ABSTRACT Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease have a higher risk of severe disease and mortality from COVID-19 than the general population. Objective: To compare hospitalization and mortality rates during the pandemic among chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients and the general population in Lima (Peru). Methods: This retrospective cohort included an assessment of the database of chronic HD patients of the health service providers of the social health insurance benefit networks of Lima and Callao between 2019 and 2021. Hospitalization and mortality rates were obtained for every 1,000 individuals, and variations in the percentages of COVID-19 cases and deaths were calculated. These rates were compared with those of the general population data and standardized by age and sex. Results: An average of 3,937 chronic HD patients were evaluated each month. Of these, 4.8% had COVID-19 and 64.97% were mild cases. The hospitalization rates per 1,000 patients were 19.5, 29.28, and 36.7 in 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. The mortality rates per 1,000 patients were 5.9, 9.74, and 11.49 in 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. When compared to the standardized general population, the peaks of both rates coincided with the plateaus of the waves during the pandemic. The hospitalization rate for COVID-19 was 12 times higher in HD patients than in the general population, and the mortality rate for COVID-19 was twice as high. Conclusion: HD patients had higher hospitalization and standardized mortality rates than the general population. Peaks in hospitalizations and mortality coincided with the plateaus of the first and second waves of the pandemic.

Resumo Histórico: Pacientes com DRC apresentam maior risco de doença grave e mortalidade por COVID-19 do que a população geral. Objetivo: Comparar taxas de hospitalização e mortalidade durante a pandemia entre pacientes em hemodiálise crônica (HD) e a população geral em Lima (Peru). Métodos: Esta coorte retrospectiva incluiu avaliação do banco de dados de pacientes em HD crônica dos prestadores de serviços de saúde das redes de benefícios do seguro social de saúde de Lima e Callao, entre 2019–2021. Obteve-se taxas de hospitalização e mortalidade para cada 1.000 indivíduos, e foram calculadas variações nas porcentagens de casos de COVID-19 e óbitos. Estas taxas foram comparadas com os dados da população geral e padronizadas por idade e sexo. Resultados: Uma média de 3.937 pacientes em HD crônica foram avaliados mensalmente. Destes, 4,8% tinham COVID-19, 64,97% eram casos leves. As taxas de hospitalização por 1.000 pacientes foram 19,5; 29,28; e 36,7 em 2019, 2020, e 2021, respectivamente. As taxas de mortalidade por 1.000 pacientes foram 5,9; 9,74 e 11,49 em 2019, 2020, e 2021, respectivamente. Quando comparados à população geral padronizada, os picos das taxas coincidiram com os platôs das ondas da pandemia. A taxa de hospitalização para COVID-19 foi 12 vezes maior em pacientes em HD do que na população geral e a taxa de mortalidade por COVID-19 foi duas vezes maior. Conclusão: Pacientes em HD apresentaram taxas de hospitalização e mortalidade padronizada mais elevadas do que a população geral. Os picos das hospitalizações e mortalidade coincidiram com os platôs da primeira e segunda ondas da pandemia.

Resumo Histórico: Pacientes com DRC apresentam maior risco de doença grave e mortalidade por COVID-19 do que a população geral. Objetivo: Comparar taxas de hospitalização e mortalidade durante a pandemia entre pacientes em hemodiálise crônica (HD) e a população geral em Lima (Peru). Métodos: Esta coorte retrospectiva incluiu avaliação do banco de dados de pacientes em HD crônica dos prestadores de serviços de saúde das redes de benefícios do seguro social de saúde de Lima e Callao, entre 2019–2021. Obteve-se taxas de hospitalização e mortalidade para cada 1.000 indivíduos, e foram calculadas variações nas porcentagens de casos de COVID-19 e óbitos. Estas taxas foram comparadas com os dados da população geral e padronizadas por idade e sexo. Resultados: Uma média de 3.937 pacientes em HD crônica foram avaliados mensalmente. Destes, 4,8% tinham COVID-19, 64,97% eram casos leves. As taxas de hospitalização por 1.000 pacientes foram 19,5; 29,28; e 36,7 em 2019, 2020, e 2021, respectivamente. As taxas de mortalidade por 1.000 pacientes foram 5,9; 9,74 e 11,49 em 2019, 2020, e 2021, respectivamente. Quando comparados à população geral padronizada, os picos das taxas coincidiram com os platôs das ondas da pandemia. A taxa de hospitalização para COVID-19 foi 12 vezes maior em pacientes em HD do que na população geral e a taxa de mortalidade por COVID-19 foi duas vezes maior. Conclusão: Pacientes em HD apresentaram taxas de hospitalização e mortalidade padronizada mais elevadas do que a população geral. Os picos das hospitalizações e mortalidade coincidiram com os platôs da primeira e segunda ondas da pandemia.

