Abstract Background: Social cohesion concept and its association with others social phenomena have received a renewed interest from academic view also public politics, however, the measurement of social cohesion concept is complex. Our objective was to evaluate psychometric proprieties of a scale to measure social cohesion at municipality level in Chile. Method: Validity, reliability and dimensionality were analyzed. The analysis had two steps: first, we applied an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with 310 participants; second, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (AFC) with 784 participants. Participants came from different municipalities of region of Bío-Bío in Chile. Results: The EFA showed a poor fit to the theoretical dimensions, detecting second order factors and independent factors. FCA found six final factors, two of them were second order level: «Sense of responsibility and collaboration towards the neighborhood/municipality» (ω = 0.92); «Sense of reciprocity of support and trust with close people» (ω = 0.90). The other four independent factors were: «Support received by social organizations» (ω = 0.87); «Trust in work of the authorities» (ω = 0.73), «Experiences of discrimination» (ω = 0.83), «Sense of Tolerance» (ω = 0.92). Discussion: the results confirm the multidimensionality of social cohesion concept. This instrument works as an inventory of scales that account for this construct and it is useful to analyses from a non-normative perspective of social cohesion.

Resumen Introducción: La cohesión social es un concepto relevante en política social, así como en la compresión de la violencia y otros fenómenos sociales; no obstante, su evaluación es compleja. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de una escala para medir cohesión social en municipios de Chile. Método: Se analizó validez, confiabilidad y dimensionalidad. El análisis contó con dos instancias: una de carácter piloto, con participación de 310 personas; la segunda, de carácter confirmatorio, con 784 participantes. Ambas muestras en municipios de la región del Bío-Bío. Resultado: El AFE mostró un mal ajuste a las dimensiones teóricas, observándose factores de segundo orden y factores independientes. En el AFC se obtuvieron seis factores finales, dos de segundo orden: Sentido de responsabilidad y colaboración hacia el barrio/comuna (ω=0,92), Sentido de reciprocidad de apoyo y confianza con personas cercanas (ω=0.90); y cuatro factores independientes: Apoyo recibido por organizaciones sociales (ω=0.87), Confianza en el trabajo de autoridades (ω=0.73), Experiencias de discriminación (ω=0.83), Sentido de Tolerancia (ω=0.92). Discusión: Los análisis confirman la multidimensional del constructo. Este instrumento funciona como inventario de escalas que dan cuenta del constructo de cohesión social, siendo útil para análisis desde una perspectiva no normativa del mismo.

Resumen: El propósito de este estudio es diseñar un cuestionario de expectativas hacia la educación virtual para estudiantes universitarios durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Debido a la pandemia, las universidades tuvieron el desafío de proveer programas de formación virtual adaptados a las expectativas de los estudiantes. Participaron 8265 estudiantes (4627 mujeres) de una universidad de Chile con una media de edad de 21,53 (DE = 2,87), 33,1% pertenecían a primer año académico. Se construyó un cuestionario a partir del análisis de la literatura científica y se realizó la validación por juicio de expertos. Se realizaron estimaciones de validez con análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio. Los resultados muestran un ajuste adecuado y un modelo con 6 factores derivados en una solución jerárquica. Los coeficientes de consistencia interna fueron adecuados. En conclusión, el cuestionario de expectativas hacia la educación virtual para universitarios es válido y confiable para la medición de este constructo en la educación superior chilena.

Abstract: The primary aim of this research study was to design a questionnaire that measures expectations towards online education for university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, university authorities faced the challenge of providing online training programs that were specifically adapted to meet student expectations. In total, 8265 students (4627 women) from a Chilean university participated in the study. The mean age was 21.53 years (SD = 2.87) and 33.1% of the students were in their first academic year. A questionnaire was designed based on a scientific literature review and was validated by expert judgment. Validation estimates with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. The results showed an adequate fit and a model with six derived factors in a hierarchical solution. Internal consistency coefficients were adequate. In conclusion, the virtual education expectations questionnaire for university students is valid and reliable for Chilean higher education.

