Abstract The rising popularity of various types of wood panels and the advances in manufacturing technology have increased the uses of wood. The bonding of fibers and particles to form panels, however, involves impregnation with resins, such as phenolic adhesives, which delivery desirable quality to the panels due to their insolubility in water, resistance against heat among others, but are also recognized as carcinogenic to humans (IARC, 2004). This study involved measuring the levels of formaldehyde, remaining in wood panels after use and disposal. It was initially evaluated new panels and then examined degraded ones. The results demonstrated significant volatilization of formaldehyde during the degradation process of the panels, with losses of 74.83% for MDF and 85.71% for medium density particleboards (MDP). The results demonstrated significant volatilization of formaldehyde during the degradation process of the panels, with losses of 74.83% for MDF and 85.71% for medium density particleboards (MDP).

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como propósito identificar la ética implícita en el marketing en Colombia a partir de la visión de profesores expertos de las mejores universidades del país. El diseño metodológico fue el análisis hermenéutico de la información recogida en entrevistas semidirigidas. Los resultados identifican que la ética impartida en los pregrados de Colombia: tiene una postura moral hegemónica basada en la ética utilitarista; es importante para el profesional de mercadeo; deviene de la moral religiosa; se enseña a través de códigos de ética y tiende a ser incluida transversalmente en los currículos. Varias universidades incorporan, transversalmente, cuestiones éticas en sus currículos, mientras que otras eliminan o dejan a elección del estudiante el aprendizaje de este componente. El enfoque de ética que se imparte en los programas de pregrado en marketing en Colombia debe ser revisado, para evitar fenómenos del contexto nacional que se consideran inadecuados, como la competencia desleal o la publicidad engañosa.

Abstract This paper is aimed to identify the implicit ethics in marketing in Colombia according to many expert professors’ perspectives from the best Colombian universities. The methodological design used was the hermeneutic analysis of the information gathered through semi-directed interviews. The results show that the ethics taught in Colombian undergraduate programs has a hegemonic moral position based on utilitarian ethics, which is important for the professionals of marketing and comes from religious morality. It is also taught through ethical codes and tends to be a cross subject in curricula. Although several universities try to incorporate the ethical issues throughout their curricula, other universities have eliminated this component or have left the learning of this component as a student's choice. The ethics approach taught in undergraduate marketing programs in Colombia should be reviewed to avoid phenomena in the national context that are considered inappropriate, such as unfair competition or misleading advertising.

RESUMEN En este documento se presentan las bases conceptuales para el estudio de la Economia Colaborativa. Se plantean las diferencias entre las modalidades de intercambio econômico emergentes a partir de la mediación tecnológica, tales como la economia de conciertos y la economia digital. Para esto, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica a partir de la metodologia de revision sistemática de literatura para ciencias sociales y económicas en Scopus, WoS y Redalyc en el periodo 2008-2019. Este ejercicio permitió ubicar a la economia colaborativa como una nueva institución económica que posee cuatro subsectores: consumo, producción, educación y finanzas. La economía colaborativa se distingue por las soluciones particulares, la forma de solucionar las necesidades de las personas y en la creación de comunidad. El documento concluye que a) es importante que la academia y los estados miren con detenimiento las diferencias entre las modalidades estudiadas y b) la economia colaborativa es un mecanismo para el cambio social.

RESUMO Este documento apresenta a base conceitual para o estudo da Economia Colaborativa. As diferenças entre os modos emergentes de intercâmbio econômico através da mediação tecnológica, como a economia gig e a economia digital, são discutidas. Para este fim, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica utilizando a metodologia de revisão sistemática de literatura para ciências sociais e economia em Scopus, WoS e Redalyc no periodo 2008-2019. Este exercício nos permitiu identificar a economia colaborativa como uma nova instituição econômica com quatro sub-setores: consumo, produção, educação e finanças. A economia colaborativa se distingue por soluções particulares na forma como as necessidades das pessoas são resolvidas e na criação de comunidade. O documento conclui que a) é importante para o meio acadêmico e os estados examinar de perto as diferenças entre as modalidades estudadas e b) a economia colaborativa é um mecanismo de mudança social.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the conceptual bases for the study of the Sharing Economy. The differences between the modalities of economic exchange emerging from technological mediation, such as the gig economy and the digital economy are presented. For this purpose, a literature search was conducted using the systematic literature review methodology for social sciences and economics in Scopus, WoS and Redalyc in the period 2008-2019. This exercise allowed us to locate the Sharing Economy as a new economic institution with four subsectors: consumption, production, education and finance. The Sharing Economy is distinguished by particular solutions, the way of solving people's needs and in the creation of community. The document concludes that a) it is important for academia and states to look carefully at the differences between the modalities studied and b) the collaborative economy is a mechanism for social change.

