O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer a percepção e os sentimentos dos médicos sobre a tuberculose (TB) no Rio de Janeiro. Onze médicos de um hospital público de grande porte foram submetidos a uma entrevista semiestruturada. O processo investigativo teve como base a fenomenologia hermenêutica-dialética. As falas dos depoentes foram analisadas com o objetivo de identificar e compreender no seu discurso suas vivências sobre o seu viver-ser-estar-adoecer que estivessem relacionadas à TB. Dentre as categorias identificadas, o abandono foi abordado neste artigo em suas quatro dimensões: o respeito, a responsabilidade, as condições de atendimento e o mal-estar. Percebe-se o efeito bumerangue do abandono: aquele que abandona também é abandonado. Outros sentimentos referidos foram os de desmotivação, revolta e de frustração. É preocupante a saúde mental dos médicos submetidos à sobrecarga de trabalho e em condições inadequadas. Questiona-se como cuidadores nestas condições podem exercer sua função de cuidar. Concluímos que controlar a TB bem como alcançar os demais objetivos do SUS deve envolver uma política de recursos humanos que responda às questões apresentadas.

The scope of this study was to understand the perceptions and feelings of physicians dealing with tuberculosis (TB) in Rio de Janeiro. Eleven physicians working in a large public hospital were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The interpretation of the interviews was based on hermeneutic-dialectic phenomenology. The answers were analyzed in order to identify and understand their live TB-related experiences from their statements. Among the categories that emerged, neglect was chosen as the focus of this article in its four dimensions: respect, responsibility, conditions of care and discomfort. The boomerang effect of neglect was perceived during interviews with physicians: the one who neglects is also neglected. Other reported feelings included lack of motivation, anger, and frustration. The mental health of physicians is a preoccupation because of overwork in inadequate conditions. The question that arises is how health staff working in such environments can adequately care for their patients. We conclude that in order to achieve TB control as well as other health system goals, human resource policies that respond to physicians' job needs should be implemented.

O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer a percepção e os sentimentos dos médicos sobre a tuberculose (TB) no Rio de Janeiro. Onze médicos de um hospital público de grande porte foram submetidos a uma entrevista semiestruturada. O processo investigativo teve como base a fenomenologia hermenêutica-dialética. As falas dos depoentes foram analisadas com o objetivo de identificar e compreender no seu discurso suas vivências sobre o seu viver-ser-estar-adoecer que estivessem relacionadas à TB. Dentre as categorias identificadas, o abandono foi abordado neste artigo em suas quatro dimensões: o respeito, a responsabilidade, as condições de atendimento e o mal-estar. Percebe-se o efeito bumerangue do abandono: aquele que abandona também é abandonado. Outros sentimentos referidos foram os de desmotivação, revolta e de frustração. É preocupante a saúde mental dos médicos submetidos à sobrecarga de trabalho e em condições inadequadas. Questiona-se como cuidadores nestas condições podem exercer sua função de cuidar. Concluímos que controlar a TB bem como alcançar os demais objetivos do SUS deve envolver uma política de recursos humanos que responda às questões apresentadas.

