all submitted to ChEVAS. The most common post-operative complications we&apos;re respiratory failure (n=3), AKI with dialysis (n=3), being that in two patients there was intentional covering of the renal arteries (patients with pre-dialysis CKD). In this time frame, we verified one reintervention: catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute limb ischemia due to popliteal covered stent thrombosis. After 30 days, 4 deaths occured (2 year survival 60%, SE 0.154). The most common complications were type 1a EL(n=3), type 1b EL(n=1) and aortic stent thrombosis (n=1). Two patients have already been reintervened: one submitted to femoro-femoral crossover bypass and the other to surgical endoprosthesis explantation and in situ reconstruction aortobifemoral bypass. The last was deceased in the early postoperative period. Two patients are waiting reintervention for type Ia EL and aneurysmal sac growth. The average sac diameter in last follow-up or before secondary intervention was 59(±10.6) mm. Mean follow-up time is 2,3(±1,6) years. Conclusions: In our institution, the use of Nellix® endoprosthesis is associated with a high rate of perioperative morbidity and mid to long-term aneurysm-related complications, being type Ia EL the most common. Although the free use of the endoprosthesis is currently discontinued, patients who have previously undergone EVAS lack a specific and more intensive surveillance plan for the timely detection and correction of complications.

Resumo Introdução: A doença do coronavírus de 2019 (COVID-19) e consequente período de confinamento teve um impacto significativo no sistema nacional de saúde, com restrições em toda a actividade clínica - actividade assistencial na consulta, exames complementares de diagnóstico e número e tipo de intervenções cirúrgicas. A apreensão dos doentes em recorrer aos cuidados médicos e aos hospitais levou a admissões tardias, e na nossa percepção, a apresentações mais graves da patologia de base, nomeadamente na Isquémia Crítica de Membro (ICM). A necessidade de testar os doentes previamente a uma cirurgia não-emergente aumentou o tempo de referenciação inter- e intra-hospitalar, o que, somando à diminuição dos tempos cirúrgicos e da disponibilidade de vagas em unidades de cuidados intensivos, potencialmente prejudicou os resultados. O objectivo deste estudo é avaliar objetivamente o tipo de patologia que foi tratado durante o estado de emergência e comparar o desfecho dos procedimentos cirúrgicos com o mesmo período em 2018 e 2019. Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva dos processos clínicos dos doentes submetidos a cirurgia nos meses de Março e Abril do ano de 2020 e foi feita a comparação com o mesmo período dos dois anos prévios. O endpoint primário foi mortalidade aos 30 dias ou intra-hospitalar. Os endpoints secundários foram classificação patológica e do grau de isquémia, taxa de amputação, nível de amputação, tipo de cirurgia (aberta, endovascular ou híbrida), tempo de internamento e re-intervenção. Resultados: Foram operados 98 doentes no Período COVID (PC) comparado com 286 no Período Não-COVID (PNC). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas na idade (70 anos (17-98) no PC vs. 69 (17-92) no PNC, p=.13) ou sexo dos doentes operados (76% masculino (n=74) no PC vs. 70% (n=196) no PNC, p=.26). Também não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na mortalidade (5% (n=5) no PC vs. 5% (n=13) no PNC, p=.88). Houve uma diminuição estatisticamente significativa da cirurgia aberta (43% (n=42) no PC vs. 57% (n=164) no PNC, p=.04). Não houve diferenças significativas no tempo de internamento hospitalar (10 (0-77) dias no PC vs. 7 (0-118) no PNC, p=.6) e na taxa de re-intervenção (18% (n=18) no PC vs. 16% (n=45) no PNC, p=.58). A Doença Arterial Periférica (DAP) correspondeu a 75% (n=73) das admissões no PC, vs. 48% (n=137) no grupo PNC (p=.02). A ICM correspondeu a 99% (n=70) das admissões por DAP no PC, vs. 93% (n=114) no PNC (p=.1), com um aumento significativo da proporção de doentes cuja apresentação na admissão foi de grau 5 ou 6 de Rutherford (81% (n=57) vs. 68% (n=77), p=.03). Houve ainda uma diminuição sem significado estatístico da taxa de amputação (35% (n=25) no PC vs. 40% (n=49) no PNC, p=.49) com um aumento não significativo da taxa de amputação major (52% (n=13) no PC vs. 39% (n=19) no PNC, p=.27). O segundo grupo de patologia mais tratado foi a doença aneurismática da aorta e artérias ilíacas, mas houve uma diminuição estatisticamente significativa do número de doentes tratados (5% (n=5) no PC vs. 13% (n=36) no PNC, p=.05). Todos os aneurismas da aorta tratados durante o PC estavam em rotura (100% (n=5) vs. 42% (n=15) in the NCP, p=0.2). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos na mortalidade por reparação urgente de aneurismas (60% (n=3) no PC vs. 47% (n=7) no PNC, p=.77). Conclusão: As restrições impostas pela COVID-19 manifestaram-se principalmente no tipo de patologia tratado e no número de doentes operados. A apresentação mais grave da patologia de base, manifestada por graus de isquémia crítica mais avançados, não aumentou a mortalidade nem se reflectiu de forma significativa nas taxas de amputação. A doença aneurismática da aorta foi a segunda patologia mais tratada, mas com uma diminuição significativa do número total de casos, sem diferença significativa na mortalidade.

