Resumo Dada a importância da suinocultura para o Brasil, é necessário entender o impacto ambiental gerado pelos materiais de construção empregados na produção das instalações rurais, em especial na construção dos biodigestores, visto que essas instalações têm um importante papel na sustentabilidade dos sistemas de produção. Diante da relevância do volume de concreto empregado no processo de construção de biodigestores para manejo e tratamento de resíduos da suinocultura, esta pesquisa avaliou as emissões de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2Eq.) em diferentes cenários de dosagens de concreto. Para isso, um modelo computacional ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) foi desenvolvido para predição e análise das emissões de CO2Eq. durante o ciclo de vida dos materiais adotados em concretos convencionais. Os resultados indicam que a escolha adequada da dosagem pode gerar redução nas emissões de CO2Eq. da ordem de 31,41% para concretos de 30 MPa a 40 MPa. Isso implica uma proposta promissora para a redução do impacto ambiental na produção de instalações em concreto, o que tem potencial paraimpulsionar novas pesquisas na área.

Abstract Due to the importance of swine production in Brazil, there is a need to understand the environmental impact generated by the construction materials used in the production of rural facilities, especially in the construction of biodigesters, as these facilities play an important role in the sustainability of production systems. Considering the relevance of the volume of concrete used in the construction of biodigesters for the management and treatment of swine waste, this research study sought to evaluate the emissions of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 Eq.) in different concrete mix scenarios. For that purpose, a computational ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) model was developed to predict and analyse CO 2 Eq. emissions during the life cycle of materials adopted in conventional concrete. The results indicate that the proper choice of dosage can lead to a reduction of 31.41% in CO 2 Eq. emissions, for concrete from 30 to 40 MPa. This represents a promising proposal for reducing the environmental impact of the production of concrete constructions, which has the potential to stimulate further research in this area.

Resumo Com o aumento do processo de urbanização e da população das cidades, surge a necessidade de entender o custo energético para produção dos materiais de construção. Entre os instrumentos utilizados, o aporte de energia é um importante instrumento no monitoramento do uso de fontes de energia não renováveis para produção de concretos convencionais, o que demanda novas pesquisas na área. Neste trabalho, um modelo híbrido ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) foi desenvolvido para predição do aporte de energia, para a avaliação da demanda de energia necessária para cada um dos componentes na produção de concretos convencionais (cimento, água, agregado miúdo e agregado graúdo), mediante a utilização de 101 dosagens experimentais, 101 dosagens para validação e coeficientes energéticos disponíveis em literaturas. Identificou-se que a escolha adequada da dosagem pode gerar uma economia no custo energético para produção do concreto da ordem de 24,77%, mantendo a característica mecânica de resistência à compressão para construções convencionais.

Abstract Anincreasingprocess of urbanisation anda growing urban population heighten the need to understand the energy costsof the production of building materials. One of the most importanttoolsapplied to monitor the use of non-renewableenergyresources in the production of conventionalconcretes is energy input, intowhichfurther research is needed. In this study, an ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system) hybrid model was developed to predict energy input in order to evaluate the energy demand required for each component of the production of conventional concrete (cement, water, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate) using 101 experimental dosages, 101 validation dosages and energy coefficients available in literature. The resultsshowedthatan adequate dosage can generate energy cost savingsof 24.77% in the production of concrete, while still maintaining the mechanical characteristics of compressive strength for conventional constructions.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize the thermal environment and evaluate the behavior of finishing pigs housed in deep bedding and conventional systems. The work was carried out in the Department of Animal Science of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southeast Minas Gerais, Rio Pomba campus. Three pens were used in an installation for breeding pigs in their finishing phase. Two pens contained deep bedding, with wood shavings and rice husks. The remaining pen was a conventional system. The behavior of the piglets was observed from 8 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., noting the behaviors with the use of an ethogram, while data relating to the thermal environment in the stalls were automatically collected using data loggers. Thermal environment data for all systems presented thermal stress conditions. Regarding behavioral variables, animals in conventional systems had a higher frequency of visits to feeders, while animals in the deep bedding system were more active and visited the drinking fountains more frequently. Despite the higher level of activity of the animals in the deep bedding system, it is not possible to confirm that the deep bedding provides a better degree of well-being for the animals under thermal stress conditions.

ABSTRACT Although dry bulb temperature (T) is the environmental variable most commonly used to classify thermal comfort in pigs, environmental assessment ratios provide more accurate information. The objective of this study was to correlate the sound pressure levels (SPL) produced by piglet vocalization with the thermal environment observed during the nursery phase, and subsequently establish thermoneutrality ranges. The experiment was conducted on a pig farm where T, relative humidity (RH), and SPL data were recorded between 9 am-5 pm for 42 days. The association between SPL and T in nursery phase piglets was verified; for thermal comfort to be possible, SPLs were 56.3 to 60.3 dB. The SPLs were subsequently used in predictor equations of ratios, and thermal comfort ranges were 74.4-78.3 for temperature and humidity ratio (THI), and 71.6-75.8 for globe temperature and humidity ratio (BGHI). Although the SPL proved to be a convenient indicator of thermal comfort for the evaluation of pigs, further studies developed in different phases of the production system are required.