ABSTRACT Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease have a higher risk of severe disease and mortality from COVID-19 than the general population. Objective: To compare hospitalization and mortality rates during the pandemic among chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients and the general population in Lima (Peru). Methods: This retrospective cohort included an assessment of the database of chronic HD patients of the health service providers of the social health insurance benefit networks of Lima and Callao between 2019 and 2021. Hospitalization and mortality rates were obtained for every 1,000 individuals, and variations in the percentages of COVID-19 cases and deaths were calculated. These rates were compared with those of the general population data and standardized by age and sex. Results: An average of 3,937 chronic HD patients were evaluated each month. Of these, 4.8% had COVID-19 and 64.97% were mild cases. The hospitalization rates per 1,000 patients were 19.5, 29.28, and 36.7 in 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. The mortality rates per 1,000 patients were 5.9, 9.74, and 11.49 in 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. When compared to the standardized general population, the peaks of both rates coincided with the plateaus of the waves during the pandemic. The hospitalization rate for COVID-19 was 12 times higher in HD patients than in the general population, and the mortality rate for COVID-19 was twice as high. Conclusion: HD patients had higher hospitalization and standardized mortality rates than the general population. Peaks in hospitalizations and mortality coincided with the plateaus of the first and second waves of the pandemic.

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for the screening, diagnosis, and management of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 1-3 in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud). A guideline development group (GDG) was established for develop this CPG, which included clinical and methodology specialists, who formulated 08 clinical questions. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and, when considered necessary, primary studies were conducted to answer each question; and relevant evidence was selected. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the GDG used the GRADE methodology for reviewing the evidence and for developing recommendations. At the end, this CPG formulated 08 recommendations (04 strong and 04 conditional), 29 points of good clinical practice, and 03 flowcharts were formulated.

