Resumo A classificação precisa da qualidade é um dos requisitos do mercado de flores, que está se tornando cada vez mais sofisticado e exigente. No entanto, há uma falta de informações sobre como essa classificação é realizada, e muitas vezes é conduzida de maneira menos empírica e mais subjetiva. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a eficiência da classificação pessoal (in-person) e usando imagens digitais para determinar a qualidade de flores de antúrio ‘Tropical’. Foram realizados três experimentos quanto ao registro das imagens e ao modo de exibição das imagens e comparando três métodos de classificação da qualidade pós-colheita do antúrio. Concluiu-se que as medidas dos parâmetros colorimétricos podem ser realizadas em qualquer lugar da espata, mas o período em que os parâmetros medidos são afetados pela senescência. Os avaliadores diferem na precisão com que atribuem notas e não há necessidade de conhecimento prévio para avaliar a qualidade usando imagens. O parâmetro L* medido pelo colorímetro apresentou maior correlação com a avaliação da qualidade pós-colheita de Anthurium andraeanum Lind. ‘Tropical’. A classificação por imagens pode ser realizada usando diferentes dispositivos eletrônicos, e a classificação in-person é mais rigorosa do que a classificação realizada com imagens digitais.

Abstract Accurate quality classification is one of the requirements of the flower market, which is becoming increasing more sophisticated and demanding. However, there is a lack of information regarding how such classification is performed, and it is often conducted in a less empirical and more subjective way. Therefore, this work aimed to compare the efficiency of personal classification (in-person) and using digital images to determine the quality of anthurium cv. Tropical (Anthurium andraeanum Lind.). Three experiments were performed regarding the recording of the images and the display mode of the images and comparing three methods of classifying postharvest quality of anthurium. It was concluded that measurements of colorimetric parameters can be performed anywhere on the spathe, but the period in which the parameters are measured does affect. Evaluators differ in the thoroughness with which they assign grades, and there is no need for prior knowledge to assess quality using images. The L* parameter measured by the colorimeter presented higher correlation with the evaluation of postharvest quality of Anthurium andraeanum Lind. ‘Tropical’. Classification by images can be performed using different electronic devices, and in-person classification is more rigorous than classification conducted using digital images.

INTRODUCTION Primary hypertension has its origins in childhood and is a risk factor for atherosclerosis; it is considered an important health problem because of its high prevalence worldwide. OBJECTIVE Describe the development of hypertension during adolescence, including some factors that influence its persistence and progression in Cuban adolescents. METHODS A cohort study was conducted in an intentional sample of 252 apparently healthy adolescents from the catchment area of the Héroes del Moncada Polyclinic in Plaza de la Revolución Municipality, Havana. They were assessed in two cross-sectional studies in 2004 and 2008. Mean age at first assessment was 13.2 years, 17.1 years at the second. Variables were weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, smoking, family history of hypertension and birth weight. Correlation coefficients and growth curve analyses were applied to assess blood pressure persistence. Risk of developing prehypertension and hypertension was estimated in the second assessment, based on predictors identified in the 2004 cut. Forecasting models with these factors were developed using classification trees as analytical tools. RESULTS Of the six adolescents categorized as hypertensive in the first assessment, five still showed blood pressure alterations after four years. The main factors related to hypertension in those aged 16–19 were blood pressure itself and a body mass index >90th percentile, followed by low birth weight and abdominal obesity. Prognostic models for predicting this condition at the end of adolescence demonstrated the importance of blood pressure alterations at age 12–15 years. CONCLUSIONS High rates of persistence and progression of hypertension during adolescence highlights the need for systematic blood pressure screening at the primary health care level and adoption of primary prevention strategies beginning in childhood.