The scope of this study was to understand the perceptions and feelings of physicians dealing with tuberculosis (TB) in Rio de Janeiro. Eleven physicians working in a large public hospital were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The interpretation of the interviews was based on hermeneutic-dialectic phenomenology. The answers were analyzed in order to identify and understand their live TB-related experiences from their statements. Among the categories that emerged, neglect was chosen as the focus of this article in its four dimensions: respect, responsibility, conditions of care and discomfort. The boomerang effect of neglect was perceived during interviews with physicians: the one who neglects is also neglected. Other reported feelings included lack of motivation, anger, and frustration. The mental health of physicians is a preoccupation because of overwork in inadequate conditions. The question that arises is how health staff working in such environments can adequately care for their patients. We conclude that in order to achieve TB control as well as other health system goals, human resource policies that respond to physicians' job needs should be implemented.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes internados em um hospital especializado no tratamento da TB. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo descritivo e retrospectivo dos prontuários dos pacientes internados com TB no Hospital Estadual Santa Maria (HESM), na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, entre janeiro de 2002 e dezembro de 2003, por meio de formulário previamente padronizado. RESULTADOS: Dos 451 pacientes incluídos, 313 (69,4%) foram referenciados para o HESM por unidades de saúde, e 302 (67,0%) eram do gênero masculino. A maioria dos pacientes tinha entre 30 e 59 anos, 443 (98,2%) residiam na região metropolitana, e 298 (66,1%) residiam no município do Rio de Janeiro. O motivo de internação mais frequente foi mau estado geral (em 237, 52,5%). A AIDS foi a comorbidade mais frequente (em 137, 30,4%). Os sinais e sintomas mais frequentes no momento da internação foram emagrecimento, febre e tosse produtiva. A baciloscopia foi positiva em 122 casos (71,0%) com tosse produtiva no momento da internação. Dos 212 pacientes que estavam em retratamento, 156 (73,6%) referiram abandono a tratamento anterior. Quanto ao desfecho, 297 (65,8%) foram encaminhados para centros municipais de saúde, 83 (18,4%) evoluíram para óbito, e 44 (9,8%) curaram. As altas indesejadas ocorreram em 27 (6,0%) dos casos. CONCLUSÕES: A provisão de hospitais especializados em TB é de relevância para o controle da TB, principalmente em regiões metropolitanas. Esses hospitais precisam estar adequados a medidas de biossegurança, assim como estar mais bem equipados e capacitados para prestar atendimento a pacientes com diversas comorbidades e problemas sociais associados à TB. A realização deste estudo resultou em melhorias para o HESM.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiological profile of inpatients at a TB referral hospital. METHODS: This was a descriptive, retrospective study of the medical charts of patients with TB hospitalized at the Hospital Estadual Santa Maria (HESM), in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between January of 2002 and December of 2003. Data were collected using a standardized form. RESULTS: Of the 451 patients included in the study, 313 (69.4%) had been referred to the HESM from health care clinics, and 302 (67.0%) were male. Most of the patients were in the 30-59 year age bracket, 443 (98.2%) lived in the greater metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, and 298 (66.1%) lived in the city of Rio de Janeiro itself. The most common reason for hospitalization was poor health status (in 237, 52.5%). The most common comorbidity was AIDS (in 137, 30.4%). The most common signs and symptoms at admission were weight loss, fever and productive cough. Sputum smear microscopy was positive in 122 (71.0%) of the patients presenting with productive cough at admission. Of the 212 patients being retreated, 156 (73.6%) reported noncompliance with previous treatment. Regarding the outcome, 273 (65.8%) of the patients were referred to municipal health care centers, 83 (18.4%) died, 44 (9.8%) were cured, and 27 (6%) were discharged against medical advice. CONCLUSIONS: Providing hospitals specializing in TB is relevant for TB control, especially in metropolitan regions. In addition to taking biosafety measures, these hospitals must be prepared to treat patients with TB-related comorbidities and social problems. This study has resulted in improvements at the HESM.

Fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from tuberculosis (TB) patients attended in Community Health Centers (CHCs) of Rio de Janeiro was performed to verify possible risk factors for TB transmission. A prospective community-based study was performed during the period of July 1996 to December 1996 by collecting sputum samples of 489 patients in 11 different CHCs in four different planning areas (APs) of the city. Bacteriological, clinical, and epidemiological information was collected and M. tuberculosis genotypes defined after restriction fragment length polymorphism (IS6110-RFLP) and double repetitive element (DRE) fingerprinting of RFLP-clustered cases. Risk factors for TB transmission were looked for using three levels of cluster stringency. Among 349 (71%) positive cultures obtained, IS6110-RFLP typing could be performed on strains from 153 different patients. When using identity of RFLP patterns as cluster definition, 49 (32%) of the strains belonged to a cluster and none of the clinical or epidemiologic characteristics was associated with higher clustering levels. However, higher clustering level was observed in the AP including the central region of the city when compared to others. This strongly suggests that more recent transmission occurs in that area and this may be related with higher incidence of TB and HIV in this region.