ABSTRACT The selection of the type of fuzzy systems pertinence curve allows a better representation of the mathematical model and a smaller simulation error. We aimed to study the effect of pertinence curves in fuzzy modeling of broiler performance, created in different production systems. For the development and testing of fuzzy models, three commercial aviaries (conventional, tunnel with negative pressure, and dark house) were evaluated over one year, totaling six lots per system. For the development of the model, the input variables were enthalpy in each rearing phase (initial: phases 1, 2, and 3; growth: phase 4; and final: phase 5) and the output variables were feed intake (FE), weight gain (GP), feed conversion (FE), and the productive efficiency index (PEI). Triangular, trapezoidal, and Gaussian pertinence curves were combined and applied to represent the input and output fuzzy sets, totaling nine fuzzy models for each output variable. The combinations of pertinence curves provided adequate responses for the prediction of AL, GP, RC, and PEI. However, the selection of the types of curves should be studied on a case-by-case basis, so that the smallest possible simulation errors are obtained.

ABSTRACT Broiler chickens are classified as homoeothermic animals and require a production environment within well-defined thermal comfort intervals. Therefore, the development of algorithms (mathematical models) to control the environment that can be embedded in microcontrollers becomes necessary. Hence, this work aimed to develop a fuzzy model for predicting the productive performance of broiler chickens as a function of the thermal environment during the various breeding phases. The Mamdani inference and defuzzification methods were used, by means of the gravity center, to develop the fuzzy model. Two hundred and forty-three rules with weighting factors of 1.0 each were elaborated. Three commercial warehouses (conventional system, wind tunnel with negative pressure and dark house) were evaluated for testing of the model. We recorded the thermal environment (dry bulb temperature - tdb and relative humidity - RH) and productivity data (feed intake - FI, weight gain - WG, feed conversion - FC and productive efficiency index - PEI) over six lots in each aviary. The resulting fuzzy model was capable of forecasting FI, WG, FC, and PEI, with standard deviations and mean percentage errors of 4.16 g and 5.05%, 146.53 g and 8.04%, 0.06 g g−1 and 4.96%, and 24.51 g and 12.29%, respectively.

ABSTRACT Broiler chickens submitted to different intensities and durations of thermal stress are subject to variation in cloacal temperature and, consequently, to a decrease in performance. Given the complexity of these interactions, artificial intelligence is a useful methodology for decision-making. Thus, this study aimed to assess and predict, by means of a fuzzy model, the cloacal temperature of broiler chickens submitted to thermal stress in the second week of life, with varying durations and intensities, in climatized wind tunnels. Mamdani's inference and defuzzification methods by means of the center of gravity were used. One hundred and twenty rules were elaborated. The developed fuzzy model was used to predict the cloacal temperature of broiler chickens on the day of thermal stress as a function of air dry-bulb temperature (°C), stress duration (days), and the number of days after thermal stress. Cloacal temperature values simulated by the fuzzy model showed standard deviations and percentage errors lower than 0.02 and 0.08%, respectively, when compared to those obtained experimentally.

ABSTRACT Broiler chickens are homoeothermic animals, i.e., animals capable of maintaining their body temperature within quite narrow limits; therefore, climate change poses a great challenge to poultry. With this in mind, this research aims to evaluate the performance of broilers submitted to different commercial production systems and exposed to different future scenarios, taking into account the climate change trends. To achieve this objective, we developed and validated a fuzzy model able to predict the performance of a broiler as a function of enthalpy along its life stages. This model was developed and validated in part I of this article based on experimental data collected for one year in three aviaries: conventional, negative pressure, and dark house systems. A Mann-Kendall nonparametric test and linear regression analysis were applied to the enthalpy values, which were calculated as a function of the ambient air temperature and relative humidity in order to study the climate change trends. Later, simulations were performed using the fuzzy model for 2025, 2050, 2075, and 2100 future scenarios. Specific improvements were observed when the heating trends coincided with the initial stages of breeding; however, in general, the productive responses of broilers in the different evaluated systems worsened with the climate change trends. Faced with the climate change trends, the responses improved in the order dark house aviary > negative pressure aviary> conventional aviary.

Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de produção de tijolo solo-cimento a partir de fontes alternativas de captação de água, sendo a rede de abastecimento de água e fontes alternativas como a de rio e estação de tratamento de esgoto (ETE). Para validação do produto, foi realizado testes de tempo e tipo e de cura (natural, câmara úmida e regado) e de resistência à compressão. O trabalho proporcionou resultados apropriados quanto às normas vigentes, contribuindo para um contexto de construção sustentável.

Abstract: This paper presents a proposal for a soil-cement brick production from alternative sources of water, and the water supply network and alternative sources such as river and sewage treatment station (ETE). For product validation, type and time tests and healing (natural, moist and watered) and compressive strength. The work provided appropriate results as the current standards, contributing to a context of sustainable construction.

Resumen: Este documento presenta una propuesta para una producción de ladrillo de suelo cemento de fuentes alternativas de agua y la red de abastecimiento de agua y fuentes alternativas como el río y Planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (ETE). Para pruebas de validación, el tipo y tiempo de productos y curación (natural, humedad y riego) y resistencia a la compresión. El trabajo proporciona resultados adecuados como las normas vigentes, contribuyendo a un contexto de construcción sustentable.

Résumé: Cet article présente une proposition pour une production de briques de sol-ciment de sources alternatives d'eau et le réseau d'eau potable et les sources alternatives comme le fleuve et station d'épuration (ETE). Pour les tests de validation, de type et de temps de produits et guérison (naturel, arrosée et humide) et résistance à la compression. Le travail fourni des résultats appropriés comme les normes actuelles, contribuant à un contexte de construction durable.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare fuzzy systems with different configurations to predict the surface temperature (ts) of broiler chickens subjected to different intensities and durations of thermal challenges in the second week of life. Data on the ts of broiler chickens aged 8 to 11 days were acquired by infrared thermography and subjected to combinations of four dry-bulb temperatures (tdb) (24, 27, 30, and 33 °C) and four durations of thermal challenges (DTC) (1, 2, 3, or 4 days). The input variables of the fuzzy systems were tdb and DTC, and the output variable was ts. The Mamdani inference method involving five defuzzification methods [center of gravity (centroid), bisector of the area (bisector), largest of maximum (lom), middle of maximum (mom), and smallest of maximum (som)], and Sugeno inference with two defuzzification methods [weighted average (wtaver) and weighted sum (wtsum)] were evaluated. For both inference methods, triangular and Gaussian pertinence functions were tested for input and output variables, except for Sugeno inference, which used singletons functions as output variables. While developing fuzzy systems, different configurations must be compared, and the system with smaller simulation errors should be selected.

RESUMO Uma interessante maneira de se mensurar a eficiência de sistemas produtivos é por meio da análise energética, identificando quais insumos ou operações demandam mais energia. Portanto, objetivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar a eficiência energética de um sistema de criação de frangos de corte, confinados em galpões com tipologia Darkhouse. Foram considerados os fluxos de energia referentes a um ciclo completo de produção, 56 dias, onde foram computadas as entradas e saídas de energia, na forma direta e indireta, por meio da estimação da energia presente na ração, água, máquinas e equipamentos, trabalho humano, galpões, silos, dentre outros que compõem o sistema produtivo, multiplicando-se pelos seus respectivos coeficientes energéticos. Foram encontradas a demanda total de energia pelo sistema em um ciclo de produção, a energia necessária para produção de 1 kg de frango vivo e o coeficiente de eficiência energética do mesmo. O sistema estudado apresentou um coeficiente de conversão da energia de 46%, valor próximo ao encontrado para sistemas de produção animal. Foram necessários, em média, 37,55 MJ kg-1 de frango vivo. O principal ponto estrangulador do sistema correspondeu à energia consumida na forma de ração, com 75% do total da energia direta.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the sustainability of a broiler chicken production system, with confinement in Darkhouse sheds, by energetic analysis. Energy flows of a complete production cycle, 56 days, were considered, of which the energy inputs and outputs were computed in direct and indirect forms, by estimating the energy coming from the quantity of feed, water, machinery and equipment, human labor, sheds, silos, among other components of the productive system, multiplied by their respective energetic coefficients. The total energy demand of a system in a production cycle for the production of 1 kg of live chicken and its energy efficiency coefficient were determined. The studied system had energy conversion coefficient of 95%, demonstrating that the production model has high energy conversion efficiency and fits a sustainable model. On average, 37.55 MJ kg-1 of live chicken were necessary. The main limiting point of the system corresponded to the energy consumed in the form of feed, with 75% of the total direct energy.