Introduction: there is a current consensus that the atherosclerotic process begins at childhood and that dyslipidemia is one of the atherogenic risk factors to be studied together with the nutritional assessment for the adequate prevention of atherosclerosis. Objective: to identify some early signs of atherosclerosis such as overweight and dyslipidemias in teenagers. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study of 372 teenagers from "Protesta de Baragua" junior high school. Weight, height, body mass index and waist circumference were measured. Blood samples were taken after 12 hour fasting. Total cholesterol, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride were all measured. The statistical analysis included the t test among nutritional assessment and lipid variables between sexes and the error probability was lower than 0.05. Results: weight, height and waist circumference means were higher in males (p< 0.05). Overweight was 23.7 % and from the 90-97th percentile, the excessive abdominal fat was 21.8 %. The mean of total cholesterol, high and low density lipoproteins and triglycerides was similar in both sexes, with no significant relation (p> 0.05). In this group, 18.5 % of adolescents presented with borderline high total cholesterol, 26.6 % showed borderline high triglyceride rate and 7.5 % had high cholesterol, being females predominant. Conclusions: one fourth of adolescents approximately exhibited overweight and increased abdominal fat; almost 25 % had reached borderline and high total cholesterol whereas the most observed lipid disorder was hypertrigliceridemia.

Introducción: actualmente hay consenso en que el proceso aterosclerótico se inicia en la infancia, y la dislipidemia es uno de los principales factores de riesgo aterogénicos que deben ser estudiados, así como la valoración nutricional para una adecuada prevención. Objetivo: identificar algunas señales de aterosclerosis tempranas como el sobrepeso y las dislipidemias en adolescentes. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de 372 adolescentes de la Secundaria Básica "Protesta de Baraguá". Se hicieron mediciones de peso, talla, índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de la cintura. Se tomó muestra de sangre venosa con ayuno de 12 horas. Se midió el colesterol total, el colesterol unido a lipoproteína baja y alta densidad, y triglicéridos. En el análisis estadístico se realizaron prueba de comprobación de media entre variables de valoración nutricional y lipídicas entre sexos (prueba t), y se trabajó con una probabilidad de error menor de 0,05. Resultados: la media del peso, talla y circunferencia de la cintura fueron mayores en el sexo masculino (p< 0,05). El exceso de peso fue 23,7 %, y a partir del percentil 90-97 hubo un 21,8 % de exceso de grasa abdominal. La media del colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad y triglicéridos, fue similar en los diferentes sexos, sin relación significativa (p> 0,05). El 18,5 % presentó colesterol total limítrofe alto, el 26,6 % tenía triglicéridos limítrofe alto y 7,5 % alto, con predominio del sexo femenino. Conclusiones: alrededor de la cuarta parte de los adolescentes tenían exceso de peso e incremento de la grasa abdominal, casi la cuarta parte tenía el colesterol total limítrofe y alto, y la alteración lipídica observada con mayor frecuencia fue la hipertrigliceridemia.

Introduction : recent epidemiological studies of different populations have shown that pre- and postnatal nutrition may influence adult susceptibility to suffer from glucose intolerance, hypertension, coronary heart disease and obesity. The theory that fetal environmental factors and in particular maternal nutrition exert an influence upon the susceptibility to suffer from certain conditions in adulthood, has achieved great support, especially because the topic has gradually gained space in molecular biology. The biochemical changes occurring during the intrauterine and prenatal stages of life involve a continuous supply by the mother of plastic and energy substrates, as well as their integration. Poor maternal nutrition, a deficient environment, and bad conditions at birth and during childhood, may result in the risk to suffer from atherosclerosis in adulthood. Methods: Based on knowledge about in utero programming obtained from an exhaustive review, data about atherosclerotic risk factors drawn from research previously conducted, and information acquired about the topic. Development: The relationship described between body measurements at birth and coronary heart disease was irrespective of gestational age in the various studies conducted in Sheffield. This problem may be confirmed not only by maternal malnutrition, but other well-known factors as well, cause low weight at birth. Alongside the mother's nutritional status, other pregnancy-related factors should also be considered, such as multiple births, chromosomal anomalies, congenital malformations, maternal age, parity and others. Conclusions: In utero macro- and microdetermining factors during pregnancy cause atherosclerotic risk factors not only in adulthood, but since school age. Body measurement at birth is not determining if no injury occurs during the embryogenetic and fetal stages and during childhood.