ABSTRACT Self-regulation (SR) and Self-compassion (SC) emerge as effective psychological resources for promoting health. Objective: To describe health-promoting and risk-taking behaviors of university students in Chile and establish their relationship with SR and SC. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive correlational study. A sample of Chilean undergraduate students (n=544) responded to a health questionnaire and the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire and Self-Compassion Scale. Results: Low frequency of health-promoting behaviors and presence of risk-taking behaviors such as tobacco use (22.6%), drug use (41.3%) and problematic alcohol use (20.3%) were observed. SR impulse control was associated with a higher probability of healthy eating behavior (OR=1.56; CI 95%: 1.12-2.19; p <0.01) and better sleep quality (OR=1,7; CI: 1.24-2.38; p <0.01). Mindfulness, a component of SC, was associated with less regular physical activity (OR=0.69; CI: 0.49-0.95; p <0.05) and lower consumption of non-prescription drugs (OR=0.54; CI: 0.32-0.91; p <0.05), and self-judgment was related to a higher consumption of non-prescription drugs (OR=1.83; CI: 1.03-3.28; p <0.05). Conclusion: Impulse control influences both eating and sleep regulation, which are domains that tend to be altered among university students. SC is related to a lower probability of consuming non-prescription drugs. Both SR and SC emerge as potentially useful resources for promoting healthy habits and preventing risk behaviors.

RESUMEN La Autorregulación (AR) y la Autocompasión (AC) emergen como recursos psicológicos efectivos para la promoción de salud. Objetivo: Describir conductas promotoras de salud y conductas de riesgo de universitarios en Chile y establecer su asociación con la AR y AC. Material y Método: Estudio de carácter correlacional descriptivo, de corte transversal. Una muestra de estudiantes universitarios chilenos de pregrado (n=544) respondió un cuestionario sobre conductas de salud y de riesgo, y las escalas Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire y Self-Compassion Scale. Resultados: Se observó baja frecuencia de conductas promotoras de salud y presencia de conductas de riesgo como consumo de tabaco (22,6%), de drogas (41,3%) y consumo problemático de alcohol (20,3%). El control de impulsos de la AR se asoció a mayor probabilidad de conducta alimentaria saludable (OR=1,56; IC 95%: 1,12-2,19; p< 0,01) y mejor calidad de sueño (OR=1,7; IC: 1,24-2,38; p<0,01). El mindfulness, componente de la AC, se asoció a menor actividad física regular (OR=0,69; IC:0,49-0,95; p<0,05) y menor consumo de medicamentos sin prescripción (OR=0,54; IC:0,32-0,91; p<0,05), y el autojuicio a mayor consumo de medicamentos sin prescripción (OR=1,83; IC: 1,03-3,28; p< 0,05). Conclusión: El control de impulsos se asocia a la regulación de la alimentación y sueño, ambos dominios alterados en la etapa universitaria; la AC se relaciona con menor probabilidad de consumo de medicamentos sin prescripción. Tanto la AR como la SC emergen como recursos potencialmente útiles hacia la promoción de hábitos saludables y prevención de conductas de riesgo para la salud.

RESUMO A Autorregulação (AR) e a Autocompaixão (AC) surgem como recursos psicológicos eficazes para a promoção da saúde. Objetivo: Descrever os comportamentos promotores da saúde e os comportamentos de risco de estudantes universitários no Chile e estabelecer sua relação com o AR e AC. Materiais e Método: Estudo correlacional descritivo transversal. Uma amostra de estudantes universitários chilenos (n = 544) respondeu a um questionário sobre saúde e aos Self-Regulation Questionnaire e Self-Compassion Scale. Resultados: Observou-se baixa frequência de comportamentos promotores de saúde e presença de comportamentos de risco como o consumo de tabaco (22,6%), uso de drogas (41,3%) e uso problemático de álcool (20,3%). O controle do impulso da AR foi associado a uma maior probabilidade de comportamento alimentar saudável (OR = 1,56; IC 95%: 1,12-2,19; p <0,01) e melhor qualidade do sono (OR = 1,7; IC: 1,24-2,38; p < 0,01). O componente mindfulness da AC foi associado a menor atividade física regular (OR = 0,69; IC: 0,49-0,95; p <0,05) e menor consumo de medicamentos não prescritos (OR = 0,54; IC: 0,32-0,91; p <0,05), e o autojulgamento foi relacionado a um maior consumo de medicamentos não controlados (OR=1,83; IC: 1,03-3,28; p <0,05). Conclusão: O controle dos impulsos influencia a regulação da alimentação e do sono, que são domínios que tendem a ser alterados na fase universitária. A AC está relacionada a uma menor probabilidade de consumir medicamentos sem receita médica. Tanto a AR como a AC surgem como recursos potencialmente úteis para a promoção de hábitos saudáveis e prevenção de comportamentos de risco para a saúde.