Abstract Introduction/Objectives: The Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has taken a major toll on the public health system, with restrictions in all clinical activity, from consultations and exams to number and type of surgeries. Patients apprehension to resort to medical aid and hospitals leads to late admissions and, in our perception, more severe presentations of the underlying pathology, namely, in Chronic limb threatening ischemia (CLTI). Need for testing prior to non-emergent surgery causes larger delays in the referral of patients, and this, added to the reduction of surgical times and ICU availability, potentially results in worse outcomes. The aim of this study was to objectively evaluate the type pathology that was treated during the emergency state and to compare the outcome of the surgical procedures with the same period of 2018 and 2019. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the patient charts from patients submitted to surgery in the months of March and April of the year 2020 was conducted and compared to the same period on the previous two years. The primary endpoint was death at 30 days or during hospital stay and the secondary endpoints were pathology classification, grade of ischemia, amputation, amputation level, type of surgery (endovascular, conventional or hybrid), time of hospital stay and reintervention. Results: There were 98 patients submitted to surgery in the COVID period (CP), compared to 286 in the Non-COVID period (NCP). There was no significant difference in the age (70 years (17-98) in the CP vs. 69 (17-92) in the NCP, p=.13) or sex profile of the patients (76% male (n=74) in the CP vs. 70% (n=196) in the NCP, p=.26). There was no statistical difference in mortality (5% (n=5) in the CP vs. 5% (n=13) in the NCP, p=.88). There was a statistically significant decrease in conventional surgery (43% (n=42) in the CP vs. 57% (n=164) in the NCP, p=.04), but no statistically significant difference in length of hospital stay(10 (0-77) days in the CP vs. 7 (0-118) in the NCP, p=.6), and reintervention (18% (n=18) in the CP vs. 16% (n=45) in the NCP, p=.58). PAD corresponded to 75% (n=73) of the admissions in the CP vs. 48% (n=137) in the NCP, p=.02. CLTI corresponded to 99% (n=70) of the PAD population in the CP, vs. 93% (n=114) in the NCP, p=.1, with a significant increase in the number of patients presenting with Rutherford Grades 5 and 6 (81% (n=57) in the CP, vs. 68% (n=77) in the NCP, p=.03). There was a non-significant decrease in amputation rate (35% (n=25) vs. 40% (n=49), p=.49) and increase of major limb amputation (52% (n=13) vs. 39% (n=19), p=.27). The second most frequent pathology was aneurysmal aortic and iliac disease, but there was a statistically significant reduction in the number of patients treated (5% (n=5) in the CP vs. 13% (n=36) in the NCP, p=.05). All aortic aneurysms treated in 2020 were ruptured (100% (n=5) vs. 42% (n=15) in the NCP, p=0.2). There was no significant difference in mortality in urgent aortic aneurysm repair between groups (60% (n=3) in the CP vs. 47% (n=7) in the NCP, p=.77). Conclusions: COVID-19 restrictions manifested mainly in the type of pathology treated and the number of patients operated on. The gravity of the underlying pathology, manifested by more serious wounds and advanced CLTI at presentation, did not increase mortality nor was reflected on limb amputations rates. Aortic and iliac aneurismal disease was the second most common pathology treated but with a significant decrease in total number of cases and no significant difference in mortality.

Resumo Introdução: O traumatismo fechado da aorta (TFA) é uma causa major de mortalidade no trauma de alta velocidade. Embora a maior parte dos casos resulte em morte instantânea, o TFA pode estar presente em doentes politraumatizados e um elevado índice de suspeição é necessário. O tratamento endovascular oferece vantagens significativas e é actualmente o standard of care. O objectivo deste estudo é avaliar a nossa experiência institucional no tratamento endovascular do TFA. Métodos: Foi feita uma análise retrospectiva dos dados de alta dos doentes admitidos por TFA entre os anos de 2010 e 2019 da base de dados administrativa da nossa instituição (centro de trauma de nível 1). Foi usado o código de procedimento 39.73 - implantação endovascular de enxerto na aorta torácica e cruzado com os registos hospitalares para identificar todos os casos de TFA. Os dados de seguimento foram retirados dos processos clínicos. Os endpoints primários foram primary technical and clinical success. Os endpoints secundários foram tempo para o diagnóstico e para tratamento cirúrgico relativamente ao evento traumático, mortalidade, ongoing primary clinical success, e detalhes do procedimento (revascularização do membro superior, drenagem de líquido cefalorraquidiano, heparinização sistémica, oversizing). Resultados: Identificámos seis doentes com TFA que foram submetidos a TEVAR entre 2010 e 2019. Todos foram vítimas de trauma de desaceleração de alto impacto, tinham idades entre os 24 e os 57 anos, e eram previamente saudáveis. Lesões major estavam presentes em todos (Injury Severity Score 14-57). Todos os doentes foram submetidos a AngioTC à admissão, o que permitiu o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento em menos de 24 horas em todos excepto um (que foi tratado nas primeiras 48 horas). Lesões de grau III estavam presentes em todos os doentes. Todos os doentes foram submetidos a TEVAR com 100% de primary technical and clinical success. Três doentes tinham lesões que se estendiam acima da artéria subclávia, pelo que foi necessária exclusão da mesma, mas nenhum doente foi submetido a revascularização do membro superior. Não foi usada drenagem de líquido cefalorraquidiano em nenhum doente e não houve eventos neurológicos. Metade dos doentes foram submetidos a heparinização sistémica durante o procedimento. O oversizing médio foi de 16% (10-35%). Não houve mortalidade hospitalar nem mortalidade durante o follow-up (duração média de 35,5 meses com IIQ de 84,5 meses) e o ongoing primary clinical success é de 100%. Conclusão: O tratamento endovascular é seguro e eficaz para os casos de TFA, mesmo em doentes politraumatizados, e são expectáveis bons resultados a médio prazo. As especificações do procedimento tal como a necessidade de revascularização do membro superior, uso de drenagem de líquido cefalorraquidiano, oversizing e heparinização sistémica ainda não estão bem definidas. As consequências a longo prazo ainda necessitam clarificação.