INTRODUÇÃO: A tuberculose tem trazido importantes desafios ao setor de saúde. O Brasil tem alta prevalência da doença e o Estado do Rio de Janeiro possui as maiores taxas de incidência do país. O município do Rio de Janeiro é responsável pela maior notificação do estado e cerca de 30% dos casos diagnosticados têm origem em hospitais. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de resistência inicial e adquirida e identificar fatores associados à ocorrência de resistência em hospital geral referência para tratamento de AIDS no Rio de Janeiro. MÉTODO: Foram analisadas cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis de 165 pacientes, entre agosto de 1.996 e fevereiro de 1.998. RESULTADOS: Vinte por cento (33/165) apresentaram resistência a pelo menos um medicamento: 13% (22/165) à isoniazida, 1,8% (3/165) à rifampicina e 3,6% (6/165) a ambas. Entre pacientes infectados pelo HIV (52/165), 28,85% (15/52) apresentaram resistência a pelo menos um fármaco. Resistência adquirida ocorreu em 12,5% dos pacientes que referiram tratamento anterior (3/24), com associação significativa com imagem radiológica não cavitária (p = 0,05). Resistência inicial ocorreu em 18,4% dos pacientes virgens de tratamento (26/141), com associação significativa com ser profissional de saúde (p = 0,004), desemprego (p = 0,03) e diarréia (p = 0,01) na análise bivariada. Na análise multivariada, ser profissional de saúde manteve-se fortemente associado com a ocorrência de resistência inicial (p = 0,002). CONCLUSÃO: Taxas de resistência elevadas foram encontradas nesta série. Estes achados corroboram a necessidade de que atenção maior seja dada à tuberculose em ambiente hospitalar, em especial no que diz respeito à preocupante associação entre resistência nas cepas isoladas e profissionais de saúde.

BACKGROUND:Tuberculosis become important challenge to health care settings. Brazil has high prevalence of the disease and Rio de Janeiro has high incidence rates with 30% of cases notified at hospitals. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prevalence of initial and acquired drug resistance at a general hospital, reference for aids treatment in Rio de Janeiro and to identify associated factors. METHODS: Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from 165 patients were analyzed, between August 1996 and February 1998. RESULTS: Twenty per cent (33/165) were resistant to at least one drug; 13% (12/165) to isoniazid; 3.64% (6/165) to rifampin and 3.64% (6/165) to both. Among HIV seropositive subjects (52/165); 28.85% (15/52) were resistant to at least one drug. Acquired resistance occurred in 15.79% of 19 patients that mentioned previous antiTB treatment. Association statistically significant was found with non cavitation on X-ray in bivariate analyses (P=0.05). Eighty four patients refereed no previous treatment (NPT). Resistance to 1 or more drugs was found in 28.57% (24/84) of NPT patients. Association statistically significant with initial resistance was found with health care workers (P=0.004), unemployment (P=0.03), and diarrhea (P=0.01) in bivariate analyses. On multivariate analyses, health care workers (P=0.002) remained significantly associated with initial resistance. CONCLUSIONS: High resistance rates was found. It corroborates that hospitals needs attention for TB control especially which concerns to health care works infection.