RESUMO Diante da importância da ambiência nas instalações para suínos, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a qualidade do ar, nível de pressão sonora e o ambiente térmico em duas instalações de creches de suínos de tipologias diferentes. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas. As médias de temperatura do ar (ºC), umidade relativa do ar (%) e o índice de temperatura do globo negro e umidade (ITGU) foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey em nível de 0,05 de probabilidade. As concentrações instantâneas de amônia (ppm), dióxido de carbono (ppm) e níveis de pressão sonora (dB(C)) foram medidas três vezes ao dia e analisados por meio de gráficos boxplot. Os resultados mostram que não houve diferença entre as duas creches com relação ao ambiente térmico, aéreo e acústico. As creches podem ser consideradas desconfortáveis, para os animais no que diz respeito às condições térmicas. As concentrações dos gases e nível de pressão sonora não ultrapassaram os limites estabelecidos pela norma vigente. Em ambas as creches, apenas às 9 horas, foi possível detectar níveis de pressão sonora que caracterizam a condição de conforto térmico do ambiente, nos demais horários a condição é de alerta e estresse.

ABSTRACT Because of the importance of the ambiance in swine facilities, this study aimed to evaluate the air quality, the sound pressure level, and the thermal environment of two distinct swine nursery styles. A completely randomized block design with a split-plot arrangement was used, in which the main plots were composed of the nurseries and the external environment; the subplots were the hours; and the replications were the collection days. Air temperature data (ºC), relative humidity (%), and black globe humidity index (BGHI) data were collected throughout the day at 10-min intervals, with means compared by Tukey’s test at 0.05 probability level. Instantaneous concentrations of ammonia (ppm), carbon dioxide (ppm), and sound pressure levels (dB(C)) were measured three times daily and analyzed on boxplot graphs. The results showed no difference between the two nurseries with respect to thermal, air, and acoustic environment. The nurseries can be considered uncomfortable for the animals with respect to thermal conditions. Concentrations of gases and sound pressure levels did not exceed the limits established by current regulations. In both nurseries only at 09h00 it was possible to detect sound pressure levels that characterize the condition of comfort thermal of the environment, at the other times, alert and stress conditions were observed.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the performance of a combined vertical flow (VFCW) and horizontal subsurface-flow (HFCW) constructed wetland systems built on a pilot scale and submitted to different configurations and organic load application rates of pre-treated swine wastewater (SWW) in anaerobic systems on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The average values of redox potential in the systems were between anoxic and aerobic conditions, favoring an increased nitrate concentration in VFCW. Nitrogen removal by VFCW–HFCW system can be considered as satisfactory, reaching removal values of 75%. VFCW and HFCW proved to be limited in phosphorus removal, reaching values of 48%.

Abstract The aim of the present research was to propose a bioclimatic mapping to classify the thermal comfort and discomfort of rural workers within the state of Minas Gerais, considering historical and future scenarios. Monthly historical series (1976-2014) of minimum, mean and maximum temperature-humidity index (THI), determined through the values of air temperature (minimum, mean and maximum) and relative humidity from 48 weather stations located in the state of Minas Gerais were used to analyze the trends through Mann-Kendall and linear regression assays. The bioclimatic mapping of human comfort, obtained via geostatistical analysis, was developed as a function of the minimum, medium and maximum THI for the historical period (1976-2014) and future scenario (2024). Results indicate an overall trend of increasing in thermal discomfort conditions throughout the mesoregions of the state of Minas Gerais during the weather seasons, being more incisive in summer and spring.

Resumen Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo desarrollar y evaluar un modelo matemático computacional, con base en la teoría de los conjuntos fuzzy, para predecir el confort térmico a partir del comportamiento de lechones, en función de su edad y del índice de temperatura de globo y humedad, en dos tipologías de instalación de preceba. La instalación 1 estaba compuesta por corrales de mampostería y piso de malla metálica, y la instalación 2 tenía corrales construidos con tablilla de madera y piso en malla plástica. La instalación 2 presentó una mayor frecuencia comportamental en la condición de confort que la instalación 1, con 39,32% y 38,16% respectivamente. Los valores da tasa de confort térmico estimados por el sistema fuzzy presentaron una desviación estándar media de 3,58% y coeficiente de determinación de 72,86%. El modelo fuzzy desarrollado mostró ser adecuado para la predicción de la tasa de confort térmico a partir del comportamiento de los animales.

Abstract This work aims to develop and test a computational mathematical model, based on the fuzzy set theory, to predict the rate of thermal comfort by means of the swine behavior in relation to their age and to the black globe humidity index for two nursery types. Nursery 1 had brick stalls with fully slatted metal flooring, and nursery 2 had wooden stalls with fully slatted plastic flooring. Nursery style 2 presented a higher frequency of behavior in the condition comfort than nursery style 1, respectively 39,32% and 38,16%. The thermal comfort values for the fuzzy system were 3,58% for the standard deviation and 72,86% for the coefficient of determination. The developed fuzzy model has proven adequate in predicting thermal comfort by means of the animal's behavior.