Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) causes bacterial wilt on beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and bacterial tan spot on soybeans (Glycine max). Cff was detected on beans in Brazil in 1995. Plants of commercial and experimental fields of soybean with typical symptoms of the disease were collected in the State of Paraná, Brazil, during the 2011/2012 growing season. The causal agent was identified as Cff by isolation from symptomatic leaves on CNS semi-selective medium, artificial inoculation test and re-isolation in soybean and bean, Gram staining test, solubility in KOH, and by PCR. This is the first report of Cff on soybean in Brazil.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram complementar os estudos dos mecanismos genéticos da resistência e tolerância da soja à ferrugem-asiática e sugerir metodologias de melhoramento que permitam o acúmulo de genes maiores e menores. Seis experimentos foram realizados durante três safras em Londrina, PR, de 2005/06 a 2007/08, envolvendo cinco parentais e as gerações derivadas F2, F3 e F4. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas em covas. As metodologias propostas foram planejadas para superar as dificuldades do melhorista em selecionar genes menores na presença de genes maiores. Isto é resolvido conduzindo populações segregantes F2, F3 e F4 numerosas para melhorar as chances de encontrar recombinações favoráveis e submetendo-as à pressão do patógeno para aumentar a frequência de genótipos resistentes/tolerantes na população F4 ou F5 quando plantas individuais serão selecionadas para formação de progênies. Consequentemente, a frequência de progênies F5 ou F6 superiores possuidoras de alelos nos genes menores e maiores também será aumentada.

The objectives of this work were to complement the studies on the genetic control of soybean resistance to rust and to suggest a breeding methodology that allows the recombination and selection of soybean genotypes carrying major and minor genes for rust resistance. Six experiments were carried out in Londrina, PR during three growing seasons from 2005/06 to 2007/08 involving five parents and their derived F2, F3 and F4 segregating populations. A completely randomized design was used with single plant hill-plots. The proposed methodologies ware designed to overcome the difficulties breeders face while selecting for minor gene resistance in the presence of major genes. This is dealt with by breeding large F2, F3 and F4 segregant populations to improve the changes of the favorable gene combinations to appear and increasing genotype homozygosis under pathogen pressure to enhance the frequency of the favorable genotypes in the populations F5 populations. This will also increase the chances of superior F6 to appear from plant selection in the populations.

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver testes de alelismo, inclusive cruzamentos entre um grupo de genótipos resistentes à ferrugem, do banco de germoplasma de soja da Embrapa, e as duas fontes de resistência com os genes Rpp2 e Rpp4. A ferrugem-asiática-da-soja, causada pelo fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi, tem gerado perdas significativas na produtividade da cultura e preocupado os agricultores brasileiros. Até recentemente, existiam quatro genes de resistência descritos na literatura, mas somente Rpp2 e Rpp4 continuam efetivos no Brasil. Vinte e seis fontes com resistência a P. pachyrhizi foram cruzadas com PI 230970 e PI 459025 (fontes dos genes Rpp2 e Rpp4, respectivamente), e as plantas da geração F2 foram infectadas com uma suspensão com 2,5x10(4) esporos por mililitro e analisadas em casa de vegetação após 20 dias, para verificação da presença de lesões de resistência (RB) ou de suscetibilidade (TAN). Foram aplicados testes de qui-quadrado para investigar as hipóteses de segregação independente ou de alelos de resistência nos locos Rpp2 e Rpp4. Genes de resistência provenientes de PI 197182, PI 230971 e PI 417125 não segregaram em cruzamentos com a PI 230970, o que indica que esses genótipos apresentam um único gene de resistência presente no loco Rpp2. Cruzamentos com os outros 23 genótipos resultaram em populações segregantes, o que indica que estas possuem genes que não pertencem aos locos Rpp2 e Rpp4.

The objective of this study was to conduct allelic tests including crosses between a group of rust resistant genotypes from Embrapa's soybean germplasm collection and PI 230970 and PI 459025, which carry the Rpp2 and Rpp4 genes, respectively. Asian Soybean rust (ASR) caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi has resulted in significant yield losses and concern among Brazilian farmers. Until recently, there were four resistance genes (Rpp1 through Rpp4) described in the literature, but only Rpp2 and Rpp4 are still effective in Brazil. Twenty-six sources of resistance to P. pachyrhizi were crossed with PI 230970 and PI 459025 (Rpp2 and Rpp4 gene sources, respectively) and plants of their F2 generations were infected with a suspension containing 2.5x10(4) spores per milliliter and assessed in a greenhouse after 20 days, for the presence of resistant (RB) or susceptible (TAN) lesions. Chi-square tests were applied to investigate the hypotheses of independent or allelic resistance gene segregations. ASR resistant genes derived from PI 197182, PI 230971 and PI 417125 did not segregate in crosses with PI 230970, which indicates that these genotypes have a single resistance gene in the Rpp2 locus. Crosses with the other 23 genotypes resulted in segregating populations, suggesting that their resistance genes do not belong to Rpp2 or Rpp4 loci.