Sign language development for the deaf community is essential, as it constitutes its cultural, communication and learning heritage, especially when it involves deaf students. This paper analyzes the relationship between conversational competence in LSCh and the variables knowledge of deaf culture and access to ICT at home. It is a research with a quantitative approach and a correlational design carried out with 75 deaf students from southern Chile, with an average age of 13 years old. The main results point out that most of the participants show a low conversational level of competence and the independent variables are positively and significantly related to the development of this competence. It is suggested to carry out a planned work in the school that includes the teaching of LSCh through deaf co-educators, the strengthening of the deaf culture and the use of ICT beyond the curriculum.

El desarrollo de la lengua de señas para la comunidad sorda resulta importante, constituye su patrimonio cultural, de comunicación y aprendizaje, sobre todo cuando compromete a estudiantes sordos. El presente trabajo analiza la relación entre la competencia conversacional en Lengua de Señas Chilena (LSCh) y las variables conocimiento de la cultura sorda y acceso a Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC), en el hogar. Es una investigación con enfoque cuantitativo, exploratorio y con diseño no experimental, transeccional, desarrollada con 75 estudiantes sordos del sur de Chile, cuya edad promedio es de 13 años. Los resultados principales señalan que la mayoría de los participantes tiene una competencia baja en nivel conversacional y las variables independientes se relacionan de forma positiva y significativa con el desarrollo de la competencia. Se sugiere realizar un trabajo planificado en la escuela que incorpore la enseñanza de la LSCh mediante coeducadores sordos, el fortalecimiento de la cultura sorda y el empleo de TIC más allá de lo curricular.

ABSTRACT In the field of deafness, the predominance of the medical approach has generated con tradictory and possibly unhelpful professional practices, which tend to restrict the de velopment of the language and culture of the deaf community and limit full citizen participation. Considering the global recognition of deaf culture and identity, this pa per proposes to advance the understanding of this problem by studying the concept of Deafhood and its potential epistemological basis called Habitus. Following this path can facilitate reflection and ideas that support professional practices, and with this, the effective social inclusion of deaf people.

RESUMEN En el ámbito de la sordera el predominio del enfoque médico ha generado prácticas profesionales contradictorias y eventualmente poco útiles, que tienden a restringir el desarrollo de la lengua y la cultura de la comunidad sorda limitando la plena partici pación ciudadana. Considerando el reconocimiento mundial de la cultura e identidad sorda, este trabajo propone avanzar en la comprensión de esta problemática a través del estudio del concepto de Sordedad y su potencial base epistemológica el Habitus. Pro gresar en este camino puede facilitar la reflexión profesional y las ideas que sustentan sus prácticas y, con esto, la inclusión social efectiva de las personas sordas.

The crystal structure of the aromatic compound 3,4-dihydroxy-5-geranyl-benzoic acid (5) is reported for the first time. This compound was isolated from the resinous exudate of Manto Negro (Heliotropium taltalense I. M. Johnst), an endemic species growing in The Atacama Desert using a combination of High speed counter current chromatography (HSCCC) and permeation through Sephadex LH-20. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic means and confirmed by X-ray crystal-structure analysis. All OH groups are involved in hydrogen bonding with the average H···O distance of 2.760(3) Å and O-H···O angles in the range 125-159°, so in the crystal packing the molecules are associated by three strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds forming ring with graph-set motif R2²(14) R2²(6).

Background: Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins bind with different insect midgut proteins leading to toxin oligomerization, membrane insertion and pore formation. However, different Cry toxins had been shown to readily form high molecular weight oligomers or aggregates in solution in the absence of receptor interaction. The role of Cry oligomers formed in solution remains uncertain. The Cry9A proteins show high toxicity against different Lepidoptera, and no-cross resistance with Cry1A. Results: Cry9Aa655 protein formed oligomers easily in solution mediated by disulfide bonds, according to SDS-PAGE analysis under non-reducing and reducing conditions. However, oligomerization is not observed if Cry9Aa655 is activated with trypsin, suggesting that cysteine residues, C14 and C16, located in the N-terminal end that is processed during activation participate in this oligomerization. To determine the role of these residues on oligomerization and in toxicity single and double alanine substitution were constructed. In contrast to single C14A and C16A mutants, the double C14A-C16A mutant did not form oligomers in solution. Toxicity assays against Plutella xylostella showed that the C14A-C16A mutant had a similar insecticidal activity as the Cry9Aa655 protein indicating the oligomers of Cry9Aa formed in solution in the absence of receptor binding are not related with toxicity. Conclusions: The aggregation of Cry9Aa655 polypeptides was mediated by disulfide bonds. Cry9Aa655 C14 and C16C are involved in oligomerization in solution. These aggregate forms are not related to the mode of action of Cry9Aa leading to toxicity.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade genética de populações de Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) coletadas nas culturas de milho e algodão do Brasil. As amostras foram analisadas por marcadores de DNA. O dendrograma produzido pelos 20 iniciadores de RAPD avaliados revelou correlação entre o perfil genético e o comportamento de alimentação. A análise do gene ND1 mitocondrial permitiu identificar populações do inseto em ambas as culturas, e, em milho, em várias regiões geográficas. A estratégia apresentada permite a identificação de populações de Spodoptera frugiperda associadas às culturas de milho e algodão.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to analyze the genetic variability of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations collected from corn and cotton crops in Brazil. The samples were analyzed by DNA markers. The dendrogram produced by the 20 RAPD primers evaluated showed a correlation between genetic profile and feeding behavior. The analysis of the mitochondrial ND1 gene allowed identifying the insect populations in both crops, and, in corn, in several geographical regions. The presented strategy allows the identification of Spodoptera frugiperda populations associated with corn and cotton crops.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the awareness of students of elementary school teaching and nursing school teaching of learning disabilities of mathematics (DAM). The research adscribes a quantitative, non-experimental and descriptive approach survey. Data were analyzed through SPSS 14.0 and the techniques were mainly descriptive statistics of medium tendency and dispersion (typical deviation), frequency calculus, percentage and the t test for comparing media among the different groups. Results show that even though students have some knowledge on this matter, it is not enough so that to develop competences that will allow them a positive intervention in the classroom.