INTRODUÇÃO:Em 1998, o Rio de Janeiro era o estado de maior incidência e mortalidade por tuberculose do Brasil. O Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação em Tuberculose (SINAN-TB-RJ) não era confiável. OBJETIVO: Utilizar o estudo dos óbitos por tuberculose como instrumento de avaliação do programa de controle de tuberculose. MÉTODO: Foram realizados estudos descritivos do SINAN-TB-RJ e do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade em tuberculose do Rio de Janeiro (SIM-TB-RJ) e os dois bancos de dados foram cruzados utilizando-se o programa Reclink. Foi também realizado um estudo baseado em prontuários dos cinco hospitais onde ocorreu o maior número de óbitos por tuberculose. RESULTADOS: Em 1998 foram registrados no SINAN-TB-RJ 16.567 casos de tuberculose em maiores de 14 anos. A forma pulmonar estava presente em 13.989 (84,5%) casos, dos quais 8.223 (56,8%) tiveram baciloscopia positiva. A sorologia anti-HIV, recomendada para todos os pacientes com tuberculose, foi solicitada em apenas 4.141 (25%) casos. No SIM-TB-RJ foram registrados 1.146 óbitos, dos quais 478 (41,7%) casos haviam sido notificados no SINAN-TB-RJ, entre 1995 e 1998. Dos 302 prontuários estudados, em 154 (50,9%) o período de internação foi inferior a 10 dias. O tempo entre o início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico foi superior a 60 dias em 143 (47,3%) pacientes. Dos 125 pacientes em re-tratamento, para apenas 43 (34,4%) foi prescrito o esquema RHZE recomendado pelo Ministério da Saúde. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstra que a tuberculose é sub-notificada, o diagnóstico é tardio, a utilização dos exames laboratoriais recomendados é baixa e as normas do Ministério da Saúde não são cumpridas.

BACKGROUND: In 1998, tuberculosis incidence and mortality rates in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) were the highest in Brazil. However, the RJ tuberculosis database (SINAN-TB-RJ) has proven unreliable. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the current tuberculosis control program by analyzing tuberculosis-attributed deaths. METHODS: Descriptive studies of the SINAN-TB-RJ and tuberculosis mortality (SIM-TB-RJ) databases were carried out. Both databases were linked using the Reclink program. A study based on medical records was performed in the five hospitals where the greatest numbers of tuberculosis deaths occurred. RESULTS: In the SINAN-TB-RJ database, 16,567 cases were registered in adults (> 14 years of age). Pulmonary disease was present in 13,989 (84.5%), of whom 8223 (56.8%) presented sputum smears that were positive for acid fast bacilli. Anti-HIV testing, recommended for all patients with tuberculosis, was performed in only 4141 (25%) of tuberculosis cases. The SIM-TB-RJ database showed 1146 deaths that were attributed to tuberculosis. Only 478 (41.7%) of those had been reported to the health care system (SINAN-TB-RJ). Among the 302 medical records analyzed, 154 (50.9%) recorded hospitalizations of up to 10 days and 143 (47.3%) had respiratory symptoms for more than 60 days before diagnosis. Among 125 cases of retreatment, the RHZE regimen recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health was prescribed for only 43 (34.4%). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates weakness in the RJ tuberculosis control program, characterized by delayed diagnosis, limited use of the recommended tests, poor reporting, and non-compliance with the Ministry of Health guidelines.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains resistant to streptomycin (SM), isoniazid (INH), and/or rifampin (RIF) as determined by the conventional Löwenstein-Jensen proportion method (LJPM) were compared with the E test, a minimum inhibitory concentration susceptibility method. Discrepant isolates were further evaluated by BACTEC and by DNA sequence analyses for mutations in genes most often associated with resistance to these drugs (rpsL, katG, inhA, and rpoB). Preliminary discordant E test results were seen in 75% of isolates resistant to SM and in 11% to INH. Discordance improved for these two drugs (63%) for SM and none for INH when isolates were re-tested but worsened for RIF (30%). Despite good agreement between phenotypic results and sequencing analyses, wild type profiles were detected on resistant strains mainly for SM and INH. It should be aware that susceptible isolates according to molecular methods might contain other mechanisms of resistance. Although reproducibility of the LJPM susceptibility method has been established, variable E test results for some M. tuberculosis isolates poses questions regarding its reproducibility particularly the impact of E test performance which may vary among laboratories despite adherence to recommended protocols. Further studies must be done to enlarge the evaluated samples and looked possible mutations outside of the hot spot sequenced gene among discrepant strains.