RESUMEN El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para tamizaje, diagnóstico y manejo de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en los estadios 1 al 3 en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Para el desarrollo de esta GPC, se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó especialistas clínicos y metodólogos, el cual formuló ocho preguntas clínicas. Para responder cada pregunta se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y, cuando fue considerado pertinente, de estudios primarios; y se seleccionó la evidencia pertinente. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y emitir las recomendaciones. Se emitieron ocho recomendaciones (cuatro fuertes y cuatro condicionales), 29 puntos de buena práctica clínica, y tres flujogramas.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of adherence to a multidisciplinary renal health program in reducing mortality and progression to hemodialysis. METHODS We used a database that included patient monitoring (2013-2017), dialysis admissions and all cause of mortality in Peru. Adherence to the program was established by meeting minimum visits during the first year of monitoring. The outcome of interest was hemodialysis admissions or all cause-mortality. Kaplan-Meier curves, Log-Rank test and competing survival analysis methods were used to estimate the differential risk between adherent and non-adherent patients. RESULTS A total of 20,354 participants was evaluated; 54.1% were male, 72.1 years old in average, 2.2 years average follow-up, and 15,279 (75.1%) belonged to the early stages (1 to 3a) of Chronic Kidney Disease. Adherence decreased the risk of renal replacement therapy in 41.0% (HR = 0.59, 95%CI 0.41–0.85) in the low-risk group and mortality in the high-risk group was 31.0% (HR = 0.69, 95%CI 0.57–0.83). CONCLUSIONS The multidisciplinary care strategy with standardized assessments by stage is effective in reducing admission to .0when the patient is identified in early stages and in reducing mortality in advanced stages.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Evaluar la efectividad de la adherencia a un programa de salud renal en la reducción de mortalidad y progresión a hemodiálisis. MÉTODOS Utilizamos una base de datos que condensaba el seguimiento de los pacientes (2013-2017), los ingresos a diálisis de los mismos y la mortalidad por todas las causas en Perú. La adherencia al programa se estableció con el cumplimiento de visitas mínimas durante su primer año de seguimiento. La efectividad de la adherencia al programa se midió en términos de debut a hemodiálisis o muerte por todas las causas. Se utilizaron curvas de Kaplan-Meier, test de diferencias en la distribución (Log-Rank test) y métodos de análisis de supervivencia. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando R estudio 3.5.0 RESULTADOS Fueron evaluados 20.354 participantes, 54,1% varones, edad media de 72,1 años, con un seguimiento medio de 2,2 años; 15.279 (75.1%) tuvieron ERC en estadios tempranos (estadio 1 al 3a). La adherencia disminuyó en un 41,0% el riesgo de terapia de reemplazo renal (HR = 0,59; IC95% 0,41–0,85) en el grupo de bajo riesgo y en un 31,0% (HR = 0,69; IC95% 0,57–0,83) la mortalidad en el grupo de alto riesgo. CONCLUSIONES La estrategia de cuidado multidisciplinario con evaluaciones estandarizadas según estadio es efectiva en reducir el ingreso a terapia de reemplazo renal cuando se identifica al paciente en estadios tempranos y en reducir la mortalidad en estadios avanzados.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of adherence to a multidisciplinary renal health program in reducing mortality and progression to hemodialysis. METHODS We used a database that included patient monitoring (2013-2017), dialysis admissions and all cause of mortality in Peru. Adherence to the program was established by meeting minimum visits during the first year of monitoring. The outcome of interest was hemodialysis admissions or all cause-mortality. Kaplan-Meier curves, Log-Rank test and competing survival analysis methods were used to estimate the differential risk between adherent and non-adherent patients. RESULTS A total of 20,354 participants was evaluated; 54.1% were male, 72.1 years old in average, 2.2 years average follow-up, and 15,279 (75.1%) belonged to the early stages (1 to 3a) of Chronic Kidney Disease. Adherence decreased the risk of renal replacement therapy in 41.0% (HR = 0.59, 95%CI 0.41–0.85) in the low-risk group and mortality in the high-risk group was 31.0% (HR = 0.69, 95%CI 0.57–0.83). CONCLUSIONS The multidisciplinary care strategy with standardized assessments by stage is effective in reducing admission to .0when the patient is identified in early stages and in reducing mortality in advanced stages.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Evaluar la efectividad de la adherencia a un programa de salud renal en la reducción de mortalidad y progresión a hemodiálisis. MÉTODOS Utilizamos una base de datos que condensaba el seguimiento de los pacientes (2013-2017), los ingresos a diálisis de los mismos y la mortalidad por todas las causas en Perú. La adherencia al programa se estableció con el cumplimiento de visitas mínimas durante su primer año de seguimiento. La efectividad de la adherencia al programa se midió en términos de debut a hemodiálisis o muerte por todas las causas. Se utilizaron curvas de Kaplan-Meier, test de diferencias en la distribución (Log-Rank test) y métodos de análisis de supervivencia. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando R estudio 3.5.0 RESULTADOS Fueron evaluados 20.354 participantes, 54,1% varones, edad media de 72,1 años, con un seguimiento medio de 2,2 años; 15.279 (75.1%) tuvieron ERC en estadios tempranos (estadio 1 al 3a). La adherencia disminuyó en un 41,0% el riesgo de terapia de reemplazo renal (HR = 0,59; IC95% 0,41–0,85) en el grupo de bajo riesgo y en un 31,0% (HR = 0,69; IC95% 0,57–0,83) la mortalidad en el grupo de alto riesgo. CONCLUSIONES La estrategia de cuidado multidisciplinario con evaluaciones estandarizadas según estadio es efectiva en reducir el ingreso a terapia de reemplazo renal cuando se identifica al paciente en estadios tempranos y en reducir la mortalidad en estadios avanzados.