Introducción: recientemente, mediante estudios epidemiológicos realizados en distintas poblaciones se ha llegado a la conclusión de que la situación nutricional durante las etapas prenatal y posnatal puede influir en la susceptibilidad del adulto a padecer intolerancia a la glucosa, hipertensión, enfermedad coronaria y obesidad. Actualmente, la teoría de que los factores medioambientales en el feto, y en particular la nutrición de la madre, influyen en la susceptibilidad a padecer determinadas enfermedades en el adulto, ha logrado amplio apoyo y muy especialmente, cuando el tema se ha ido trasladando al terreno de la biología molecular. Los cambios bioquímicos que ocurren durante la vida intrauterina y la etapa prenatal implican el continuo aporte de sustratos plásticos y energéticos de la madre, así como su integración. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo plantear que una mala nutrición materna, ambiental, así como malas condiciones al nacer y durante la infancia, pueden condicionar riesgo de padecer aterosclerosis en el adulto. Métodos: se realizó una revisión exhaustiva del tema programación in utero, añadida al conocimiento en factores de riesgo aterosclerótico por investigaciones realizadas y los conocimientos adquiridos y lógicos en esta materia. Desarrollo: la relación descrita entre medidas corporales al nacer y la enfermedad coronaria fue independiente de la edad gestacional en los diferentes estudios desarrollados en Sheffield. Este problema puede ser bien confirmado no solo por la malnutrición por defecto de la madre sino también por otros factores bien conocidos que causan el bajo peso al nacer; además del estado nutricional de la madre existen factores intrínsecos del embarazo como la gemelaridad, anomalías cromosómicas, malformaciones congénitas, y otros asociadas a los maternos como edad, paridad, entre otros. Conclusiones: los factores macrodeterminantes y microdeterminantes in utero durante la gestación son causantes de factores de riesgo aterosclerótico no solo en la adultez, sino desde la edad escolar, esto ocurre por injurias durante las etapas embriogénica, fetal y de la infancia y no así por la medición corporal al nacer.

Este artigo apresenta estimativas inéditas de séries mensais da formação bruta de capital fixo (FBCF) das administrações públicas no Brasil de 2002 a 2010. A estimação exigiu um esforço significativo de pesquisa. Em primeiro lugar, realizou-se uma análise criteriosa dos conceitos da contabilidade pública e da contabilidade nacional, enfatizando-se as peculiaridades do processo orçamentário brasileiro que enviesam as estimativas anuais dos investimentos públicos divulgadas nas estatísticas oficiais e que afetam a precisão das informações de alta frequência. Em segundo lugar, desenvolveram-se procedimentos para mitigar estes problemas. Por fim, buscou-se contornar a escassez de informações dos governos subnacionais solicitando-se informações adicionais de centenas de contadores públicos, técnicos ou secretários de Fazenda/Planejamento de todos os estados da Federação, do Distrito Federal (DF) e dos maiores municípios.

This article presents new monthly estimates of the gross fixed capital formation of the Brazilian general government for the 2002-2010 years. A significant research effort was made to carry out the estimations. First, the many differences between the concepts of "public investment" (as used in the Brazilian public accounting manuals) and "gross fixed capital formation of the general government" (as used in the United Nations System of National Accounts) were carefully identified, and so were the peculiarities of the Brazilian budget process that distort official estimates of the annual gross fixed capital formation of the Brazilian general government and affect the precision of naive estimates of the same variable in higher frequencies. Second, several procedures were developed to correct or mitigate these problems. Finally, additional information was obtained from 20 out of 26 Brazilian states, the federal district, and tens of (large) municipalities in order to allow us to circumvent the relative scarcity of information on the finances of Brazilian state and local governments.