Abstract Introduction: Traumatic Thoracic Aortic Injury (TTAI) is a major cause of mortality in high-velocity trauma. While most cases result in instant death, TTAI may be present in patients with multiple traumatic injuries and therefore a high index of suspicion is necessary. Endovascular treatment offers significant advantages in this context and is now standard of care. The purpose of this study is to review our contemporary institutional experience with endovascular repair of TTAI. Methods: A retrospective analysis of discharge data for patients admitted with TTAI between 2010 and 2019 was performed from our institutional administrative database (level 1 trauma center). We extracted ICD-9 procedure code 39.73 - endovascular implantation of graft in the thoracic aorta and cross-checked with hospital registries to identify all TTAI cases. Follow-up was extracted from patient charts. The primary endpoints were primary technical and clinical success. Secondary endpoints were time to diagnosis and to surgical procedure relative to traumatic event, overall mortality, ongoing primary clinical success, and procedural details (upper limb revascularization, spinal drainage, systemic heparinization and endograft oversizing). Results: We identified six patients with TTAI who underwent TEVAR between 2010 and 2019. All were victims of high impact deceleration trauma, aged between 24 and 57 years old, and otherwise healthy. Additional major injuries were present in all patients (Injury Severity Score 14-57). All patients were submitted to CTA at admission which allowed for early diagnosis of TTAI and treatment in less than 24 hours in all cases expect one (which was treated in the first 48 hours). Grade III lesions were present in all six patients. All patients underwent TEVAR with 100% technical and clinical success. Three patients had a lesion that extended above the subclavian artery and consequently required subclavian coverage, but no patient was submitted to upper limb revascularization. Spinal drainage was not used in any case and there were no neurologic events. Half the patients were submitted to the procedure under systemic heparinization. The median oversizing of the endograft was 16% (10-35%). There was no in-hospital mortality nor mortality during follow-up (median duration of 35,5 months with an IIQ of 84,5 months) and the ongoing primary clinical success is 100%. Conclusion: Endovascular repair is a safe and effective therapy for TTAI even in patients with multiple trauma, and good mid-term results are expected. The procedure specifications such as the need for upper limb revascularization, use of spinal drainage, endograft oversizing, and systemic heparinization are still unclear. The long-term consequences need to be clarified.

Resumo Introdução: A doença cardíaca pode causar diminuição da perfusão sistémica e comprometer o inflow para procedimentos de revascularização de membro inferior, diminuindo a sua permeabilidade a curto e médio prazo. É possível que os doentes com doença valvular cardíaca ou redução da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) tenham piores resultados após revascularização dos membros inferiores. Métodos: Este estudo retrospetivo incluiu todos os procedimentos iniciais de revascularização de membro inferior realizados num hospital terciário, entre Janeiro de 2017 e Dezembro de 2018, em doentes com DAP diagnosticada e um ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) pré-operatório. O grupo com doença cardíaca moderada a grave no ETT (Grupo 1, definido como FEVE<40% ou doença valvular cardíaca moderada a grave) foi comparado com o grupo com doença cardíaca ligeira ou ausente (Grupo 2, definido como FEVE≥40% e doença valvular ligeira ou ausente). Foi realizada análise de subgrupo considerando a presença e gravidade da alteração específica no ETT. O endpoint primário foi amputação major e os endpoints secundários foram restenose/oclusão diagnosticada, reintervenção vascular e sobrevida. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 268 procedimentos de revascularização de membro inferior. Os Grupos 1 e 2 incluíram 70 e 198 procedimentos, respetivamente. A prevalência de isquémia crónica com compromisso de membro (ICCM) foi de 89% em ambos os grupos. Não se verificou diferença significativa entre os grupos na gradação de ferida e infeção (no sistema WIfI) e no estadiamento anatómico da doença (no sistema GLASS). O Grupo 1 incluiu 73% procedimentos endovasculares (65% no Grupo 2; p=0,34). As taxas de amputação nos Grupos 1 e 2 foram 9% e 13% a 1 mês, 19% e 20% a 1 ano e 19% e 22% a 2 anos, respetivamente (p=0,758). As taxas de restenose/oclusão diagnosticada nos Grupos 1 e 2 foram 5% e 15% a 1 mês, 18% e 26% a 1 ano e 24% e 31% a 2 anos, respetivamente (p=0,119). As taxas de reintervenção nos Grupos 1 e 2 foram 13% e 18% a 1 mês, 25% e 27% a 1 ano e 30% e 32% a 2 anos, respetivamente (p=0,614). Após estratificação em subgrupos de acordo com a presença e gravidade da alteração cardíaca específica, as diferenças para os outcomes acima apresentados permaneceram não significativas. A sobrevida global nos Grupos 1 e 2 foi de 92% e 96% a 1 mês, 61% e 86% a 1 ano e 52% e 80% a 2 anos, respetivamente (p<0,001). A presença de FEVE<40% associou-se a pior sobrevida (p<0,001), tal como a presença de doença valvular cardíaca moderada a grave (p=0,004). Conclusão: O nosso estudo sugere que a doença cardíaca moderada a grave, definida no ETT, não influencia os outcomes relacionados com o membro após procedimentos de revascularização. Contudo, os doentes com doença cardíaca valvular ou redução da FEVE têm pior sobrevida. Não devemos assumir que os doentes cardíacos têm piores outcomes relacionados com o membro, mas devemos providenciar prevenção terciária agressiva para melhorar o seu prognóstico vital.