La investigación tiene como propósito evaluar el conocimiento que poseen los estudiantes de pedagogía básica y educación parvularia acerca de las dificultades de aprendizaje en matemáticas (DAM). La investigación se adscribe a un enfoque cuantitativo, no-experimental descriptivo de tipo encuesta. El análisis de los datos se realizó a través del programa estadístico SPSS 14.0 y las técnicas utilizadas fueron principalmente estadísticos descriptivos de tendencia central (media) y dispersión (desviación típica), cálculo de frecuencias, porcentajes y la prueba t para la comparación de medias entre grupos. Los resultados indican que si bien existe un conocimiento de los estudiantes en esta materia, aún resulta insuficiente para desarrollar competencias que les permitan intervenir positivamente en el aula.

The purpose of this study is to assess the conceptions about the professional tasks involved in teaching Mathematics in three dimensions: a) knowledge of Mathematics as a discipline; b) abilities to put into practice mathematical situations; and c) attitudes towards the official curriculum in the area of Mathematics. The methodological approach is quantitative, with no-experimental descriptive design of the survey-type. The analysis of data was carried out following the SPSS 14.0 statistical package and the techniques that were used were descriptive, frequencies and percentages, data reduction technique (factor analysis) and statistical inference (comparison between average and percentage). The results show that there is a poor control of the matter in some important aspects of Mathematics such as Geometry, Numbering and the use of educational technology. The differences that can be observed between groups make advisable to promote permanent training programs in that area and to strengthen basic training for teachers.

El propósito de este estudio es evaluar las concepciones sobre las tareas profesionales implicadas en la enseñanza de las Matemáticas en tres dimensiones: a) conocimiento de la disciplina Matemática, b) habilidades para la puesta en práctica de situaciones matemáticas y c) actitudes hacia el currículo oficial en el ámbito de Matemáticas. Se adopta un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo, diseño no-experimental descriptivo del tipo encuesta. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante paquete estadístico SPSS 14.0 y las técnicas utilizadas fueron descriptivos, frecuencias y porcentajes, técnicas de reducción de datos (análisis factorial) e inferencia estadística (comparación medias y porcentajes). Los resultados demuestran que existe un escaso dominio en aspectos importantes de las Matemáticas como la geometría, numeración y uso de la tecnología educativa. Las diferencias observadas entre grupos hacen aconsejable promover programas de formación continua en esta área y fortalecer la formación inicial docente.

The following study describes the attitudes that Elementary School training teachers and High School History and Geography training teachers show towards including special needs students (NEE) in the regular education system. An enquiry considering variables rela-ted to students, teachers and classrooms was applied. Outcomes show that, in general, the sample presents a favorable tendency towards inclusión; nevertheless, this positive tendency only appears in variables related to students. Besides, significant statistical differences were detected when comparing responses of both groups on study. These dissimilarities are probably associated to the training teachers' academic formation and/or the professional interests of this particular group of training teachers.

El siguiente estudio describe las actitudes que un grupo de estudiantes de pedagogía en Educación General Básica y Pedagogía en Historia y Geografía manifiesta hacia la inclusión de alumnos/as con necesidades educativas especiales (NEE) en el sistema de educación regular. El diseño descriptivo de tipo encuesta consideró variables relativas al alumnado, profesorado y aula. Los resultados indican que, en general, la muestra presenta una tendencia favorable hacia la inclusión, sin embargo, esta disposición positiva sólo se presenta decididamente en las variables referidas al alumnado. Además, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las respuestas obtenidas en ambas titulaciones estudiadas. Probablemente estas diferencias estén asociadas a la formación académica y/o a los propios intereses profesionales de los futuros profesores.