The paper is aimed at establishing the association of the dyslipidemia with the positive results of the myocardial perfusion SPECT, for the optimization of the use. 152 MPSPECT were analyzed, different day, for an average age: 58.32 years, 86 (56.6%), were males. Considerating the presence of dyslipidemia , the patients were divided into two groups: dyslipidemia n=37(24.3%) and not-dyslipidemia, n=115 (75.7%). No significant differences were present in the age average (59.59/57.90 p=0.284), in body mass index (24.85/25.03, p=0.739), nor in the frequency of mature. Therefore , only dyslipidemia contributes to therefore the additional risk. Result: 102 (67.1%) MPSPECT were positive. In the comparison among groups no significant difference in the incidence of positive results was observed (67.60/67.00, p=0.945) and the same situation remained when the groups were subdivided into symptomatic and asymptomatic: As a result of the study, it was concluded that dyslipidemia does not represent a significant risk of ischemic cardiopathy in patient within the ages of risk, therefore there is no significant association with the positive results of the SPECTPM, within patient in ages of risk.

El trabajo tuvo como objetivo conocer la asociación de la dislipidemia con los resultados positivos del SPECT de perfusión miocárdica para la optimización del uso. Se analizaron 152 SPECTPM, días diferentes; la media de edad de 58,32 años; 86 (56,6%) fueron masculinos. Se dividieron en dos grupos según la presencia de dislipidemia; dislipidémicos, n=37 (24,3%) y no dislipidémicos, n=115 (75,7%). No presentaron diferencias significativas en las medias de edad (59,59/57,90 p=0,284) e índice de masa corporal (24,85/25,03, p=0,739), ni de la frecuencia de maduro/ra; por tanto el riesgo adicional solo lo aporta la dislipidemia. Los resultados 102 (67,10%) SPECT fueron positivos; en la comparación íntergrupos no se observó diferencia significativa de resultados positivos (67,60/67,00, p=0,945), que se mantuvo cuando se subdividieron los grupos en sintomáticos y asintomáticos. Se concluyó que la dislipidemia no aporta riesgo significativo de cardiopatía isquémica en pacientes en edad de riesgo, por tanto no hay asociación significativa con resultados positivos del SPECTPM en pacientes en edad de riesgo.

INTRODUCTION Silent myocardial ischemia is frequent in type 2 diabetics, therefore, symptoms cannot be relied upon for diagnosis and followup in these patients. Various studies relate blood lipid levels to cardiovascular diseases, and several authors describe certain lipoproteins as independent predictors of ischemia. OBJECTIVE Identify blood lipid levels that predict silent myocardial ischemia in a type 2 diabetic population in Havana. METHODS From May 2005 through May 2009, assessment was done of 220 asymptomatic type 2 diabetics in ten polyclinics in Havana using laboratory tests and Single-Photon Emission-Computed Tomography, synchronized with electrocardiogram, known as gated SPECT (gSPECT). Coronary angiography was used for confirmation when gSPECT detected ischemia. Patients were classified into two groups: gSPECT positive and gSPECT negative. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were calculated for all variables and mean comparison tests were conducted. Classification trees were developed relating lipid values to gSPECT results, identifying optimal cutoff points for their use as indicators of silent myocardial ischemia in the total study population and for each sex separately. RESULTS GSPECT found silent myocardial ischemia in 29.1% of those examined, and 68.4% of angiograms found multivessel disease. gSPECT-positive diabetics had higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides (p < 0.05). HDL levels were lower in this group (p < 0.05). Classification trees showed optimal cutoff points, indicators for silent ischemia, for: HDL <44 mg/dL, LDL >119.9 mg/dL, and triglycerides >107.2 mg/d; 80.4% of diabetics with these HDL and triglyceride values had ischemia. HDL was the most important normalized variable when the entire population was analyzed. Analysis by sex showed a greater percentage of silent ischemia in men (33.3%) than in women (24.8%). The most important normalized variables were LDL of >100.8 mg/dL for men and HDL of <44 mg/dL for women. CONCLUSIONS A considerable percentage of the study population had silent myocardial ischemia. Type 2 diabetics with ischemia had higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides. HDL levels were significantly lower in these patients. The association of low HDL with high triglycerides was a strong indicator of myocardial ischemia in type 2 diabetics without clinical cardiovascular signs.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as produções científicas nacionais, que abordam a temática da qualidade de vida ligada à saúde da criança e do adolescente. As bases de dados consultadas foram a SciELO e Bireme totalizando 30 artigos publicados no período de 1990 a 2008. Revelou-se uma predominância da abordagem quantitativa (70%) e um alto índice de aplicações de instrumentos de avaliações de qualidade de vida ligada à saúde (66,7%) e genéricos (28,6%). O conceito de qualidade de vida foi usado em duas vertentes: no contexto da pesquisa científica e como parte dos resultados desejados das práticas assistenciais e políticas públicas. O referido construto é apresentado através de uma perspectiva multidimensional, incluindo no mínimo as dimensões física, psicológica e social e de uma perspectiva subjetiva, o que implica no pressuposto de que a própria pessoa deve avaliar sua qualidade de vida. Observou-se ainda um movimento de valorização da perspectiva da criança e do adolescente como relator de sua experiência de vida. Conclui-se pela necessidade de criação e utilização de instrumentos de avaliação de qualidade de vida que valorizem a perspectiva de crianças e adolescentes e adequados a sua fase de desenvolvimento. A avaliação de qualidade de vida deve ser incorporada à avaliação clínica uma vez que a doença crônica repercute nas diversas dimensões da vida dos mesmos.