Resumo Introdução: O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a implementação de uma rede funcional para o diagnóstico precoce de doença renal crônica (DRC) em pacientes com fatores de risco e o coordenar os trabalhos entre atenção primária e especializada no sistema de seguridade social peruano. Material e métodos: Análise transversal dos dados de pacientes maiores de 18 anos com fatores de risco para DRC avaliados em uma rede de saúde na cidade de Lima (2013 a 2016) por meio de creatinina sérica e relação albumina/creatinina (RAC) em amostra aleatória de urina. Análise de regressão logística multivariada foi executada para avaliar os fatores associados à presença de DRC. Resultados: A implementação incluiu treinamento em saúde renal, instalação de um banco de dados digital, organização de laboratórios e empoderamento da atenção primária. Foram avaliados 42.746 pacientes, dos quais 41,8% eram homens, com idade mediana de 69,2 anos. A causa mais comum de detecção foi hipertensão, observada em 23.921 indivíduos (55,9%). A prevalência de DRC foi de 12.132 (28,4%), com estágio 3A sendo o mais frequente com 4735 casos (39,0%). Do total, 6214 (14,5%) pacientes apresentavam microalbuminúria e 1335 (3,1%) macroalbuminúria. O risco de DRC foi 2,5 vezes maior (IC 95%: 2,3-2,7) nos pacientes com diabetes e hipertensão, em homens (OR 1,2, IC 95%: 1,2-1,3) e idosos (> 77 anos: OR 2,7, IC 95%: 2,5-2,8). A identificação da doença no cenário da atenção primária é 60% menos provável do que na atenção especializada. Conclusões: Um em cada quatro pacientes é diagnosticado com DRC. Idade avançada e diagnóstico simultâneo de DM e hipertensão são os fatores mais relevantes.