Resumen Introducción: en Ecuador existen parámetros de calificación de discapacidad basados en la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento de la Discapacidad y la Salud; sin embargo, los avances en investigación en el ámbito de la psiquiatría y la salud mental aún son escasos. Se empleó la Escala de Evaluación de Discapacidad de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para determinar el grado de discapacidad en población consultante. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, de corte transversal y correlacional. Usando un muestreo por conveniencia, se recogió información sobre discapacidad en una muestra de 297 adultos con trastornos mentales graves en contacto con servicios ambulatorios de psiquiatría. Se estimó un modelo de regresión lineal que determinó el aporte de variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y sociales. Resultados: el 89.2 % de la muestra presentó algún grado de discapacidad. El modelo multivariado final para el total de la muestra incluyó las variables explicativas edad (p = -0.234), escolaridad (p = -0.552), ser pensionado (p = 39.44), presencia de episodio depresivo actual (p = 21.654) y tener cuidador (p = 9.574), que explican el 37.46 % de la discapacidad de las personas con trastornos mentales graves atendidas en servicios de psiquiatría y salud mental en Quito. Conclusión: la discapacidad en personas con trastornos mentales graves que están en contacto con servicios de salud de Quito (Ecuador) involucra cambios en el desempeño de actividades en escenarios familiares y comunitarios. Se identificó una proporción de discapacidad moderada y severa que demanda respuestas institucionales que incluyan el acompañamiento de cuidadores y aborden barreras actitudinales.

Abstract Introduction: In Ecuador, there are disability qualification parameters based on the International Classification of the Functioning of Disability and Health; however, advances in the research fields of psychiatry and mental health are still scarce. For this particular study, The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale was used to determine the degree of disability in the consulting population. Materials and methods: The study design was an observational, cross-sectional and correlational study. Using convenience sampling, disability information was collected from a study population of 297 adults with severe mental disorders who were in contact with outpatient psychiatric services. A linear regression model was used to determine the contribution of sociodemographic, clinical, and social variables. Results: It was observed that 89.2% of the sample presented some degree of disability. The final multivariate model for the total sample included the explanatory variables of age (p = -0.234), schooling (P = -0.552), being retired (p = 39.44), presence of current depressive episode (p = 21.654), and having a caregiver (p = 9.574), which explained 37.46% of disability in people with serious mental disorders who were treated in psychiatric and mental health services in Quito. Conclusion: Disabilities in people with severe mental disorders who are in contact with health services in Quito (Ecuador) may involve changes in the performance of activities among family and community settings. We identified a proportion of moderate and severe disabilities that demand institutional responses, which includes the accompaniment of caregivers and also addresses attitudinal barriers.

Resumo Introdução: no Equador, existem parâmetros de qualificação de deficiência com base na Classificação Internacional do Funcionamento da Deficiência e da Saúde; no entanto, avanços em pesquisas no âmbito da psiquiatria e saúde mental ainda são escassos. Empregou-se a Escala de Avaliação da Deficiência da Organização Mundial da Saúde, para se determinar o grau de deficiência na população avaliada. Materiais e métodos: estudo observacional, de corte transversal e correlacional. Usando uma amostragem por conveniência coletou-se informação sobre deficiência em uma amostra de 297 adultos com transtornos mentais graves em contato com serviços ambulatórios em psiquiatria. Estimou-se um modelo de regressão linear que determinou a contribuição de variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e sociais. Resultados: 89.2% da amostra apresentou algum grau de deficiência. O modelo multivariado final para o total da amostra incluiu as variáveis explicativas idade (p=-0,234), escolaridade (p=-0,552), ser aposentado (p=39,44), presença de episódio depressivo atual (p=21,654) e, ter cuidador (p=9,574), explicando 37,46% da deficiência em pessoas com transtornos mentais graves atendidas em serviços de psiquiatria e saúde mental em Quito. Conclusão: A deficiência em pessoas com transtornos mentais graves que estão em contato com serviços de saúde em Quito (Equador) envolve mudanças no desempenho de atividades em cenários familiares e comunitários. Identificou-se uma proporção de deficiência moderada e severa que demandam respostas institucionais que inclua o acompanhamento de cuidadores e abordem barreiras de atitude.