The scope of this article was to analyze Brazilian scientific articles that assess the quality of life related to the health of children and adolescents. The databases consulted were SciELO and Bireme involving a total of 30 articles published between 1990 and 2008. The articles confirmed the predominance of quantitative methodologies (70%) with a high incidence of applications of HRQL (66.7%) and generic texts (28.6%). The concept of quality of life was evaluated from two standpoints: in the context of scientific research and as part of the desired results of healthcare and public policy. This construct is presented from a multidimensional perspective, embracing the social, psychological, physical and individual dimensions, which is based on the premise that the individuals themselves must assess their own quality of life. The article draws attention to the need to create and use instruments of quality of life for children and adolescents that enhance their perspective about their health processes using appropriate tools for each phase of development. The assessment of quality of life should be incorporated in clinical assessment since chronic illness has repercussions in the many dimensions of the life.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as produções científicas nacionais, que abordam a temática da qualidade de vida ligada à saúde da criança e do adolescente. As bases de dados consultadas foram a SciELO e Bireme totalizando 30 artigos publicados no período de 1990 a 2008. Revelou-se uma predominância da abordagem quantitativa (70%) e um alto índice de aplicações de instrumentos de avaliações de qualidade de vida ligada à saúde (66,7%) e genéricos (28,6%). O conceito de qualidade de vida foi usado em duas vertentes: no contexto da pesquisa científica e como parte dos resultados desejados das práticas assistenciais e políticas públicas. O referido construto é apresentado através de uma perspectiva multidimensional, incluindo no mínimo as dimensões física, psicológica e social e de uma perspectiva subjetiva, o que implica no pressuposto de que a própria pessoa deve avaliar sua qualidade de vida. Observou-se ainda um movimento de valorização da perspectiva da criança e do adolescente como relator de sua experiência de vida. Conclui-se pela necessidade de criação e utilização de instrumentos de avaliação de qualidade de vida que valorizem a perspectiva de crianças e adolescentes e adequados a sua fase de desenvolvimento. A avaliação de qualidade de vida deve ser incorporada à avaliação clínica uma vez que a doença crônica repercute nas diversas dimensões da vida dos mesmos.

The scope of this article was to analyze Brazilian scientific articles that assess the quality of life related to the health of children and adolescents. The databases consulted were SciELO and Bireme involving a total of 30 articles published between 1990 and 2008. The articles confirmed the predominance of quantitative methodologies (70%) with a high incidence of applications of HRQL (66.7%) and generic texts (28.6%). The concept of quality of life was evaluated from two standpoints: in the context of scientific research and as part of the desired results of healthcare and public policy. This construct is presented from a multidimensional perspective, embracing the social, psychological, physical and individual dimensions, which is based on the premise that the individuals themselves must assess their own quality of life. The article draws attention to the need to create and use instruments of quality of life for children and adolescents that enhance their perspective about their health processes using appropriate tools for each phase of development. The assessment of quality of life should be incorporated in clinical assessment since chronic illness has repercussions in the many dimensions of the life.