Resumo A economia compartilhada é uma nova instituição econômica. Esta conclusão foi alcançada a partir de uma análise aprofundada da teoria institucional e da proposta de Schumpeter sobre consumo e revoluções tecnológicas. Esta não é uma questão menor, dada a sua importância hoje e a tendência acentuada dos usuários, dada sua institucionalização, no uso de plataformas digitais para obter produtos e serviços. Essas plataformas, chamadas ponto a ponto ou p2p, reduzem a incerteza e criam confiança entre as partes, fornecendo elementos de decisão e analisando informações. Este é um dos elementos principais desta instituição. O texto trata dos principais autores sobre economia compartilhada status institucional e existência. Seu status institucional e sua existência como mecanismo que permite abordar o ótimo social, o sujeito super decisor de Harsanyi e as formas de consumo.

Abstract Sharing Economy is a new economic institution. This conclusion was reached from a thorough analysis of institutional theory and Schumpeter's proposal on consumption and technological revolutions. This is not a minor issue given its current importance and users’ trend, due to its institutionalization, towards the use of digital platforms for obtaining products and services. These platforms, called peer to peer or p2p, reduce uncertainty and build trust between the parties, while providing decision elements and analysis information. The platforms one of the key elements of this institution. The text deals with the main authors on collaborative consumption, their institutional status and their existence as a mechanism that allows addressing the social optimum, the super decisive agent of Harsanyi and the forms of consumption.

RESUMO Objetivo: Propor a responsabilidade digital organizacional como uma nova área de interesse da responsabilidade social nos contextos das tecnologias que fazem parte das indústrias 4.0. Originalidade/valor: Não existe suficiente base teórica e legal que permita às organizações de diferentes tipos enfrentar as implicações da adoção das novas tecnologias. Por conseguinte, apresentam-se fundamentos e considerações essenciais para o desenvolvimento da responsabilidade digital organizacional. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa hermenêutica baseada numa revisão sistêmica de literatura realizada na estrutura de duas pesquisas. A primeira abordou a discussão sobre a pertinência da criação de uma nova matéria para a responsabilidade social tradicional em contextos digitais, e a segunda demonstrou a neces -si dade epistemológica da responsabilidade social nas novas tecnologias. Resultados: Em primeiro lugar, o fato de as novas tecnologias representarem supostamente um risco social faz que elas sejam assunto de estudo da responsabilidade social. Em segundo lugar, a ausência de regulamentação vigente sobre a indústria 4.0 e a imprevisibilidade do avanço das tecnologias não são limites para a criação de um cenário de responsabilidade digital organizacional. O desenvolvimento da responsabilidade social nos contextos digitais é possível e necessário. No entanto, é preciso estar atento às variáveis de risco social que possam surgir com cada nova tecnologia. Por conseguinte, é necessária uma revisão constante das bases e dos fundamentos da responsabilidade digital organizacional.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To propose corporate digital responsibility as a new area of interest for social accountability in the contexts of technologies that are part of the 4.0 industries. Originality/value: In this regard, it was found that there is not enough theoretical and legal foundation that allows different types of organizations to face the implications of the adoption of new technologies. Therefore, essential foundations and considerations are raised for the development of corporate digital responsibility. Design/methodology/approach: The document presents a hermeneutical investigation based on a systemic literature review within the framework of two investigations. The first addressed the relevance of creating a new subject for traditional social responsibility in digital contexts, and the second demonstrated the epistemological need for social responsibility in technologies. Findings: Firstly, the fact that new technologies pose a social risk makes them a subject of social responsibility study. Secondly, the absence of regulations on industry 4.0 and the unpredictability of the advancement of technologies is not a limitation for creating a scenario of corporate digital responsibility. To conclude, the development of social responsibility in digital contexts is possible and necessary. However, we must be attentive to the variables of social risk that may arise with each new technology. Therefore, a constant review of the foundations and bases of corporate digital responsibility is needed.