Abstract Introduction: Inadequate systemic perfusion as a consequence of heart disease may compromise inflow to lower limb revascularization procedures, decreasing short and mid-term patency. It may be theorized that patients suffering from heart valve disease or reduction of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) have worse limb outcomes after lower limb revascularization. Method: This retrospective study included all first lower limb revascularization procedures performed in a tertiary hospital, between January 2017 and December 2018, in patients with diagnosed PAD and an available preoperative transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). The group with moderate to severe heart disease in TTE (Group 1, defined as LVEF<40% or moderate to severe valvular heart disease) was compared against the group with no or mild heart disease in TTE (Group 2, defined as LVEF≥40% and no or mild valvular heart disease). Subgroup analysis was undertaken considering the presence and severity of the individual heart change on TTE. Primary endpoint was major amputation, and secondary endpoints were diagnosed restenosis/occlusion, vascular reintervention and overall survival. Results: The study included 268 lower limb revascularization procedures. Group 1 and 2 included 70 and 198 procedures, respectively. In both groups, the prevalence of CLTI was 89%. There were no significant differences in wound and infection grading (in WIfI), and anatomic disease staging (in GLASS), between Groups 1 and 2. In Group 1, 73% were endovascular procedures (65% in Group 2; p=0,34). Amputation rates in Group 1 and 2 were 9% and 13% at 1 month, 19% and 20% at 1 year and 19% and 22% at 2 years, respectively (p=0,758). Diagnosed restenosis/occlusion rates in Group 1 and 2 were 5% and 15% at 1 month, 18% and 26% at 1 year and 24% and 31% at 2 years, respectively (p=0,119). Reintervention rates in Group 1 and 2 were 13% and 18% at 1 month, 25% and 27% at 1 year and 30% and 32% at 2 years, respectively (p=0,614). After subgroup analysis according to the presence and severity of individual heart change, the difference remained non-significant for the above-mentioned outcomes. Overall survival in Group 1 and 2 was 92% and 96% at 1 month, 61% and 86% at 1 year and 52% and 80% at 2 years, respectively (p<0,001). LVEF<40% was associated with worse overall survival (p<0,001), as was moderate to severe valvular heart disease (p=0,004). Conclusion: Our study suggests that moderate to severe heart disease, detected in TTE, does not influence limb-related outcomes after revascularization procedures. However, patients with valvular heart disease or LVEF reduction have worse overall survival. We should not expect worse limb outcomes in patients with heart disease, but aggressive tertiary prevention should be provided to improve vital prognosis.