The dialysis therapy patients have high rates of atherosclerotic events and of cardiovascular mortality; the cardiovascular risk factors accounted for the high incidence of atherosclerosis complications in that population. A descriptive, observational of control-group and prospective research was made in 80 deceased, 40 with terminal chronic renal disease from 5 dialysis centers of Ciudad de La Habana between September, 2006 and March, 2007 and 40 deceased from the database of CIRAH (1989-2005) to determine the main features of the atherosclerosis profile of these patients and the major risk factors. The morphological and morphometric analysis of atherosclerosis lesions in coronary arteries was made using the atherometric system and the data were processed using statistical software. The deceased presenting with terminal chronic renal disease showed a predominance of affection from fibrous and severe plaques in the descendent anterior artery, as well as a worsening of lesions with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. We conclude that the terminal chronic renal disease in hemodialysis has a significant role in the development process of atherosclerotic lesions.

Los pacientes en terapia dialítica tienen tasas elevadas de eventos ateroscleróticos y de mortalidad cardiovascular; los factores de riesgo cardiovascular son responsables de la incidencia elevada de complicaciones ateroscleróticas en esa población. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, observacional, de grupo control y prospectiva de 80 fallecidos, 40 con enfermedad renal crónica terminal de 5 centros de diálisis de Ciudad de La Habana entre septiembre de 2006 y marzo de 2007 y 40 fallecidos de la base de datos del CIRAH (1989-2005), con el objetivo de determinar las principales características del perfil aterosclerótico de estos pacientes y los factores de riesgo principales. El análisis morfológico y morfométrico de las lesiones ateroscleróticas en arterias coronarias se realizó mediante el sistema aterométrico y los datos fueron procesados mediante un software estadístico. Los fallecidos con enfermedad renal crónica terminal mostraron predominio de afectación por placas fibrosas y graves en la descendente anterior, así como el empeoramiento de las lesiones con la presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Se concluyó que la enfermedad renal crónica terminal en hemodiálisis desempeña un fuerte papel en el proceso de desarrollo de las lesiones ateroscleróticas.

A study was made in 404 autopsied people in the HMC "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" divided in four groups, Diabetics (n=116), Diabetics and Hypertensions (n=68), Low-level Atherosclerotic (n=100) and Hypertensions (n=120), with the objective of evaluating the independent impact and that in their group they exercise both factors of risk on the atherosclerosis from the coronary and ileac-femoral when comparing it among if and with the grade of affectation of these same arteries found in considered of atherosclerotic low-level. The characteristic pathomorphological and morphometric were evaluated using the atherometric system. Bigger development of the atherosclerosis was obtained when the diabetes was associated with the hypertension. The biggest quantity in variables that are presented statistical significance when comparing the classified ones as low-level atherosclerotic with the other groups, followed by the comparisons of the diabetics with the diabetics and hypertensions, being demonstrated this way the biggest impact in both factors of risk when they are associate.

Se realizó un estudio en 404 fallecidos en el Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" divididos en 4 grupos: diabéticos (n=116), diabéticos-hipertensos (n=68), bajo nivel aterosclerótico (n=100) e hipertensos (n=120) con el objetivo de evaluar el impacto independiente y que en su conjunto, ejercen ambos factores de riesgo sobre la aterosclerosis de las coronarias e ilíaco-femorales al compararlos entre sí y con el grado de afectación de estas mismas arterias encontrado en fallecidos considerados de bajo nivel de aterosclerosis. Se evaluaron las características patomorfológicas y morfométricas empleando el sistema aterométrico. Se obtuvo mayor desarrollo de la aterosclerosis cuando la diabetes estuvo asociada con la hipertensión. La mayor cantidad de variables que presentaron significación estadística se encontraron al comparar los clasificados como bajo nivel aterosclerótico con los otros grupos, seguido de las comparaciones de los diabéticos con los diabéticos-hipertensos, demostrándose así el mayor impacto de ambos factores de riesgo cuando se encuentran asociados.