Resumen El proceso de fragmentación, a consecuencia de las actividades humanas, ha modificado la diversidad de los ecosistemas acuáticos y riparios, especialmente en áreas como bosques secos tropicales que, en Colombia, son zonas en peligro de desaparecer dentro de pocos años. Ante esta situación, la diversidad y la composición de los insectos Odonata, que están influenciadas por factores abióticos, podrían ser excelentes herramientas para comprender el estado ambiental actual. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue observar los cambios en la diversidad y la composición de Odonata, en diferentes condiciones de la vegetación riparia, a lo largo de un arroyo, en un remanente de bosque seco. Al mismo tiempo, se plantea la hipótesis de que existen diferencias, en la diversidad y composición de Odonata, a lo largo del sistema. Para esto, se muestrearon larvas y adultos de odonatos y se determinaron las variables ambientales a lo largo de cuatro estaciones de muestreo dentro de un mismo arroyo, con diferente vegetación ribereña, en cuatro periodos durante un año. Se recolectó un total de 272 especímenes correspondientes a 16 especies. Se observaron variaciones en la composición de Odonata, señaladas en los registros de especies y en el índice de similitud. Sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias significativas en la diversidad de odonatos. En cuanto a la fisicoquímica del arroyo, se notó una variación espacial en la conductividad y la concentración de nutrientes y una variación temporal en el pH y la temperatura. A manera de conclusión, se exponen cambios en la composición de Odonata, en concordancia con la vegetación riparia, durante el año de muestreo.

Abstract The fragmentation of aquatic and riparian environments has damaged diversity into ecosystems. These injuries are pronounced in areas as tropical dry forests in Colombia, which are endangered zones that could be disappear in few years. In this situation, diversity and composition in Odonata insects, which are influenced by abiotic factors, could be excellent tools for understanding environmental status. Thus, we aim to observe changes in Odonata diversity and composition in different riparian vegetation during a year, along a stream from a remnant of dry forest. At the same time, we hypothesize that there are differences in Odonata diversity and composition. To take this, we sampled Odonata, larvae and adults, and environmental variables in four sampling stations, with different riparian vegetation during a year. We collected a total of 272 specimens corresponding to 16 species. In one hand, we noted variations in Odonata composition, showed in species records and similarity index. In other hand, we do not observe differences in Odonata diversity. Lastly, we approve in part our hypothesis exposing only Odonata composition changes with riparian vegetation, during sampling year.

Resumen Colombia es el quinto país con más especies de odonatos de Latinoamérica, con 437 especies distribuidas en 11 familias, lo que representa el 7,2 % de la riqueza mundial. Esto se ve reflejado en la gran cantidad de especímenes presentes en muchas colecciones del país. La colección del Museo de La Salle (MLS) tiene registros desde 1968 y adolece de problemas de identificación taxonómica y de modo de preservación, que a largo plazo pone en riesgo los ejemplares y su información asociada, por lo que en el presente estudio se propuso la actualización taxonómica y el mejoramiento de las condiciones de almacenamiento de los odonatos depositados en el museo. Para ello, los especímenes se identificaron hasta el último nivel taxonómico posible y simultáneamente se tomaron acciones de conservación curativa y de optimización del almacenamiento. Como resultado, se identificaron un total de 903 individuos, repartidos en 81 especies provenientes de14 departamentos, de los cuales el más representativo fue Huila con 363 especímenes; la mayoría de los ejemplares se recolectaron entre el 2010 y el 2017. Mediante una revisión bibliográfica se encontraron nuevos registros para varios departamentos del país, siendo Cundinamarca el de mayor cantidad. Se concluyó que la colección del Museo de La Salle posee piezas valiosas de información en cuanto a la distribución espacial y temporal de los odonatos en el país. Asimismo, se resalta la importancia de una correcta técnica de preservación y almacenamiento de los ejemplares para su conservación a lo largo del tiempo.

Abstract Colombia is the fifth country with the most Odonata species in Latin America totaling 437 distributed among 11 families, which represent 7.2% of the world's richness. This is reflected in a large number of specimens present in many collections in the country. The collection of the Museum of La Salle has records since 1968 and it evidences problems in the taxonomic identification and the preservation mode that can put at risk the specimens and the information they represent in the long term. Taking into account this, the objective of this project was to carry out a taxonomic update and to improve the storage conditions of the odonates deposited in the museum. For this, the specimens were identified up to the minimum possible taxonomic level and, at the same time, we undertook curative conservation and storage optimization actions. As a result, a total of 903 individuals were identified belonging to 81 species distributed in 14 departments, Huila being the most representative with 363 specimens, most of them collected between 2010 and 2017. Through a bibliographic review, we found new records for several departments of the country, Cundinamarca being the one with the largest amount. We concluded that the collection of the Museum of La Salle has valuable pieces of information regarding the spatial and temporal distribution of Odonata species in the country. Likewise, we highlight the importance of using the correct technique for specimen preservation and storage.