Abstract Introduction: The aim of the study was to report the implementation of a functional network for the early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with risk factors and the coordinated work between primary and specialized care in social security in Perú. Material and methods: A cross-sectional analysis of the data of patients evaluated in a health network in the city of Lima (2013 to 2016), older than 18 years, with risk factors for CKD, evaluated with serum creatinine and creatine albumin ratio in random urine (ACR). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors associated with the finding of CKD. Results: The implementation included training in renal health, installation of a digital database, organization of laboratories, and empowerment of primary care. We evaluated 42,746 patients of which 41.8% were men, with median age 69.2 years. The most frequent cause of detection was hypertension (HBP): 23,921 (55.9%). The prevalence of CKD was 12,132 (28.4%), the most frequent stage of CKD was 3a: 4735 (39.0%). Of the total, 6214 (14.5%) patients had microalbuminuria and 1335 (3.1%), macroalbuminuria. The risk of CKD increased 2.5 times (95% CI: 2.3-2.7) in patients with diabetes (DM) and HBP, in men (OR 1.2, 95% CI: 1.2-1.3) and as age increased (> 77 years: OR 2.7, 95% CI: 2.5-2.8). The identification of the disease in the primary care setting is 60% less likely than in specialized care. Conclusions: One of every four patients are diagnosed with CKD, and the simultaneous diagnosis of DM and HBP and old age are the most important factors.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To describe the characteristics of the population with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3 and 4, to determine the factors associated with CKD progression and admission to renal replacement therapy (RRT), as well as renal survival. Materials and methods. Longitudinal retrospective study of patients referred between January 2012 and December 2015 to the Renal Health Unit of the Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM), who were evaluated and followed by a multidisciplinary team. The clinical and laboratory data for each query were recorded in a software created specifically for the program. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the factors associated with the progression of CKD, a Cox regression model to predict the risk of entering RRT and the Kaplan-Meier method for renal survival analysis. Results. We assessed 1248 patients in stage 3A: 248 (20%), stage 3B: 548 (44%) and stage 4: 452 (36%). 352 (28%) progressed, being proteinuria the most important progression factor (OR: 3.2; CI 95%: 2,2-4.6). Proteinuria increases the risk of admission to RRT in four times and having a glomerular filtration rate < 30% in 3.6 times. Median follow-up was 12 months (RIC 5-27 months). 92 patients (7%) required to initiate RRT. Renal survival at 12 months of follow-up was 96% and at 24 months was 90%. Conclusions. Our study shows that in a specialized center a significant proportion of patients with CKD does not progress in their disease and that the factor that is most associated with progression of disease and at the onset of RRT is proteinuria.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Describir las características de la población con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) estadio 3 y 4, determinar los factores asociados a progresión de ERC y a ingreso a terapia de reemplazo renal (TRR), así como la sobrevida renal. Materiales y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo longitudinal de pacientes remitidos entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2015 a la Unidad de Salud Renal del Hospital Nacional de Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM), quienes fueron evaluados y seguidos por un equipo multidisciplinario. Los datos clínicos y de laboratorio de cada consulta se registraron en un software creado específicamente para el programa. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multivariado para evaluar los factores asociados con la progresión de la ERC, un modelo de regresión de Cox para predecir el riesgo de ingresar al TRR y el método de Kaplan-Meier para el análisis de supervivencia renal. Resultados. Se evaluó a 1248 pacientes en estadio 3A: 248 (20%), estadio 3b: 548 (44%) y estadio 4: 452 (36%). 352 (28%) progresaron, siendo la proteinuria el factor de progresión más importante (OR: 3,2; IC95%: 2,2-4,6). La proteinuria incrementa el riesgo de ingreso a la TRR en cuatro veces y el tener una tasa de filtración glomerular <30% en 3,6 veces. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 12 meses (RIC 5-27 meses). 92 pacientes (7%) requirieron iniciar TRR. La supervivencia renal a los 12 meses de seguimiento fue del 96% y a los 24 meses de 90%. Conclusiones. Nuestro estudio muestra que en un centro especializado una proporción significativa de pacientes con ERC no progresa en su enfermedad y que el factor que más se asocia a progresión de enfermedad y a inicio de TRR es la proteinuria.

Objectives. To describe the characteristics of the population with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3 and 4, to determine the factors associated with CKD progression and admission to renal replacement therapy (RRT), as well as renal survival. Materials and methods. Longitudinal retrospective study of patients referred between January 2012 and December 2015 to the Renal Health Unit of the Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM), who were evaluated and followed by a multidisciplinary team. The clinical and laboratory data for each query were recorded in a software created specifically for the program. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the factors associated with the progression of CKD, a Cox regression model to predict the risk of entering RRT and the Kaplan-Meier method for renal survival analysis. Results. We assessed 1248 patients in stage 3A: 248 (20%), stage 3B: 548 (44%) and stage 4: 452 (36%). 352 (28%) progressed, being proteinuria the most important progression factor (OR: 3.2; CI 95%: 2,2-4.6). Proteinuria increases the risk of admission to RRT in four times and having a glomerular filtration rate < 30% in 3.6 times. Median follow-up was 12 months (RIC 5-27 months). 92 patients (7%) required to initiate RRT. Renal survival at 12 months of follow-up was 96% and at 24 months was 90%. Conclusions. Our study shows that in a specialized center a significant proportion of patients with CKD does not progress in their disease and that the factor that is most associated with progression of disease and at the onset of RRT is proteinuria.

