O presente trabalho investigou o efeito da adição de baixas concentrações (0,5 e 1,0%) de poli(3-hidroxibutirato) (PHB) na cristalização isotérmica a frio do poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET). As curvas de energia foram obtidas por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e a cinética de cristalização foi analisada pelo método de Avrami. Dois estágios de cristalização foram observados. Os resultados mostraram que o PHB promove alterações na taxa de cristalização do PET, como verificado por mudanças nos tempos para se atingir 1, 10, 30, 50 e 99% de cristalinidade relativa. As energias de ativação para o primeiro e segundo estágios da cristalização foram determinadas através das curvas de Arrhenius, sendo praticamente independentes da presença de PHB nas misturas PET/PHB. As temperaturas de fusão de equilíbrio foram determinadas de acordo com o procedimento de Hoffman e Weeks; as misturas PET/PHB apresentaram valores mais elevados deste parâmetro sugerindo que o PHB altera a estrutura cristalina do PET.

The present work is concerned with the effect of low concentrations (0.5 e 1.0%) of poly(3-hydroxybutirate) (PHB) on the isothermal cold crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Energy curves were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the kinetics of the crystallization was analyzed using Avrami's method. Two crystallization stages were observed. Results showed that the presence of PHB affects the crystallization rate of PET, as verified by changes in the time needed to reach 1, 10, 30, 50 and 99% of crystallinity. Activation energies for the two crystallization stages were computed using Arrhenius plots; PET/PHB mixtures showed slightly smaller values. The equilibrium melting temperatures were estimated according to the procedure of Hoffman and Weeks; the higher values obtained for the PET/PHB mixtures suggest that PHB affects the crystalline structure of PET.

O Mieloma Mútiplo é uma doença de evolução heterogênea, na qual a maioria dos pacientes recai muito precocemente após o tratamento. Nesse contexto, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é relatar diferentes estratégias de análise do mieloma por citometria de fluxo e sua importância na associação com citogenética no diagnóstico de doença residual. Entre 2.450 casos de doenças onco-hematológicas estudados, de setembro de 1993 a agosto de 2004, foram diagnosticados 50 (2,0%) Mieloma Múltiplo. Foram feitas análises morfológicas e, até o ano de 2000, as imunofenotipagens foram realizadas no citômetro de fluxo XL-MCL (Coulter) pela estratégia tamanho/complexidade, utilizando os anticorpos monoclonais CD19, CD20, CD38, CD45, CD56, HLA-DR, kappa e lambda de superfície e intracitoplasmáticas. A partir de 2001 passaram-se a utilizar painéis seqüenciais através do histograma CD138/Complexidade e anticorpos monoclonais CD19, CD38, CD56, CD117, kappa e lambda intracitoplasmáticas. Mais recentemente foram incluídos no painel os anticorpos CD45, HLA-DR e CD33. A análise do DNA foi realizada por citometria com auxílio do programa Multicycle em nove amostras, sendo que sete apresentaram população aneuplóide. O cariótipo com banda G foi realizado em 25 casos, e a pesquisa de deleção do 13q por FISH em 15. Alterações cromossômicas foram encontradas em 4 casos, sendo duas deleções de 13q confirmadas por FISH. A mudança na estratégia de gates associada à citogenética e ao estudo da cinética do ciclo do DNA permitem melhor identificação de células plasmáticas anômalas, avaliação do prognóstico e detecção de doença residual.

Multiple myeloma is a disease with variable natural history, but a clinical fact is that most of the transplanted patients relapse early after transplantation. Minimal residual disease should be one prognostic factor of transplanted patients that could judge if such patients are at risk for early relapse. We diagnosed 50 multiple myeloma cases from 2450 oncohematologic cancer diseases studied between September 1993 and August 2004 (2% of all cases). Until 2000 these cases were studied using a Coulter Flow Cytometer XL-MCL with monoclonal antibodies against CD19, CD38, CD45, CD56, intra-cytoplasmatic and surface kappa and lambda in a Forward Scatter x Side Scatter gate strategy. After 2001 we performed sequential studies using CD138 histogram complexity and monoclonal antibodies anti CD19, CD38, CD56, CD117, intra-cytoplasmatic kappa and lambda. More recently we included in the antibody pool anti-CD45, anti-HLA-DR and anti-CD33. DNA cytometric studies were performed with the Multicycle software in 9 cases, 7 of those with aneuploidy. G band karyotyping was made in 25 cases and the 13 q deletion was checked in 15 cases. Chromosomal alterations were found in 4 cases including two 13 q deletions, confirmed by FISH. Gate choice, cytogenetic studies and cycle kinetics of DNA are all data that permit better identification of anomalous plasma cells and therefore detection of minimal residual disease, that probably correlates with relapse prognosis.