Abstract: The main objective of this research study was to evaluate the impact of an intra-curricular intervention on the strategies and beliefs of disposition to study in engineering students. A program of 12 sessions of 20 minutes was applied by professors teaching the subject Calculus I. An experimental design randomized by conglomerates with a control and an experimental group was used, with pre and post intervention measurements. The type of sampling was no-probabilistic in five engineering careers. Four sections with 117 students were assigned randomly to the experimental group and three sections with 97 students were assigned to the control group. Using mixed linear models, the results showed better indicators in the experimental group for the nine dependent variables in the study. It is concluded that the intervention is effective to enhance the disposition to study in engineering students.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el impacto de una intervención intracurricular en las estrategias y creencias de disposición al estudio en estudiantes de ingeniería. Se aplicó un programa de 12 sesiones de 20 minutos, aplicadas de forma intracurricular por los docentes de la asignatura Cálculo I. Se utilizó un diseño experimental aleatorizado por conglomerados con grupo control y experimental, con medición pre y post intervención. El tipo de muestreo fue no probabilístico en 5 carreras de ingeniería. Al azar, se asignaron 4 secciones con 117 estudiantes al grupo experimental y 3 secciones con 97 estudiantes al grupo control. Utilizando modelos lineales mixtos, se observaron mejores indicadores en las 9 variables dependientes del estudio en el grupo experimental. Se concluye que la intervención resulta efectiva para potenciar la disposición al estudio en alumnos de ingeniería.

ABSTRACT Background: A person's perspective of time has been associated with health-related habits. Specifically, future has been associated with changes in lifestyle as well the incorporation of physical exercise. In contrast, current hedonism is associated with sub-optimal weight loss in bariatric patients. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between seven variables of a time perspective and percentage of total weight loss; maintenance or weight regain among bariatric patients. Material and Methods: A sample of 97 bariatric patients answered the Inventory of Temporary Orientation and lifestyle questionnaires. Results: A greater percentage of total weight loss was significantly associated with future (r= 0.221; p<0.05) and deviations from negative time profile (r= 0.324; p<0.05). Insufficient weight loss was associated with a fatalistic present (t= −2.16, p= 0.033) and deviations from a balanced time perspective (t= −2.81; p= 0.006). Regaining weight was significantly associated to deviations from a balanced time perspective (t= −2.09; p=0.045) and consumption of sweets (X2= 13.42; p= 0.009). Conclusions: Deviations from a balanced time perspective and consumption of sweets are associated with sub-optimal weight loss and regaining weight.

RESUMEN La perspectiva temporal se ha asociado a hábitos relacionados con salud. Específicamente, el futuro ha sido asociado a cambios en el estilo de vida como la incorporación de ejercicio físico. En cambio, el presente hedonista se ha asociado a la perdida sub-óptima de peso en pacientes bariátricos. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las variables de la perspectiva temporal y el porcentaje de peso total perdido; su mantención o re-ganancia desde el nadir, en pacientes bariátricos. Material y métodos: Se aplicó a 97 pacientes bariátricos el Inventario de la Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo y Boyd, y un cuestionario de estilo de vida construido para esta investigación. Resultados: Un mayor porcentaje de peso total perdido se asoció significativamente a futuro (r= 0,221; p<0,05) y desviación del perfil temporal negativo (r= 0,324; p<0,05). La pérdida de peso insuficiente estuvo asociada al presente fatalista (t= −2,16; p= 0,033) y desviación del perfil temporal balanceado (t= −2,81; p= 0,006). La re-ganancia del %PTP se asoció significativamente a la desviación del perfil temporal balanceado (t= −2,09; p= 0,045) y al consumo de dulces (X2= 13,42; p= 0,009). Conclusiones: Una mayor desviación de la perspectiva temporal balanceada y un mayor consumo de dulces se asociaron a una pérdida de peso insuficiente y a la recuperación desde el nadir.