Resumo Introdução: Os resultados após revascularização de membro inferior, quando estratificados por sexo, são piores no sexo feminino, particularmente após procedimentos convencionais. As mulheres parecem ter maior probabilidade de complicações do procedimento, amputação e morte quando comparadas com os homens. Este estudo pretende identificar as diferenças nas características demográficas, apresentação clínica e principais outcomes após revascularização de membro inferior, entre doentes do sexo masculino e feminino. Métodos: Este estudo unicêntrico retrospetivo observacional incluiu todos os membros inferiores sem revascularização prévia em doentes com diagnóstico de DAP, que foram submetidos a um procedimento terapêutico vascular num hospital terciário, entre Janeiro de 2017 e Dezembro de 2018. O grupo do sexo feminino (Grupo F) foi comparado com o grupo do sexo masculino (Grupo M). O endpoint primário foi a amputação major e os endpoints secundários foram a restenose/oclusão diagnosticada, reintervenção vascular e sobrevida. A análise de subgrupos foi realizada após estratificação em procedimentos convencionais, endovasculares ou híbridos. Resultados: O Grupo M incluiu 324 membros inferiores de doentes do sexo masculino, com uma idade média de 67,5 anos. O Grupo F incluiu 96 membros inferiores de doentes do sexo feminino, com uma idade média de 71,7 anos (p<0,001). Não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa nos fatores de risco cardiovascular entre os grupos, com exceção de uma maior prevalência de tabagismo no Grupo M e de hipertensão no Grupo F (p<0.001). 83% dos procedimentos no Grupo F e 79% dos procedimentos no grupo M foram realizados devido a isquemia crónica com compromisso do membro (ICCM; p=0,321). Não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa no que diz respeito ao grau de ferida ou infeção (WIfI) e ao estadiamento anatómico de doença femoropopliteia ou abaixo do tornozelo (GLASS). O Grupo M apresentou maior prevalência de doença aorto-ilíaca (p=0,014) e da artéria femoral comum (p=0.001) e o Grupo F apresentou doença abaixo-do-joelho mais grave (p=0,012). No Grupo F observou-se uma maior proporção de procedimentos endovasculares (p<0.001). A taxa de amputação do Grupo M e no Grupo F foi de 8±2% e 7±3% a 1 mês, 14±2% e 16±4% a 1 ano, e 15±2% e 19±4% a 2 anos, respetivamente (p=0,564). Não houve diferenças significativas nas taxas de restenose/oclusão entre os grupos (p=0,395). As taxas de reintervenção no Grupo M e no Grupo F foram 13±2% e 13±3% a 1 mês, 21±2% e 20±4% a 1 ano, e 25±3% e 24±5% a 2 anos, respetivamente (p=0,74). A sobrevida no Grupo M e no Grupo F foi de 97±1% e 93±3% a 1 mês, 84±2% e 84±4% a 1 ano, e 77±3% e 72±5% a 2 anos, respetivamente (p=0,443). Estratificando de acordo com o tipo de procedimento vascular (convencional, endovascular ou híbrido), não se verificou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos nos endpoints acima mencionados. Conclusão: De acordo com este estudo, as doentes do sexo feminino apresentam idade mais avançada e doença abaixo-do-joelho mais grave. São mais frequentemente submetidas a procedimentos endovasculares. Contudo, não parecem existir diferenças importantes nos outcomes de membro para as mulheres submetidas a procedimentos de revascularização de membro inferior.

Abstract Introduction: Sex-specific data on outcomes after lower limb revascularization associate the female gender with worse surgical outcomes, particularly after open procedures. Women were found to be more likely to suffer from procedure complications, limb loss, and mortality than their male counterparts. This study aims to identify differences in demographic characteristics, clinical presentation and all major outcomes after lower limb revascularization between female and male patients. Methods: This retrospective, single-center study comprises all never-revascularized lower limbs in patients with clinically diagnosed PAD who underwent a lower limb therapeutic vascular intervention in a tertiary hospital between January 2017 and December 2018. Women&apos;s limbs Group (F) was compared against men&apos;s limbs Group (M). The primary endpoint was major amputation, and the secondary endpoints were restenosis/occlusion, vascular reintervention and overall survival. Subgroup analysis was undertaken considering open, endovascular or hybrid procedures. Results: Group M included 324 male lower limbs; patients had a mean age of 67,5 years. Group F included 96 female lower limbs; patients had a mean age of 71,7 years (p<0,001). There were no significant differences in cardiovascular risk factors between groups, aside from a higher prevalence of smoking in Group M and hypertension in Group F (p<0.001). 83% of Group F procedures and 79% of procedures in Group M were performed due to CLTI (p=0,321). We found no statistically significant difference between groups regarding wound or infection grading (WIfI) and femoropopliteal or BTA anatomic disease staging (GLASS). Group M was more likely to have aortoiliac (p=0,014) and common femoral artery disease (p=0.001), and Group F to have more severe BTK disease (p=0,012). Group F had a higher proportion of endovascular procedures (p<0.001). Amputation rates in Group M and Group F were 8±2% and 7±3% at 1 month, 14±2% and 16±4% at 1 year, 15±2% and 19±4% at 2 years, respectively (p=0,564). There were no significant differences in rates of procedure restenosis/occlusion between groups (p=0,395). Reintervention rates in Group M and Group F were 13±2% and 13±3% at 1 month, 21±2% and 20±4% at 1 year, 25±3% and 24±5% at 2 years, respectively (p=0,74). Overall survival in Group M and Group F was 97±1% and 93±3% at 1 month, 84±2% and 84±4% at 1 year, 77±3% and 72±5% at 2 years, respectively (p=0,443). Stratifying according to the type of vascular procedure (open, endovascular or hybrid), we found no significant difference between groups in the outcomes mentioned above. Conclusion: Overall, women were more likely to be older, to have more severe BTK disease, and to undergo endovascular procedures. However, this study suggests no major differences in limb outcomes for women who undergo lower limb revascularization procedures.