Com objetivo de estudar a situação da filariose linfática em Alagoas, foi realizado um inquérito hemoscópico na população geral de áreas urbanas das três diferentes regiões fisiográficas do estado. Dos 101 municípios, foram pesquisados aleatoriamente 10, sendo a bancroftose detectada somente na capital, Maceió. Em um estudo seccional feito com a população geral de 4 bairros desta cidade foram examinados 10.973 indivíduos sendo detectados 226 microfilarêmicos, com prevalências nos bairros variando de 0 a 5,4%. Tanto a prevalência de microfilarêmicos como a microfilaremia média foram significativamente maiores em indivíduos do sexo masculino. Entre os examinados não nascidos em Maceió, o tempo de residência na área endêmica foi significativamente maior entre microfilarêmicos que entre amicrofilarêmicos. Baseado nestes dados, medidas de controle já foram implementadas visando a eliminação da filariose linfática na região.

In order to assess the present status of lymphatic filariasis in Alagoas State, Brazil, hemoscopic surveys were carried out in the human population of the three different physiographic regions of the State. Blood samples were collected by thick smear technique taken after 10:00 p.m. From a total of 101 cities of the State, 10 were randomly selected, Bancroftian filariasis was only found in Maceió, the capital of Alagoas State. In a cross-sectional survey conducted among the general population of 4 neighborhoods in the city, 10,973 individuals were examined, 226 were microfilaraemic with prevalence in the city neighborhoods ranging from 0 to 5.4%. Prevalence rates and microfilariae density were significantly higher in males. Among the examined inhabitants born out of Maceió, microfilariae carriers had lived a significantly longer time in endemic areas than the amicrofilaraemic subjects. Based on the data obtained in the present study, measures to avoid expansion of bancroftian filariasis in the region were established.

A cross-sectional survey conducted among evening students was used to determine the prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Maceió, capital of the State of Alagoas, northeast Brazil. A single thick-blood smear was used, being collected between 10 p.m. and 12 a.m. From a total of 29,551 students enrolled at evening elementary schools in the 33 city sectors, 16,569 (56.4%) were random selected for inclusion in the study. From those, 10,857 (65.5%) were interviewed and examined and 73 (0.7%) were found to have microfilaraemia. Autochthonous W. bancrofti carriers live in 10 of the 33 city sectors, suggesting a focal distribution. Moreover, 84% of infections were diagnosed among 29% of all students examined, inhabiting three contiguous sectors at the city central area, presenting infection rates up to 5.3%. Students living in city sectors with prevalence of microfilariae carriers greater than 1% were found to have a higher risk for infection when compared to students from the rest of the town [Relative Odds (RO) 12.8, 95% CI 6.7 - 25.1]. Eleven positive individuals from non endemic areas were living in Maceió for more than 10 years; time of residence in the area was a major risk factor for infection among students not born in the region (p<0.01). Regarding sex, male students presented a higher proportion of positive (RO 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 - 2.9).

Culex quinquefasciatus is known to be an efficient insect host of Wuchereria bancrofti. In Brazil Cx. quinquefasciatus is widely distributed throughout the country and is often abundant in and around human habitations. In contrast, Bancroftian filariasis is limited to three foci in Brazil. Experiments were undertaken to compare the vector capacities of Cx. quinquefasciatus originating from Maceió (Alagoas), one of the endemic areas of W. bancrofti infection in Brazil, and Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais), a non endemic area. Laboratory-reared Cx. quinquefasciatus were dissected 20 days after blood feeding on microfilaraemic patients. Survival rates and the number of infective larvae that developed did not differ in female mosquitoes of different origins. Thus both populations of Culex were susceptible to infection with W. bancrofti