Abstract Participation is a human right that must be guaranteed. However, various physical and social restrictions make it difficult for people with neurological conditions to participate in their community. Many Latin American countries do not have validated instruments to analyze the participation of these groups. The present investigation used an instrumental design to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Life Habits Assessment Questionnaire (LIFE-H) in a sample of 123 people with cerebral palsy between 9 and 21 years old (M = 14.14; DE=2.89). Adequate internal consistency indices were detected. The two-dimensional structure proposed by the authors was not replicated through confirmatory factor analysis. However, the exploratory factor analysis of the data evidenced a general factor that explained 69.55 % of the variance. It is concluded that LIFE-H is an ideal instrument for the study of participation as a global construct in this population.

Resumen La participación es un derecho humano que debe ser garantizado. No obstante, variadas restricciones físicas y sociales dificultan el involucramiento de las personas con condiciones neurológicas en su comunidad. Muchos países de Latinoamérica no cuentan con instrumentos validados que permitan analizar la participación de estos grupos. Por esta razón, a través de un diseño instrumental esta investigación evalúa las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de hábitos de vida (LIFE-H) en una muestra de 123 personas con parálisis cerebral entre 9 y 21 años (M = 14.14; DE=2.89). Se detectaron adecuados índices de consistencia interna. No se replicó la estructura de dos dimensiones mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio. Sin embargo, el análisis factorial exploratorio de los datos evidenció un factor general que explicó el 69.55 % de la varianza. Se concluye que el LIFE-H es un instrumento idóneo para el estudio de la participación como un constructo global en esta población.

This research uses lexical availability and lexical graphs to analyze changes on the conceptualization of learning in future teachers. Lexical availability tests were applied to 97 pedagogy students. Lexical availability analysis was performed on both assessment, and two lexical graphs were constructed. Outcomes show the replacement of 50% of the words mentioned between the two observations, while lexical graphs show similar structural characteristics to those built with large databases. Changes observed in lexical availability and words connectivity show the passage of a concept of learning based on teaching, to one based on internal processes of the learner. The implications of using these methodologies for the study of language and observed conceptual change are discussed.

La presente investigación utiliza análisis de disponibilidad léxica y grafos léxicos para analizar el cambio de concepciones de aprendizaje en futuros profesores. Se aplicaron pruebas de disponibilidad léxica al inicio y al término de un semestre a 97 estudiantes de Pedagogía. Se realizó análisis de disponibilidad léxica, así como la construcción de dos grafos léxicos, uno por cada observación. Los resultados muestran el reemplazo del 50% de las palabras mencionadas entre ambas observaciones, mientras que los grafos léxicos muestran características estructurales similares a aquellos construidos con grandes bases de datos. Los cambios observados en la disponibilidad léxica y en la conectividad de las palabras muestran el paso de un concepto de aprendizaje fundado en la enseñanza, a uno basado en procesos internos del aprendiz. Se discuten las implicancias del uso de estas metodologías para el estudio del lenguaje y el cambio conceptual.

Background: Learning assessment has great impact in students' achievement. However, it is one of the least intervened and researched areas in higher education institutions, all over the world. Aim: To compare the written tests applied to students of three health science undergraduate programs (Speech Therapy, Medical Technology and Nursing), with the written tests of three programs of other areas (Business and Administration, Psychology and Bioengineering). Material and Methods: Comparisons were done using the Authentic Assessment Model's indicators. Also, the magnitude of the change in these variables was evaluated in these two groups of undergraduate programs, after the participation of the teachers in a training program based on this model. A quantitative and repeated measurements design was used. Nineteen teachers participated (nine from medical sciences and 10 from other areas), who drafted 88 written tests before the intervention (which involved 1,318 items) and 93 written tests (that grouped 1,051 items) after it. Items were analyzed using a Hierarchical Lineal Model (HLM), controlling the tests' and the teachers' effects. Results: Both groups of undergraduate programs use multiple choice items with a higher frequency, although there were differences in the rest of the items. Also, HLM analysis showed that these programs differed in their changes after the intervention. Health science programs had less improvement in changing the kind of items used, but improved more in Authentic Assessment indicators. Conclusions: Written tests improved after an intervention aiming to improve the teachers' skills to prepare such tests.

