RESUMO Abortamento e complicações na reprodução são importantes causas de perda econômica na equideocultura. Estudos dos agentes causais podem ajudar a identificar patógenos ou outros fatores envolvidos e definir medidas apropriadas para reduzir sua ocorrência. Esta pesquisa investigou as causas primárias de aborto, natimortalidade e mortalidade perinatal em equinos de diversas regiões do Brasil. Tecidos de fetos abortados, natimortos e potros submetidos ao Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de janeiro de 2010 a julho de 2013, foram processados por meio de técnicas de isolamento viral e bacteriano, PCR, histologia e imuno-histoquímica. Infecção bacteriana foi a causa mais detectada, encontrada em 16 de 53 amostras submetidas à análise bacteriana, seguida de causa viral em 2 de 105 amostras, e causas não infecciosas (isoeritrólise neonatal) em 2 de 105 amostras. Fungo foi encontrado em uma única amostra de 53 testadas. As bactérias isoladas mais frequentemente foram Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli associada a Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. associado a Bacillus spp. Os seguintes agentes foram observados em uma única amostra cada: Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Actinobacillus spp. e Rhodococcus equi. A identificação predominante de bactérias fecais e outras bactérias oportunistas, ao invés de outros patógenos comumente associados a quadros de abortamento equino, tais como Leptospira spp. e Herpesvírus equino tipo 1, sugere a necessidade de maior atenção no manejo higiênico das éguas em reprodução, a fim de prevenir infecções bacterianas que possam causar perda fetal, natimortalidade e mortalidade perinatal.

ABSTRACT Abortion and complications in reproduction are important causes of economic loss in horse breeding. Studies of its causal agents can help to identify the primary pathogens or other factors involved and define appropriate measures to reduce its occurrence. This research aimed to investigate the primary causes of equine abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in regions of Brazil. Tissue from aborted fetuses, stillbirths, neonates and foals submitted to the Biological Institute of São Paulo, Brazil, from January 2010 to July 2013 were processed for viral and bacterial isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), histology, and immunohistochemistry. Bacterial infection was the primary detected cause of abortion, found in 16 of the 53 animals submitted for bacterial analysis followed by viruses analysis in 2 of 105 animals, and noninfectious causes (neonatal isoerythrolysis) in 2 of 105 animals. Fungi were found in a single sample of 53 tested. The most frequent bacteria recovered were Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, combined E. coli and Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Bacillus spp. The following agents were each observed in a single sample: Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Actinobacillus spp., and Rhodococcus equi. The predominant identification of fecal and other opportunistic bacteria as opposed to pathogens commonly associated with equine abortion, such as Leptospira spp. and equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), suggests the need of improving hygiene management of breeding mares to prevent bacterial infection that may cause fetal loss, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality.

RESUMO: As enfermidades parasitárias são comumente encontradas em animais silvestres mantidos em cativeiro, e a pesquisa desses parasitas é uma ferramenta utilizada em ações de manejo de fauna. Uma vez que o método mais utilizado na prática dos laboratórios veterinários é o exame direto, diante disto, considerou-se oportuno relatar o parasitismo em silvestres de cativeiro comparando esta técnica com os métodos de Hoffman, Pons e Janer (HPJ) modificado e de Willis. Foram pesquisadas fezes frescas de onze recintos com espécimes das classes Reptilia, Aves e Mammalia, sendo que 81,8% foram positivas para a presença de parasitas em que 18,2% apresentavam protozoários em suas fezes, 9,1% helmintos e 54,6% protozoários e helmintos simultaneamente. O método direto e de HPJ foram mais específicos para identificação de parasitas, 72,7 e 63,6%, respectivamente, enquanto que o método de Willis apresentou menor positividade (36,4%). Conclui-se que o ideal na rotina laboratorial veterinária para exames coproparasitológicos de animais silvestres é a utilização do método HPJ associado ao método direto para detecção de protozoários e/ou helmintos, visando obter resultados mais precisos.

