A participação da sociedade na gestão do sistema de saúde, nas diferentes esferas do governo, é uma das políticas promovidas na construção do Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil. O sucesso na implementação de qualquer nova política depende de diversos elementos, entre eles, os interesses e opiniões dos atores principais envolvidos e que nem sempre são considerados. Neste artigo são analisados os conceitos de participação social nos serviços de saúde de dois grupos de atores e como estas concepções podem influir na implementação da política de participação em saúde no Brasil. Realizou-se um estudo de caso em dois municípios do Nordeste do Brasil, utilizando uma combinação de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos das ciências sociais. Foram entrevistados usuários e líderes comunitários. Encontrou-se uma grande variedade de conceitos, que só limitadamente coincidem com o enfoque de participação contemplado nas políticas. Conceitos provavelmente explicáveis pela evolução da sociedade e do sistema de saúde no Brasil, que requerem ser trabalhados na perspectiva de melhorar a eficácia da política de participação social.

Social participation in management of the health care system at different levels of government is one of the key policies promoted by the Unified National Health System (SUS) in Brazil. As with any new policy, success hinges on several factors such as stakeholders' interests and opinions, which have not always been considered in the past. This paper analyzes the underlying concepts of two groups of stakeholders with respect to social participation in health and the potential influence of these concepts on the effectiveness of policy implementation. A case study of two municipalities in Northeast Brazil was conducted using a combination of qualitative and quantitative social science research methods. Health services users and community leaders were interviewed. Various concepts were found in which the participatory approach to health policies was only partially reflected. Likely influences on stakeholders' concepts of social participation in health are the evolution of the broader Brazilian social context and the traditional performance of health services. Particular attention should be paid to stakeholders' opinions and concepts if policy effectiveness is to be improved.

A participação da sociedade na gestão do sistema de saúde, nas diferentes esferas do governo, é uma das políticas promovidas na construção do Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil. O sucesso na implementação de qualquer nova política depende de diversos elementos, entre eles, os interesses e opiniões dos atores principais envolvidos e que nem sempre são considerados. Neste artigo são analisados os conceitos de participação social nos serviços de saúde de dois grupos de atores e como estas concepções podem influir na implementação da política de participação em saúde no Brasil. Realizou-se um estudo de caso em dois municípios do Nordeste do Brasil, utilizando uma combinação de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos das ciências sociais. Foram entrevistados usuários e líderes comunitários. Encontrou-se uma grande variedade de conceitos, que só limitadamente coincidem com o enfoque de participação contemplado nas políticas. Conceitos provavelmente explicáveis pela evolução da sociedade e do sistema de saúde no Brasil, que requerem ser trabalhados na perspectiva de melhorar a eficácia da política de participação social.

Social participation in management of the health care system at different levels of government is one of the key policies promoted by the Unified National Health System (SUS) in Brazil. As with any new policy, success hinges on several factors such as stakeholders' interests and opinions, which have not always been considered in the past. This paper analyzes the underlying concepts of two groups of stakeholders with respect to social participation in health and the potential influence of these concepts on the effectiveness of policy implementation. A case study of two municipalities in Northeast Brazil was conducted using a combination of qualitative and quantitative social science research methods. Health services users and community leaders were interviewed. Various concepts were found in which the participatory approach to health policies was only partially reflected. Likely influences on stakeholders' concepts of social participation in health are the evolution of the broader Brazilian social context and the traditional performance of health services. Particular attention should be paid to stakeholders' opinions and concepts if policy effectiveness is to be improved.

Background: Social participation in the health system constitutes one of the basic principles of Brazilian health sector reform. This paper analyses the concepts held by different groups of stakeholders with respect to social participation in health and identifies their opinions on hindering and enabling factors for this participation. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted using individual interviews (II) and focus groups (FG) with different groups of stakeholders: 135 users (II, GF), 14 community leaders (II, GF), 12 Municipal Health Council (MHC) members (II), 8 policymakers and (II) 37 health personnel (II, GF) were interviewed. A narrative content analysis of the results was conducted. Two municipalities in North-eastern Brazil, Cabo de Santo Agostinho and Camaragibe, made up the area of study. Results: In all groups, a distinction between individual and group participation emerged and reached different levels of elaboration. Many informants' ideas described also their own ways of action. Individual participation concepts and the utilization of health services were predominant among users. Population and institutional factors were identified as obstacles to participation: users and community leaders referred both type of factors, while the health personnel and MHC members put more emphasis on the former. Some informants among the health personnel did not identify any barriers. Policymakers emphasised the lack of political will. The enabling factors mentioned reflected the same logic. Conclusions: Concepts and perceived hindering factors to participation which were described appear to show different ways of interaction among the diverse stakeholders and the health services. The results point towards a limited effect of the health policy on social participation. Elements that could contribute to an improvement are identified.