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between (1) willingness to study strategies, (2) causal attributions (to effort, ability and external causes) and (3) student´s perception of self-efficacy about their ability to self-regulate their processes of willingness to study. Method: An instrument built by the researchers called Willingness to the Study Self-Regulation Questionnaire was applied to a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 695 Chilean university students from 5 universities of the Province of Concepción. Outcomes: Strong correlations were found between self efficacy for the willingness to study self-regulation and the willingness to study strategies (r=0.54 to r =0.55). the willingness to study strategies had positive and moderate correlations (r=0.38 to r=0.42) with causal attributions for success to effort, weak correlations (r=0.15 to r=0.28) with causal attributions for success to ability and to external factors, and negative weak to moderate correlations (r=-0.19 to r =-0.38) with causal attributions for failure to effort, ability, and external factors. Conclusions: Students with high levels of willingness to study strategies show positive beliefs about their own ability to self-regulate their processes of willingness to study, they make causal attributions for their success mainly to effort, and they attribute their academic failure less and less to ability and external factors.

El objetivo de este estudio es: analizar la relación entre (1) Las estrategias disposición al estudio, (2) atribuciones causales (al esfuerzo, capacidad y causas externas) y (3) la percepción de autoeficacia que tienen los estudiantes sobre su capacidad de autorregular sus procesos de disposición al estudio. Método: Se aplicó un instrumento construido por los investigadores denominado Cuestionario de Autorregulación de la Disposición al Estudio a una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 695 estudiantes universitarios chilenos de 5 universidades de la provincia de Concepción. Resultados: Se encontraron correlaciones fuertes entre la autoeficacia para la autorregulación de la disposición al estudio y las estrategias de disposición al estudio (r=0.54 a r=0.55). Las estrategias de disposición al estudio presentan correlaciones positivas y moderadas (r=0.38 a r= 0.42) con las atribuciones causales de éxito al esfuerzo, débiles (r=0.15 a r= 0.28) con las atribuciones causales de éxito a la habilidad como a las atribuciones causales de éxito a causas externas, y correlaciones negativas, de débiles a moderadas (r=-0.19 a r= -0.38), con las atribuciones causales de fracaso al esfuerzo, a la habilidad y a causas externas. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes con altos niveles de estrategias de disposición al estudio presentan creencias positivas acerca de la propia capacidad para autorregular sus procesos de disposición al estudio, realizan atribuciones causales de sus éxitos principalmente al esfuerzo y disminuyen las explicaciones de fracasos académicos a su esfuerzo, su capacidad y a causas externas.

Background The knowledge of predictive factors in depression should help to deal with the disease. Aim To assess potential predictors of remission of major depressive disorders (MDD) in secondary care and to propose a predictive model. Material and Methods A 12 month follow-up study was conducted in a sample of 112 outpatients at three psychiatric care centers of Chile, with baseline and quarterly assessments. Demographic, psychosocial, clinical and treatment factors as potential predictors, were assessed. A clinical interview with the checklist of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, the Hamilton Depression Scale and the List of Threatening Experiences and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were applied. Results The number of stressful events, perceived social support, baseline depression scores, melancholic features, time prior to beginning treatment at the secondary level and psychotherapeutic sessions were included in the model as predictors of remission. Sex, age, number of previous depressive episodes, psychiatric comorbidity and medical comorbidity were not significantly related with remission. Conclusions This model allows to predict depression score at six months with 70% of accuracy and the score at 12 months with 72% of accuracy.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es valorar el “Programa de desarrollo de habilidades de acompañamiento directivo” (PAD), analizando su influencia sobre (1) la percepción y satisfacción de los docentes y (2) la percepción de los directivos sobre su labor de acompañamiento y la satisfacción percibida en los docentes. Se aplicó un diseño cuasi-experimental. Participaron 12 directivos y 16 docentes de cuatro centros educativos de la Región del Bío-Bío, Chile. Se concluye que el PAD tiene un efecto de mejora en (1) la percepción y satisfacción de los docentes, y (2) en la percepción y satisfacción percibida por los directivos en los docentes, por los procesos de acompañamiento realizados. Las dimensiones del PAD que obtienen mayores puntuaciones son apoyo (en los docentes) y sistematicidad (en los directivos).