Resumen Este documento presenta una propuesta para clasificar las facultades de administración colombianas con programas de pregrado a partir de indicadores de generación de conocimiento. El trabajo se desarrolló con parámetros cuantitativos en el que se realizaba un proceso de análisis comparativo e interpretativo de la información contenida en rankings académicos especializados del año 2017, así como de los datos obtenidos de los grupos de investigación y de los posgrados de las mejores universidades que se encuentran consignados en sus sitios web y en la plataforma GrupLac de Colciencias. La clasificación final contiene diecinueve programas y entrega un panorama del estado de algunos de los mejores programas de pregrado en Administración de Colombia. Se concluye que es necesario mejorar la razón programas posgraduales versus calidad y cantidad de grupos de investigación, lo cual permitiría a las facultades de Administración con peores posicionamientos mejorar sus indicadores de calidad de sus programas de pregrado.

Abstract This document presents a proposal to classify the Colombian administration faculties with undergraduate programs based on indicators of knowledge generation. This study was developed under quantitative parameters in which a process of comparative and interpretative analysis of the information contained in specialized academic rankings of the year 2017 was carried out, as well as of the data obtained from the research groups and postgraduate programs of the best universities that are consigned in their websites and in the GrupLac platform of Colciencias. The final classification contains nineteen programs and provides an overview of the status of some of the best undergraduate programs in Administration in Colombia. It is concluded that it is necessary to improve the ratio of postgraduate programs versus quality and quantity of research groups, which would allow the Faculty of Administration with the worst positions to improve their quality indicators of their undergraduate programs.

Crimes against sexual freedom and indemnity are events occurring daily in our country and that are a reality, are both phenomena of social alarm, because the media's focus as an element of social problems. Sexual violence is a public health problem in our country and many others. There are multiple definitions of the terms: violence, rape, abuse or crime against sexual freedom, all referred to this act, which basically will and sexual freedom of the victim is affected. Finally when these acts constitute offenses, they should also have own sanctions thereof, all dependent criminal legal process.

Los delitos contra la libertad e indemnidad sexual son hechos producidos a diario en nuestro país y son expresión de una sociedad decadente en valores; son, a la vez, fenómenos de alarma social, debido a que los medios de comunicación los enfocan como un elemento de la problemática social. La violencia sexual es un problema de salud pública en nuestro país y muchos otros. Existen múltiples definiciones para los términos: violencia, violación, abuso o delito contra la libertad sexual, todos referidos a este acto, en el que básicamente se afecta la voluntad y libertad sexual de la víctima. Finalmente, al constituirse estos actos en delitos, también deben tener sanciones propias del mismo, todas dependientes de procesos jurídico-penales.

Objective: To determine the injuries from domestic violence and their characteristics. Material and Methods: A prospective descriptive study from January to December 2013. Results: In 2013, 1754 FE were performed, of which 423 were for injuries from domestic violence; 30.97% (131/423) corresponded to patients between 36-49 years. The findings were: 93.14% (394/423) were adults. Regarding the causative agent, 39.48% (167/423) were produced by human nail in assaulted men and women, 21.04% (89/423) blunt agent (hitting, kicking, etc) was the causative agent, the married and cohabiting couples have increased frequency of domestic violence, 45.63% (193/423) of women patients were married, and in males 23.40% (99/423) were married; concerning the injured anatomical region, 8.75% (37/423) of men had lesions in the head and neck and in females 8.98% (38/423). Conclusion: domestic violence injuries are common in males as in females, women have injuries by blunt agents due to the force of male offenders in most cases. Men have human nail injuries.

Objetivo: Determinar las lesiones por violencia familiar y sus características. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo de enero a diciembre del 2013. Resultados: En el año 2013, se realizaron 1754 RML, de las cuales 423 correspondieron a lesiones por violencia familiar; el 30,97% (131/423) correspondió a peritadas entre 36 a 49 años. Los hallazgos encontrados fueron: 93,14%(394/423) fueron adultos. Respecto al agente causante. El 39,48%(167/423) es producido por uña humana, en agredidos varones, y en mujeres, el 21,04%(89/423) el agente contuso (puñete, patada, etc.) fue el agente causante, los casados y convivientes tienen mayor frecuencia de lesiones por violencia familiar, el 45,63% (193/423) de las mujeres peritadas era casada, y en el sexo masculino el 23,40% (99/423) eran casados; respecto a la región anatómica lesionada, el 8,75%(37/423) de varones presentó lesiones en cabeza y cuello, entre otros hallazgos. Conclusión: Las lesiones por violencia familiar son frecuentes en el sexo masculino como en el sexo femenino, las mujeres presentan lesiones por agente contuso debido a la fuerza que la caracterizaba a los agresores que vendrían a ser varones en la mayoría de casos. Los varones presentan lesiones por uña humana.