Resumo Introdução: A incidência de isquemia aguda renal é baixa. A experiência publicada do seu tratamento cirúrgico resume-se a séries de casos e não há indicações bem definidas para a revascularização renal em caso de isquemia aguda. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospetivo realizado com base na consulta de processos clínicos de doentes submetidos a revascularização de artéria renal por isquemia aguda renal, num hospital universitário terciário, de Janeiro de 2011 a Junho de 2020. O endpoint primário foi a taxa de diálise aos 30 dias e os endpoints secundários foram a taxa de doença renal crónica de novo aos 30 dias e a sobrevida aos 30 dias. Resultados: Foram incluídos 11 doentes com isquemia aguda renal. As causas da oclusão arterial renal foram: disseção aórtica (N=3), trombose de artéria renal nativa (N=3), trombose de revascularização renal prévia (N=3), embolia (N=1) e trauma fechado (N=1). Dois dos casos corresponderam a doentes com rim único. A mediana de tempo desde o início do quadro até à revascularização cirúrgica foi de 24 horas. Dois doentes apresentavam doença renal crónica prévia conhecida. A apresentação clínica foi de dor lombar ou abdominal (n=8), HTA não controlada (N=5) e/ou oligoanúria (N=5). O diagnóstico foi realizado em todos com recurso a angio-TC. Em todos os doentes, a artéria renal principal estava afetada (N=9 desde o seu óstio) e havia algum grau de captação de contraste pelo rim afetado. Em todos os casos, foi realizada a revascularização unilateral de uma artéria renal com sucesso angiográfico, com exceção de um dos três casos em que a isquemia renal era bilateral, em que ambas as artérias renais ocluídas foram revascularizadas. Com exceção de um doente com oclusão de stent (submetido a angioplastia com DCB), todos foram submetidos a angioplastia com stent (6 com stents cobertos). Dois doentes apresentaram oligoanúria no pós-operatório e quatro necessitaram de pelo menos uma sessão dialítica. Aos 30 dias, a taxa de diálise foi de 11% (doente com isquemia aguda renal bilateral de etiologia traumática com 13 horas de evolução) e a taxa de doença renal crónica de novo de 22%. A sobrevida aos 30 dias foi de 90%. Conclusão: Nesta população de doentes, pode-se verificar a reversão da isquemia aguda renal mesmo após oclusões prolongadas das artérias renais. No entanto, com os dados disponíveis, não é possível anteceder quais os doentes que recuperarão a função renal prévia após revascularização urgente com sucesso angiográfico. Por ser rápido e pouco invasivo, o tratamento endovascular é a primeira linha no tratamento cirúrgico da isquemia aguda renal na nossa instituição.

Abstract Introduction: Acute renal ischemia has a low incidence. Literature evidence of its surgical treatment is based on case series, and there are no well-defined indications for renal revascularization in this setting. Methods: Observational and retrospective study, based on clinical records from patients that underwent renal artery revascularization due to acute renal ischemia, at a tertiary university hospital, from January 2011 to June 2020. Primary endpoint was 30 days dialysis rate, and secondary endpoints were 30 days de novo chronic kidney disease rate and 30 days survival. Results: Eleven patients with acute renal ischemia were included. The causes of renal artery occlusion were: aortic dissection (N=3), native renal artery thrombosis (N=3), thrombosis of a previously revascularized renal artery (N=3), embolism (N=1) and closed trauma (N=1). Two of these affected patients with a single kidney. The median time from symptom onset to surgical revascularization was 24 hours. Two patients had previously known chronic kidney disease. Clinical presentation was lumbar or abdominal pain (n=8), non-controlled hypertension (N=5), or oligoanuria (N=5). The diagnosis was made by CTA in all patients. In all cases, the main renal artery was involved (N=9 from its ostium), and there was some degree of affected kidney contrast enhancement. Unilateral endovascular revascularization was performed with angiographic success in 10 patients; it was performed a bilateral endovascular revascularization in one of the three patients who had bilateral renal ischemia. Except for one patient with stent occlusion (that underwent DCB angioplasty), all patients underwent stent angioplasty (6 using covered stents). Two patients presented postoperative oligoanuria, and four required at least one dialysis session. At 30 days, the rate of dialysis was 11% (one patient with traumatic bilateral acute renal ischemia with 13 hours evolution), and the percentage of de novo chronic kidney disease was 22%. The 30-day survival was 90%. Conclusion: In this population, we can foresee the reversion of acute renal ischemia, even after prolonged renal artery occlusions. However, with our data, it is not possible to predict which patients will recover previous renal function after urgent revascularization with angiographic success. For being prompt and less invasive, endovascular treatment is the first surgical option for acute renal ischemia treatment at our institution.

