Three types of propolis extract were prepared and analyzed with respect to their global extraction yields and with respect to the concentration of the following markers: 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid; 3-prenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid; 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 4-methoxy-3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone. The extract EEP (ethanolic extract of propolis) was obtained by the conventional method from raw propolis using ethanol as solvent. The extracts (SFE) were obtained by supercritical solvent extraction from the raw propolis using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2), with and without the addition of ethanol as a co-solvent. The fractionated supercritical extracts (FSCE) were obtained by fractionation (extract and raffinate) of the dry EEP with sc-CO2. EEP yields of 39.5% were obtained and maximum global extraction yields were 7.3% for SFE with no co-solvent, 51% for SFE with 15% ethanol and 18% for the FSCE extract fraction. The concentrations of the markers in the different extracts differed as a function of the operational parameters, indicating that the addition of co-solvent and the selectivity of sc-CO2 could be manipulated so as to obtain extracts with the yields and concentrations of interest.

An experiment to study the control of dieback on young coffee plants cultivar Catuaí was carried out in a Latosol B Terra Roxa at Tejupá, State of São Paulo, in 1978/80. The treatments consisted of several levels of NK fertilization under three different conditions: windbreak - Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.; fungicide - cuprous oxide; windbreak plus fungicide. The grain yields of treatments under protection of windbreak plus fungicide were higher than the yields of isolated treatments where only fungicide or windbreak were used. Although the average of grain yield of N treatments were higher than the (2N)K treatment, the effects of NK fertilization on the control of the dieback could not be conclusive in this experiment. There was a high variation in grain yield within the same treatment.

Diversos parâmetros fornecidos pela análise de solo têm sido usados no Estado de São Paulo para discriminar as respostas à adubação de culturas. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a eficiência desses parâmetros como critério de interpretação, através de estudos de correlação entre resultados de análise de solo e respostas de milho à adubação com nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio em 25 ensaios. Nenhum critério se revelou eficaz para nitrogênio. O teor de fósforo solúvel em H2SO, 0,05N foi eficiente, não tendo havido melhora apreciável das correlações pela consideração dos teores de matéria orgânica, argila ou pH. O teor de potássio trocável revelou-se eficaz, não tendo sido observada melhoria da correlação pela consideração de cálcio e magnésio ou saturação de potássio. No trabalho são apresentadas curvas médias de resposta, bem como as eficiências fertilizantes de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, em conjunto para o primeiro elemento e separadas em grupos de acordo com a análise de terra para os dois outros nutrientes.

In this paper some of the criteria that have been used in the State of São Paulo in soil test interpretation were studied, correlating soil test parameters with corn response to applied nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium in 25 field experiments. Exchangeable potassium and phosphorus soluble in 0.05N H2SO, correlated well with responses of the crop to the applied nutrients. Nitrogen responses could not be correlated to soil test values. Response curves and fertilizer efficiencies are presented for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. For the two last nutrients, the average curves are given for very low, low, medium and high soil test values.