Abstract The main objective of this research is to validate “The board of directors accompaniment skills programme to teachers” (BAP), analysing its influence over (1) the perception and satisfaction among the teachers and (2) the perception the board of directors showed about their accompaniment work and the perceived satisfaction among the teachers. A quasi-experimental design was applied where twelve participants of four boards of directors coming from four schools of the 8th Region plus sixteen teachers participated. It is concluded that the BAP has an improvement effect over both the teachers’ and the board of directors’ perception and the satisfaction among the board of directors about the accompaniment process they perform. The dimensions that obtain major punctuations are a support (in the teachers) and systematicity (in the executives). The dimensions which get higher scores are support (given to the teachers) and organization (coming from the board of directors).

The child Behavior checklist/1.5-5 and the caregiver/teacher report Form are one of the most widely internationally recognized instruments to evaluate desadaptative behaviors which may affect the current and future development of preschool children. The psychometric behavior of both instruments was evaluated in a socioeconomically diverse sample of 550 chilean preschool children. In general, it was observed an analog behavior of both compared to the one obtained with studies in other societies. The confirmatory factor analysis showed a suitable adjustment of the original bifactor model. However, in the CBCL, the scores obtained are higher than in most of the countries and, comparatively, in both instruments, a greater effect of gender was observed. The findings obtained are analyzed and, normative and conceptual suggestions are given for the use of both instruments in preschool children in our country.

El Inventario de Conductas Infantiles 1.5-5 años (CBCL/1.5-5 por su acrónimo en inglés) y el informe del cuidador/educador (C-TRF por su acrónimo en inglés), son de los instrumentos más ampliamente reconocidos internacionalmente para evaluar conductas desadaptativas que pueden afectan el desarrollo presente y futuro de niños y niñas preescolares. Se evaluó el comportamiento psicométrico de ambos instrumentos en una muestra diversa socioeconómicamente de 550 preescolares chilenos. En general, ambos mostraron un comportamiento psicométrico análogo al obtenido con estudios en otras sociedades. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios mostraron un ajuste adecuado del modelo bifactorial original. Sin embargo, en el CBCL/1.5-5 los puntajes obtenidos son más altos que en la mayoría de los países y, comparativamente, en ambos instrumentos, se observó un mayor efecto de género. Se analizan los hallazgos obtenidos, y se dan sugerencias normativas y conceptuales para el empleo de ambos instrumentos en niños y niñas preescolares en nuestro país.

El estigma está considerado como el principal obstáculo para la recuperación de las personas que sufren trastornos mentales (TM). La presente investigación tuvo el objetivo de analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de actitudes comunitarias hacia la enfermedad mental (CAMI), que evalúa el estigma del público hacia las personas con TM. Se tomaron dos muestras por conveniencia, la primera compuesta por 399 personas y la segunda por 350. Los resultados indican que el instrumento final posee dos factores: "aceptación" y "rechazo a la instalación de centros de salud mental en la comunidad", cada uno compuesto por cinco ítems. Los índices del ajuste del modelo obtenido en el análisis factorial confirmatorio, así como la consistencia interna del instrumento son adecuados.

Stigma is considered as the main obstacle for the recovery of people with mental illnesses (MI). The current research was aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Scale of Community Attitudes towards Mental Ill (CAMI) that assesses the stigma of the public towards people with MI. Two convenience samples were taken. The first sample was composed by 399 people and the second one, by 350. Outcomes indicate that the final instrument has two factors: "Acceptance" and "Rejection to the implementation of mental health centers in the community". Each factor is composed of five items. Adjustment indices of the model obtained from the combinatory factorial analysis, as well as the internal consistence of the instrument are adequate.

Abstract Experiments and modeling aimed at assessing the mechanical response of latex balloons in the inflation test are presented. To this end, the hyperelastic Yeoh material model is firstly characterized via tensile test and, then, used to numerically simulate via finite elements the stress-strain evolution during the inflation test. The numerical pressure-displacement curves are validated with those obtained experimentally. Moreover, this analysis is extended to a biomedical problem of an eyeball under glaucoma conditions.