Resumo Introdução: O elevado número de procedimentos vasculares percutâneos resulta num aumento das complicações relacionadas com o acesso vascular. A mais frequente é o falso aneurisma (FA), cuja intervenção de primeira linha é atualmente a injeção eco-guiada de trombina humana (IETH). Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospetivo realizado através da consulta de processos clínicos dos doentes submetidos a IETH por FA femoral num hospital terciário no período de 2008 a 2018. O end-point primário foi o sucesso desta modalidade terapêutica (trombose primária e à reavaliação ecográfica). Os end-points secundários foram complicações relacionadas com o procedimento, reintervenções, duração de internamento e sobrevida. Resultados: A amostra incluiu 102 doentes. 97% dos FA tinham etiologia iatrogénica confirmada. 4% foram diagnosticados após intervenção pela Cirurgia Vascular e 85% após intervenção pela Cardiologia, dos quais 80% após cateterismo coronário e 13% após TAVI (transcatheter aortic valve implantation). 58% dos doentes estavam antiagregados e 50% anticoagulados. 80% dos FA ocorreram à direita. 65% afetavam a AFC e 35% a AFS ou AFP. O diâmetro médio dos FA tratados por IETH foi de 36,8mm. 29% apresentavam-se lobulados (FA complexos). Quanto às características do colo do FA, 58% tinham colo longo (≥3mm de comprimento) e 58% tinham colo estreito (<3mm de calibre). O tempo mediano até à IETH após intervenção causal foi de 6 dias. 89% apresentaram trombose primária após IETH, decrescendo para 73% à reavaliação posterior por Eco Doppler. 16% repetiram IETH, 5% mais que uma vez. Não foram documentadas complicações relacionadas com o procedimento. Os falsos aneurismas complexos associaram-se a taxas inferiores de trombose completa à reavaliação ecográfica (p=0,012). O segmento arterial afetado, realização de antitrombóticos, diâmetro do FA e características do colo não apresentaram associação com a taxa de trombose do FA. 6% dos doentes submetidos a IETH foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico de FA femoral (a maioria após mais de 2 IETH), num dos casos por via endovascular. O tempo mediano de internamento após 1ª IETH foi de 3 dias, superior nos doentes com etiologia iatrogénica após TAVI comparativamente a após cateterismo coronário (p=0,006). A sobrevida dos doentes submetidos a IETH foi de 97±2% a 1 mês, 86±4% a 1 ano e 60±7% a 5 anos, sem diferença significativa de acordo com etiologia do FA femoral. Conclusão: A IETH é uma alternativa segura e com elevada eficácia para o tratamento de FA pós cateterização vascular. É expectável que 1/6 dos doentes necessite de mais do que uma injeção para obter o sucesso desejado, sendo esse risco mais elevado no caso de FA complexos. Apesar dos bons resultados, alguns doentes continuarão a necessitar de correção cirúrgica.

Abstract Introduction: Increased percutaneous vascular procedures lead to a growth in access-related complications, the most common of which is pseudoaneurysm (PA). Nowadays, femoral PA first-line treatment is ultrasound-guided thrombin injection (UGTI). Methods: An observational retrospective study was designed. Patients who underwent UGTI on a tertiary hospital, from 2008 to 2018 were included. Data were collected from medical records. Primary endpoint was UGTI success (primary PA occlusion and after US revaluation PA occlusion). Secondary endpoints were procedure-related complications, reinterventions, hospitalization duration and survival. Results: 102 patients were included. 97% of PA had a confirmed iatrogenic etiology. 4% were diagnosed after a vascular procedure and 85% after cardiology procedure, 80% of which after coronary catheterization and 13% after TAVI (transcatheter aortic valve implantation). 58% of patients where on antiplatelets and 50% on anticoagulation therapy. 80% of PA was located on the right groin. 65% affected CFA and 35% affected SFA or PFA. PA mean diameter was 36,8mm. 29% of PA were lobulated (complex PA). Regarding PA neck, 58% had long neck (length ≥3mm) and 58% had narrow neck (width <3mm). Median time from iatrogenic trauma to UGTI was 6 days. 89% of PA showed primary occlusion after UGTI; this rate decreased to 73% after US revaluation. 16% of patients repeated UGTI, 5% more than once. We identified no procedure-related complications. Complex PA were associated with lower rates of PA occlusion on US revaluation (p=0,012). We found no association between occlusion rates and affected artery, antithrombotic medication, PA diameter, neck length or width. 6% of patients underwent femoral PA surgical procedure (most of them after more than 2 UGTI); one underwent an endovascular repair procedure. After UGTI, hospitalization median time was 3 days, longer after TAVI compared with coronary catheterization (p=0,006). Patients mean survival was 97±2% at 1 month, 86±4% at 1 year e 60±7% at 5 years, with no significant difference between different PA etiologies. Conclusion: UGTI is a safe and effective modality for PA treatment. We can expect that 1/6 of patients will need more than one UGTI to achieve expected success; this risk is higher in complex PA. Despite good results, some patients will continue to require surgical procedures.

