Neste trabalho são apresentados os procedimentos para a síntese de diferentes compostos heterocíclicos a partir do 2,3-O-isopropilideno-D-gliceraldeído: ciclização intramolecular, cicloadição 1,3-dipolar e reação de acoplamento bimolecular. Os produtos sintetizados foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de ¹H RMN e 13C RMN e análise elementar. Os novos heterocíclicos e seus derivados (12 compostos) foram testados como inhibidores da enzima acetilcolinesterase.

We report herein the convenient procedures for the syntheses of different heterocyclic compounds from 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-glyceraldehyde using intramolecular cyclization, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition or bimolecular coupling reactions. The products were characterized by ¹H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The new heterocycles and their derivatives were evaluated as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase enzyme.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of Trypanasoma cruzi antibodies among the population under 18 years of age in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, and to identify risk factors associated with housing conditions and vector presence and distribution. METHODS: A cross-sectional, epidemiological study of the population under 18 years of age living in 10 of the 11 health districts of the state of Veracruz, Mexico, from 2000 to2001. Presence of T. cruzi antibodies was determined by hemagglutination inhibition test (HAI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) of serum samples spotted on filter paper, and confirmed by HAI, ELISA, and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) on serum samples. A questionnaire was administered to determined housing conditions, and entomological indices for triatomines were calculated for both the intra- and peridomiciliary areas. The results were analyzed using bifactorial and multifactorial unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 150 individuals presenting an initial reaction, 14 were confirmed positive (5 by HAI, ELISA and IFA; 6 by HAI and ELISA, and 3 by ELISA and IFA), for a total prevalence rate of 0.91% (95% CI: 0.85-0.94). All of the confirmed-positive cases were from five of 14 health districts, with the Tuxpan district having the highest prevalence rate: 5.2% (95%CI: 1.2-9.0). Risk factors included having noticed cracks in the house walls and gaps in the roof. The only species of vector captured was Triatoma dimidiata. The entomologic indices for infestation, colonization, and natural infection were: 10.9%, 50.0%, and 9.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Active, vector-borne transmission of T. cruzi was confirmed in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, with an overall antibody seroprevalence rate of 0.19% among the population under 18 years of age. Seroprevalence rates among this segment of the population, which serves as a sentinel group, should be closely monitored to determine if more stringent methods of vector control and epidemiological surveillance are needed.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la prevalencia de anticuerpos contra Trypanosoma cruzi en menores de 18 años del estado de Veracruz, México, e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados con las características de la vivienda y la presencia y distribución del agente transmisor. MÉTODOS: Estudio epidemiológico transversal en la población menor de 18 años que vivía en 10 de las 11 jurisdicciones sanitarias del estado de Veracruz, México, entre 2000 y 2001. La presencia de anticuerpos contra T. cruzi se determinó mediante una prueba de hemaglutinación indirecta (HAI) y un ensayo inmunoenzimático indirecto tipo ELISA en muestras de suero tomadas en papel de filtro y se confirmaron mediante las pruebas de HAI, ELISA e inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) en muestras de suero. Se aplicó un cuestionario para evaluar las condiciones de la vivienda y se calcularon los índices entomológicos de triatominos intra y peridomiciliarios. Los resultados se evaluaron mediante análisis bifactorial y multifactorial por regresión logística no condicional. RESULTADOS: De las 150 personas inicialmente reactivas, 14 resultaron positivas (5 mediante la prueba de HAI, ELISA e IFI; 6 por HAI y ELISA y 3 por ELISA e IFI), para una prevalencia general de 0,91% (IC95%: 0,85% a 0,94%). Los casos positivos residían en cinco jurisdicciones sanitarias y la mayor prevalencia se encontró en Tuxpan: 5,2% (IC95%: 1,2% a 9,0%). Los factores de riesgo fueron el haber visto chinches dentro de la vivienda y los techos con fisuras. La única especie del agente transmisor capturada fue Triatoma dimidiata. Los índices entomológicos de infestación, colonización e infección natural fueron: 10,9%, 50,0% y 9,0%, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Se confirmó la transmisión vectorial activa de la infección en el estado de Veracruz, México, con una seroprevalencia general de anticuerpos contra T. cruzi en menores de 18 años de 0,91%. Se debe seguir atentamente la seroprevalencia en este segmento de la población, como grupo centinela, a fin de evaluar la conveniencia de aplicar medidas más estrictas de control del vector y de vigilancia epidemiológica.

We compared the prevalences of enteroparasitoses from 420 individuals, 306 of them were indigenous and 114 were mestizo persons, without gender differentiation, and of all ages from the Nayarit mountain range. Six field trips were made to the region during one year to collect the stool samples, some individuals provided only one sample and other even five. Stool samples were suspended 1:5 with 10% formalin for their transportation to Mexico City, where they were processed by direct parasitoscopic analysis with lugol solution We found Entamoeba histolytica, 59.8%; Giardia lamblia, 22.2%; Enterobius vermicularis, 22.2%; Hymenolepis nana, 15.4%; 2 cases of taeniosis (0.7%), 21 of ascariosis (6.9%), 2 of strongyloidosis (0.7%) and 7 of trichuriosis (2.3%) among the huichol population. For the mestizo population, we found 43.9% of entamoebosis, 14.0% giardiosis, 9.6% hymenolepiosis, 5 cases of ascariosis, 2 of taeniosis, 1 of strongyloidosis and 1 of enterobiosis. Chi-square test revealed statistically significant differences between the two populations for some of the calculated prevalences

Comparamos las prevalencias de enteropa-rasitosis a partir de 420 individuos, 306 de ellos eran indígenas y 114 eran mestizos, sin dife-renciación de género, y de todos los rangos de edad, de la Sierra de Nayarit. Se hicieron seis viajes al campo a la región durante un año para recoger muestras de materia fecal, algunos individuos proporcionaron solamente una muestra y otros cinco muestras. Las muestras de materia fecal fueron diluidas en una solución de formalina al 10% en una relación 1:10, para su conservación durante su transporte a la Ciudad de México, donde se procesaron por análisis coproparasitoscópico directo teñido con solución de lugol. Nosotros encontramos 59,8% de Entamoeba histolytica, 22,2% de Giardia lamblia, 22,2% de Enterobius vermicularis, 15,4% de Hymenolepis nana, 2 casos de taeniosis (0,7%), 21 casos de ascariosis (6,9%), 2 casos de estrongyloidosis (0,7%) y 7 casos de trichuriosis (2,3%) entre la población huichol. En la población mestiza, encontramos 43,9% de entamoebosis, 14,0% de giardiosis 9,6% de hymenolepiosis, 5 casos de ascariosis, 2 de taeniosis, 1 de strongyloidosis y 1 de enterobiosis. Los resultados se analizaron por la prueba del Chi-cuadrada y revelaron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre las dos poblaciones estudiadas

An epidemiological research project was performed in the State of Morelos including collection of samples for blood smears and culture, serological tests, and xenodiagnoses from a total of 76 domestic and peridomestic mammals. Two strains of Trypanosoma cruzi were isolated by haemocultures; one from a pig (Sus scrofa), the first case of natural infection reported in Mexico, and the other from a dog (Canis familiaris). This study summarizes current information in Mexico concerning confirmed reservoirs of T. cruzi