Objetivos. Describir las características de la población con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) estadio 3 y 4, determinar los factores asociados a progresión de ERC y a ingreso a terapia de reemplazo renal (TRR), así como la sobrevida renal. Materiales y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo longitudinal de pacientes remitidos entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2015 a la Unidad de Salud Renal del Hospital Nacional de Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM), quienes fueron evaluados y seguidos por un equipo multidisciplinario. Los datos clínicos y de laboratorio de cada consulta se registraron en un software creado específicamente para el programa. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multivariado para evaluar los factores asociados con la progresión de la ERC, un modelo de regresión de Cox para predecir el riesgo de ingresar al TRR y el método de Kaplan-Meier para el análisis de supervivencia renal. Resultados. Se evaluó a 1248 pacientes en estadio 3A: 248 (20%), estadio 3b: 548 (44%) y estadio 4: 452 (36%). 352 (28%) progresaron, siendo la proteinuria el factor de progresión más importante (OR: 3,2; IC95%: 2,2-4,6). La proteinuria incrementa el riesgo de ingreso a la TRR en cuatro veces y el tener una tasa de filtración glomerular <30% en 3,6 veces. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 12 meses (RIC 5-27 meses). 92 pacientes (7%) requirieron iniciar TRR. La supervivencia renal a los 12 meses de seguimiento fue del 96% y a los 24 meses de 90%. Conclusiones. Nuestro estudio muestra que en un centro especializado una proporción significativa de pacientes con ERC no progresa en su enfermedad y que el factor que más se asocia a progresión de enfermedad y a inicio de TRR es la proteinuria.

Variations in serum potassium (K+) and electrocardiographic changes at different infusion speeds of intravenous K+ were studied in dogs. Solutions of 20, 40, 60 and 80 mEq of K+ were infused in one hour to dogs with normal renal function and normal serum K+. Nine dogs were studied: three without prior hydration and six with previous hydration. Infusing 20 mEq / hour of K+ produced an increase in heart rate without changes in the electrocardiogram. With 40 mEq / hour there were changes in the "t" and "p" waves, and with 60 and 80 mEq / hour, alterations consistent with cardiac ischemia and ventricular tachycardia. Dogs without hydration had more obvious and fatal electrocardiographic changes. Doses of 20 mEq / hour of K + caused no morbidity or mortality in the animals studied. Higher doses showed various complications which depended on the hydration status of the animal, its urinary flow and potassium level

Se estudiaron las variaciones del potasio sérico (K+) y las alteraciones electrocardiográficas al infundir diferentes velocidades de K+ endovenoso en perros. Se infundió soluciones de 20, 40, 60 y 80 mEq de K+ en una hora a perros con función renal y K+ sérico normal. Se estudiaron 9 perros: tres sin hidratación previa y seis con hidratación previa. Al infundir 20 mEq/hora de K+ los animales presentaron incremento de la frecuencia cardiaca sin alteraciones del electrocardiograma. Con 40 mEq/hora hubo alteraciones en las ondas "t" y "p", y con 60 y 80 mEq/hora, alteraciones compatibles con isquemia cardiaca y taquicardia ventricular. Los perros sin hidratación tuvieron alteraciones electrocardiográficas más notorias y fatales. Dosis de 20 mEq/hora de K+, no causaron morbilidad ni mortalidad en los animales estudiados. Dosis mayores mostraron complicaciones variables que dependieron del estado de hidratación del animal, su flujo urinario y su nivel de potasio

Variations in serum potassium (K+) and electrocardiographic changes at different infusion speeds of intravenous K+ were studied in dogs. Solutions of 20, 40, 60 and 80 mEq of K+ were infused in one hour to dogs with normal renal function and normal serum K+. Nine dogs were studied: three without prior hydration and six with previous hydration. Infusing 20 mEq / hour of K+ produced an increase in heart rate without changes in the electrocardiogram. With 40 mEq / hour there were changes in the "t" and "p" waves, and with 60 and 80 mEq / hour, alterations consistent with cardiac ischemia and ventricular tachycardia. Dogs without hydration had more obvious and fatal electrocardiographic changes. Doses of 20 mEq / hour of K + caused no morbidity or mortality in the animals studied. Higher doses showed various complications which depended on the hydration status of the animal, its urinary flow and potassium level