Se validó un instrumento diseñado para medir la adherencia al tratamiento hipertensivo conformado por 10 ítems tipo Escala Likert. Se evaluó la validez de constructo mediante análisis factorial y confiabilidad por medio del Alpha de Cronbach. El análisis factorial permitió agrupar los ítems en torno a los factores que componen dicho constructo. El valor de Alfa obtenido (0,515) corresponde a un valor moderado lo que significa que el instrumento puede ser utilizado como técnica adecuada de recolección de datos.

An instrument was designed to measure the adhesion to the hypertension treatment using a tool composed of 10 items Likerttype scale. The construct validity through factorial analysis and reliability by using Cronbach's Alpha was evaluated. The factorial analysis allowed the grouping of the items around the factors that make up the construct. The alpha value obtained (0.515) corresponds to a moderate value which means that the instrument can be used as a proper technique to collect data.

Primary amebic menigoencephalitis (PAM) is rare. Two cases of PAM in Venezuelan patients are described. Case 1, a 10 year-old male with headache, fever, vomiting. The patient swam in a water reservoir before the onset of his disease. He died during his third hospital day. Case 2, a 23 year-old male with a history of headache, fever, vomiting, drowsiness, and behavioral disturbances. The patient died on his second hospital day. The diagnosis in both cases was PAM due to Naegleria fowleri. Central nervous system infection by free-living amebas should be considered in meningoencephalitides with bacterial-free cerebro-spinal fluid.

La meningoencefalitis amebiana primaria (MAP) es infrecuente. Describimos dos nuevos casos de MAP en pacientes Venezolanos. Caso 1, Varón de 10 años, con fiebre, cefalea, vómitos y debilidad generalizada, y antecedente de inmersión en un estanque de agua días antes del inicio de sus síntomas, falleciendo 72 horas después del ingreso. Caso 2, Varón de 23 años con historia de cefalea, fiebre, vómitos, somnolencia y cambios de conducta. El paciente falleció 40 horas después. El estudio neuropatológico en ambos casos reveló MAP por Naegleria fowleri. La encefalitis por amebas anfizoicas debe sospecharse en casos de meningoencefalitis asépticas.

Resumen. Existe poca evidencia con respecto a la relación entre parásitos y apendicitis aguda. Con el objeto de clarificar dudas, se estudiaron 830 muestras de especimenes apendiculares. Se analizaron la edad, el sexo, los hallazgos histopatológicos, la presencia o no de parásitos y el tipo de parásito presente. Se observaron parásitos en 62 casos (7,46%). Ascaris lumbricoides y Trichuris trichiura fueron los parásitos mas frecuentemente visualizados, solos o en combinación en 45 casos (72,5%). La perforación apendicular, la peritonitis, la necrosis apendicular y las características flegmonosas del apéndice, fueron observados con mayor frecuencia en los casos sin infestación parasitaria (p < 0,05). En los casos de peritonitis, no se observó diferencia significativa entre los casos con o sin infestación parasitaria. La baja frecuencia de la presencia parasitaria en las biopsias estudiadas y la imposibilidad de demostrar una relación entre los parásitos y todas las manifestaciones histopatológicas de la apendicitis aguda, impiden afirmar que los parásitos constituyen una causa importante en la etiopatogénia de la apendicitis aguda en pacientes pediátricos.

Abstract. There is little evidence regarding the relationship between parasites and acute appendicitis. In order to determine such a relationship, if any, 830 appendectomy specimens were studied. Age, sex, pathological findings and the presence and type of parasites and the type of parasite were analyzed. Parasites were present in 62 cases (7.46%). Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were the most frequently encountered parasites. These were observed, alone or in combination, in 45 cases (72.5%). Appendix perforation, peritonitis, necrosis and flegmonous appearance, were more frequent in the cases of acute appendicitis without parasitic infestation (p < 0.05). There were no differences between the cases with or without parasitic infestation (p > 0.05) In cases of peritonitis. The low incidence of parasites among the appendectomy specimens and the failure to demonstrate its relationship with all events derived of appendicitis, do not support the hypothesis that parasites are a major cause of appendicitis in pediatric patients.