ABSTRACT: Parasitic diseases are common in wild animals kept in captivity, and the research of these parasites is a tool used in wildlife management actions. Once the method most used in the practice of veterinary laboratories is the direct examination, it was considered appropriate to report the parasitism in captivity wildlife comparing this technique with modified methods of Hoffman, Pons and Janer (HPJ) and Willis. Fresh feces were surveyed in eleven precincts with specimens of the class Reptilia, Birds and Mammalia. A positive result for the presence of parasites was observed in 81.8% of them, of which 18.2% were, 9.1% helminths and 54.6% protozoa and helminths simultaneously. The direct and HPJ methods were more specific for the identification of parasites, 72.7 and 63.6%, respectively, while the method of Willis showed less positive results (36.4%). It is concluded that the ideal routine in veterinary laboratory fecal examinations of wild animals is to use the HPJ method associated with the direct method for the detection of protozoa and/or helminths, in order to obtain more accurate results.

Com base no histórico de distúrbios reprodutivos, foram realizados inquéritos sorológicos e tentativas de isolamento de Brucella ovis em 28 propriedades do estado de São Paulo, totalizando 294 ovinos. Os soros colhidos por ocasião das visitas aos estabelecimentos rurais foram submetidos ao teste de fixação do complemento. Durante os exames clínicos, também foram colhidas amostras de materiais biológicos suspeitos para posterior cultivo bacteriológico em meio Brucella ágar, num total de 16 fetos abortados, um útero, seis secundinas, 13 secreções uterinas, seis zaragatoas de muco vaginal, 17 amostras de sêmen e três zaragatoas prepuciais. A proporção de ovinos com histórico de distúrbios reprodutivos e sororreativos para B. ovis foi de 1,7% (5/294), sendo um macho e quatro fêmeas, com títulos variando de 800 UI a 1.600 UI. Quatro rebanhos dos 28 pesquisados apresentaram animais sororreagentes (14,3%). Todos os cultivos das amostras biológicas foram negativos, inclusive sêmen e órgãos reprodutivos de carneiro da raça Texel, positivo em dois testes de fixação de complemento com intervalo de seis meses. Nos rebanhos de ovinos do estado de São Paulo examinados, não foi possível relacionar os distúrbios reprodutivos à sorologia positiva para B. ovis.No entanto, foi detectada presença de focos, fator de risco para a disseminação da bactéria nos rebanhos.

Based upon a history of reproductive disorders, a serological survey and attempts to isolate Brucella ovis were performed in 28 farms in the State of São Paulo, in a total of 294 sheep. The sera sampled on the occasion of the visit to the farms were subject to complement fixation. During clinical examination, samples of several suspicious biological materials were collected for further bacterial culture in Brucella agar medium, in a total of 16 aborted foetuses, one uterus, one placenta, 13 uterine discharge, six vaginal swabs, 17 semen samples and three preputial swabs. The proportion of sheep with a history of reproductive disorders and serum reactive for B. ovis was of 1.7% (5/294), including one ram and four ewes, with titres ranging from 800 IU to 1600 IU. Four of the 28 sheep herds surveyed had serum reactive animals (14,3%). All cultures of biological samples were negative, including semen and swabs from the reproductive organs of a Texel ram, positive in two complement fixation tests, six months apart. In the sheep herds surveyed in the State of São Paulo, it was not possible to relate the reproductive disorders to the positive serology for B. ovis, however, foci were detected, representing a risk factor for bacterial dissemination in the herds.

Campylobacteriosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis. One of the main virulence factors related to Campylobacter spp. in animals and humans is the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), encoded by three adjacent genes (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC). The occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in samples of vegetables has not been reported in Brazil yet, and has seldom been described in the international literature. The detection of CDT in these strains has not been reported, either. The objectives of the present study were to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. strains carrying virulence factors in samples of poultry and vegetables (lettuce and spinach) from different points of sale, thus verifying if vegetables are as an important vehicle for potentially virulent Campylobacter spp. strains as poultry. Twenty four strains were identified as Campylobacter jejuni by phenotypic and genotypic methods: 22 from broiler carcasses and two from lettuce samples. Three strains were identified as Campylobacter coli: two from broiler carcasses and one from lettuce. The presence of the cdt genes were detected in 20/24 (83.3%) C. jejuni strains, and 3/3 (100%) C. coli strains. The isolation of Campylobacter spp. strains with the cdt gene cluster in lettuce samples points to a new possible source of contamination, which could have an impact in the vegetable production chain and risk to public health. Results show that potentially virulent C. jejuni and C. coli strains remain viable in samples of broiler carcasses and vegetables at the points of sale.