Se estudiaron las variaciones del potasio sérico (K+) y las alteraciones electrocardiográficas al infundir diferentes velocidades de K+ endovenoso en perros. Se infundió soluciones de 20, 40, 60 y 80 mEq de K+ en una hora a perros con función renal y K+ sérico normal. Se estudiaron 9 perros: tres sin hidratación previa y seis con hidratación previa. Al infundir 20 mEq/hora de K+ los animales presentaron incremento de la frecuencia cardiaca sin alteraciones del electrocardiograma. Con 40 mEq/hora hubo alteraciones en las ondas "t" y "p", y con 60 y 80 mEq/hora, alteraciones compatibles con isquemia cardiaca y taquicardia ventricular. Los perros sin hidratación tuvieron alteraciones electrocardiográficas más notorias y fatales. Dosis de 20 mEq/hora de K+, no causaron morbilidad ni mortalidad en los animales estudiados. Dosis mayores mostraron complicaciones variables que dependieron del estado de hidratación del animal, su flujo urinario y su nivel de potasio

IgA Nephropathy is an immune-mediated glomerulonephritis involving a heterogeneous group of patients with a variety of different clinical permutations.A 4-year-old girl with 2-month history of intermittent haematuria, without dysuria or increased frequency of micturition. On examination, she appeared fit and healthy; only with palpebral edema. Urine analysis showed microscopic haematuria (3+) and nephrotic proteinuria. Intravenous urography, and sonnografic study were normal. Her haemoglobin, white-cell count, blood urea and creatinine clearance were normal; the urinary protein excretion was 45mg/m2/h. C4 and C3 levels were within normal limits. In view of the duration of haematuria, a renal biopsy was performed. Thirteen glomeruli were present: all showed a diffuse increase in mesangial cells with thickening of the matrix and some necrosis zones. Immunofluorescent examination of the biopsy showed mesangial deposits of IgA and C3. The appearances were characteristic of IgA nephropathy (Rev Med Hered 2005;16:223-227).

La nefropatía por IgA es una glomerulonefritis inmune que involucra un grupo heterogéneo de pacientes con una variedad de diferentes presentaciones clínicas. Una niña de 4 años de edad acude con historia de 2 meses de enfermedad caracterizada por hematuria intermitente, sin sintomatología miccional. El examen físico solo muestra edema palpebral. El examen de orina revela hematuria macroscópica (3+) y proteinuria 3(+), El estudio sonográfico y la urografía excretoria no mostraron alteraciones; su nivel de hemoglobina, leucocitos y depuración de creatinina fueron normales. La excreción de proteínas en orina fue de 45mg/m2/h. Los niveles de C3 y C4 estuvieron en limites normales.Se procede a una biopsia renal la cual expone un incremento difuso en las células mesangiales con engrosamiento de la matriz y algunas zonas de necrosis. El examen de inmunofluorescencia mostró depósitos mesangiales de Ig A y C3, todos los hallazgos son compatibles con Nefropatía por Ig A. (Rev Med Hered 2005;16:223-227).

HIV associated nephropathy can present as heavy proteinuria and or advanced renal insufficiency leading to dialysis dependent renal failure. We to report the clinical and histopathological outcome in one patients when HIV disease manifested as HIV nephropathy. A 31 years black male developed progressive renal failure within six weeks creatinine increased from 1.2 mg/dl to 3.17 mg/dl. Evaluation revealed HIV antibody positive with CD4 251/ul and nephrotic proteinuria. Renal biopsy showed collapsing glomerulopathy, microcystic dilatation of tubules. The clinical presentation, physiopatology and probable treatment are discussed. (Rev Med Hered 2004; 15: 51-54).