Fundamento: La participación social en salud constituye uno de los principios fundamentales de la reforma sanitaria brasileña. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los conceptos de participación social en salud de los diferentes agentes sociales y su percepción de obstáculos y facilidades a esta participación. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa mediante entrevistas individuales (EI) y grupos focales (GF) a diferentes agentes sociales: 135 usuarios (EI, GF), 14 líderes comunitarios (EI, GF), 12 miembros del Consejo Municipal de Salud (EI), 8 formuladores de políticas (EI) y 37 del personal de salud (EI, GF). Se hizo un análisis narrativo de contenido. Los municipios de Cabo y Camaragibe en el Nordeste de Brasil, constituían el área de estudio. Resultados: Con distintos niveles de elaboración, en todos los grupos de informantes emergieron conceptos de participación individual y colectiva en salud y la mayoría describía también su propia actuación. La participación como acción individual y la idea de utilización de los servicios de salud predominaron en las respuestas de usuarios. En los obstáculos a la participación refirieron factores poblacionales e institucionales: usuarios y líderes mencionaron ambos tipos, mientras que el personal de salud y miembros del CMS hacían mayor hincapié en los primeros. Los formuladores de políticas enfatizan la falta de decisión política. En las facilidades se observó la misma tendencia. Conclusiones: Los conceptos y las dificultades a la participación referidos parecen mostrar las distintas formas de relación entre los diversos agentes sociales y los servicios de salud y señalan hacia un limitado alcance de la política de participación social en salud. Se identifican elementos de mejora.

Background: Social participation in the health system constitutes one of the basic principles of Brazilian health sector reform. This paper analyses the concepts held by different groups of stakeholders with respect to social participation in health and identifies their opinions on hindering and enabling factors for this participation. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted using individual interviews (II) and focus groups (FG) with different groups of stakeholders: 135 users (II, GF), 14 community leaders (II, GF), 12 Municipal Health Council (MHC) members (II), 8 policymakers and (II) 37 health personnel (II, GF) were interviewed. A narrative content analysis of the results was conducted. Two municipalities in North-eastern Brazil, Cabo de Santo Agostinho and Camaragibe, made up the area of study. Results: In all groups, a distinction between individual and group participation emerged and reached different levels of elaboration. Many informants' ideas described also their own ways of action. Individual participation concepts and the utilization of health services were predominant among users. Population and institutional factors were identified as obstacles to participation: users and community leaders referred both type of factors, while the health personnel and MHC members put more emphasis on the former. Some informants among the health personnel did not identify any barriers. Policymakers emphasised the lack of political will. The enabling factors mentioned reflected the same logic. Conclusions: Concepts and perceived hindering factors to participation which were described appear to show different ways of interaction among the diverse stakeholders and the health services. The results point towards a limited effect of the health policy on social participation. Elements that could contribute to an improvement are identified.

Fundamento: La participación social en salud constituye uno de los principios fundamentales de la reforma sanitaria brasileña. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los conceptos de participación social en salud de los diferentes agentes sociales y su percepción de obstáculos y facilidades a esta participación. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa mediante entrevistas individuales (EI) y grupos focales (GF) a diferentes agentes sociales: 135 usuarios (EI, GF), 14 líderes comunitarios (EI, GF), 12 miembros del Consejo Municipal de Salud (EI), 8 formuladores de políticas (EI) y 37 del personal de salud (EI, GF). Se hizo un análisis narrativo de contenido. Los municipios de Cabo y Camaragibe en el Nordeste de Brasil, constituían el área de estudio. Resultados: Con distintos niveles de elaboración, en todos los grupos de informantes emergieron conceptos de participación individual y colectiva en salud y la mayoría describía también su propia actuación. La participación como acción individual y la idea de utilización de los servicios de salud predominaron en las respuestas de usuarios. En los obstáculos a la participación refirieron factores poblacionales e institucionales: usuarios y líderes mencionaron ambos tipos, mientras que el personal de salud y miembros del CMS hacían mayor hincapié en los primeros. Los formuladores de políticas enfatizan la falta de decisión política. En las facilidades se observó la misma tendencia. Conclusiones: Los conceptos y las dificultades a la participación referidos parecen mostrar las distintas formas de relación entre los diversos agentes sociales y los servicios de salud y señalan hacia un limitado alcance de la política de participación social en salud. Se identifican elementos de mejora.