Resumo Introdução: A fístula aorto-cava primária (FAC) é uma entidade clínica rara, associada a menos de 1% dos AAA. As principais manifestações clínicas são insuficiência cardíaca aguda (ICA), edema dos membros inferiores, lesão renal aguda (LRA) e insuficiência hepática aguda (IHA). A cirurgia convencional associa-se a elevada mortalidade (16-66%)(1). Apesar da limitada evidência acerca da abordagem desta patologia, o tratamento endovascular, quando exequível, aparenta ser eficaz e associado a menor morbimortalidade. Os autores têm como objetivo descrever a apresentação clínica, terapêutica e resultados dos AAA complicados de FAC num hospital terciário e comparar com os dados disponíveis na literatura. Material e Métodos: Análise retrospetiva dos AAA complicados de FAC tratados entre Janeiro de 2014 e Maio de 2020 num hospital terciário. Os dados foram colhidos através da consulta do processo clínico eletrónico e foram incluídas variáveis demográficas, clínicas, do procedimento e eventos clínicos pós-operatórios. Resultados: Durante este período, identificaram-se quatro doentes com AAA complicado de FAC submetidos a cirurgia emergente. Os doentes eram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 70(±8) anos e história de tabagismo (n=4). Na admissão, os sintomas mais comuns foram dor lombar (n=4) e hipotensão/taquicardia (n=4). Outros sinais/sintomas frequentes foram massa abdominal pulsátil (n=3) e LRA/hematúria (n=2). Em dois doentes, a AngioTC na admissão revelou AAA com hematoma retroperitoneal sem evidência de FAC, que apenas foi diagnosticada intra-operatoriamente. Dois doentes foram submetidos a interposição aorto-bi-ilíaca com rafia endoaneurismática da fístula; um foi submetido a pontagem aorto-bi-femoral com rafia endoaneurismática da fístula e um foi submetido a exclusão endovascular com endoprótese aorto-bi-ilíaca Gore Excluder C3®. As perdas hemáticas foram muito superiores nos doentes submetidos a cirurgia convencional. As complicações pós-operatórias mais frequentes foram a LRA (n=3), insuficiência respiratória (n=2) e IHA (n=2). O doente submetido a EVAR aorto-bi-ilíaco não apresentou qualquer complicação pós-operatória, tendo alta ao 7º dia pós-operatório. Até aos 30 dias, verificou-se uma reintervenção: hemicolectomia esquerda por colite isquémica no 1º dia pós-operatório de cirurgia convencional. Após os 30 dias, observou-se 1 reintervenção: implantação de endoprótese bifurcada ilíaca por aneurisma ilíaco direito, no doente submetido a EVAR. Em dois casos, verificou-se o óbito no período pós-operatório precoce (2º e 3º dia). Os restantes doentes têm um follow-up de 66 e 29 meses. Conclusões: A FAC pode ocorrer em associação ou não a rotura de AAA com hematoma retroperitoneal e, nalguns casos, não é evidente na AngioTC e apenas detetada intra-operatoriamente. Tendo em conta a nossa experiência e o descrito na literatura, deve existir um elevado índice de suspeição para esta complicação dos AAA nos casos de congestão venosa aguda com disfunção orgânica de novo (LRA, ICA, IHA), mesmo na presença apenas de hematoma retroperitoneal imagiologicamente. A cirurgia convencional com rafia endoaneurismática da FAC e interposição protésica foi a técnica cirúrgica de eleição. No entanto, o tratamento endovascular, se exequível, aparenta ser eficaz e com menor morbilidade e mortalidade nos AAA complicados de FAC. O não encerramento da comunicação aorto-cava por via endovascular não parece resultar em morbilidade significativa. Se se verificar preenchimento da fístula por endoleak tipo II, apesar da evidência escassa na literatura, a vigilância clínica e imagiológica parece ser uma opção segura, desde que se associe a evolução favorável do saco aneurismático e ausência de sintomas.

Abstract Introduction: Aortocaval Fistula is a rare clinical entity associated with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in less than 1% of cases. Main clinical features include acute heart failure, lower extremety edema, acute kidney injury and acute liver failure. Open surgical repair is associated with high mortality rates (16-66%)(1). On the other hand, endovascular treatment could represent a less morbid and equally efective treatment option. The authors aim to describe clinical presentation, surgical options and post-operative results of the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms associated with aortocaval fistula, comparing their results to literature. Material and Methods: A retrospective review in a tertiary care center was designed. All patients treated for aortocaval fistula associated with AAA between January of 2014 and May of 2020 were included. Patient data were obtained by consulting the clinical record. Demographic, clinical, surgery and post-operative results and complications were obtained. Results: During this period, four patients submitted to emergent surgery were identified. All patients were male with a mean age of 70 (±8) years and with tobacco use history (n=4). On admission, most frequent symptoms we&apos;re lumbar pain (n=4) and hipotension/tachycardia (n=4). Other frequent signs or symptoms we&apos;re abdominal pulsatile mass (n=3) and acute kidney injury with hematuria (n=2). In two patients, CT angiography revealed rAAA with retroperitoneal hematoma without aortocaval fistula, which was only diagnosed intraoperatively. Two patients were submitted to aorto-bi-iliac interposition graft and one to aorto-bi-femoral bypass, all with endoaneurysmal suture of the fistula. One patient was submitted to aorto-bi-iliac EVAR with a Gore Excluder C3® endoprosthesis. Most common post-operative complications were AKI (n=3), respiratory failure (n=2) and acute liver failure (n=2). The aorto-bi-iliac EVAR patient did not present any 30 day post-operative complication and was discharged at the 7th post-operative day. There was 1 secondary intervention within the first 30 days: left hemicolectomy for ischemic colitis. After 30 days we observed one reintervention: implantation of right iliac branch device due to an iliac aneurysm Two patients died in the early postoperative period (2nd and 3rd days). The remaining patients have a follow-up of 29 and 66 months. Conclusions: ACF can occur with or without AAA with retroperitoneal hematoma. In the presence of retroperitoneal hematoma, the ACF could not be evident in CT angiography and only detected intraoperatively. Considering our experience and what is described in literature, we should have a high index of suspicion for this possible complication of rAAA in the presence of acute venous congestion with acute onset of organ failure (AKI, acute cardiac or liver failure), even if CT angiography only reveals retroperitoneal hematoma. Conventional surgery with endoaneurysmal suture of the fistula and interposition graft was the preferred technique, but if endovascular exclusion is feasible, it could be effective and associated with less morbimortality. In endovascular treatment, failure to close aortocaval communication does not appear to result in higher long-term morbidity and monitoring seems plausible in the presence of favorable evolution of the aneurysmal sac and in the absence of symptoms.