PURPOSE: Previous studies suggest that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) circulating levels might improve identification of patients with prostate cancer but results are conflicting. Our aim was to compare serum VEGF levels across different prostate pathologies (including benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer) in patients at high risk of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We consecutively enrolled 186 subjects with abnormal digital rectal examination and/or total PSA (tPSA) = 2.5 ng/mL. Blood was collected before diagnostic ultrasound guided trans-rectal prostate biopsy, or any prostate oncology treatment, to measure PSA isoforms and VEGF. Unconditional logistic regression was used to compute age-, tPSA- and free/total PSA-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between serum VEGF and different prostatic pathologies. RESULTS: Prostate biopsy main diagnoses were normal or benign prostatic hyperplasia (27.3%), prostatitis (16.6%), and prostatic cancer (55.0%). The median VEGF levels (ng/mL) in these groups were 178.2, 261.3 and 266.4 (p = 0.029), respectively, but no significant differences were observed for benign vs. malignant pathologies (215.2 vs. 266.4, p = 0.551). No independent association was observed between VEGF (3rd vs. 1st third) and prostate cancer, when compared to benign conditions (adjusted OR = 1.44; CI 95%: 0.64-3.26). CONCLUSIONS: In patients at high risk of prostate cancer, circulating VEGF levels have no clinical role in deciding which patients should be submitted to prostate biopsy. Prostatitis patients, often with higher PSA levels, also present high serum levels of VEGF, and their inclusion in control groups might explain the heterogeneous results in previous studies.

Efetuamos uma revisão sistemática dos estudos publicados avaliando a associação entre café e câncer de estômago. Identificamos estudos de coorte e caso-controle na PubMed e nas listas de referências. Foram obtidas estimativas conjuntas do risco por meta-análise de 23 estudos (método de efeitos aleatórios). A heterogeneidade foi explorada por estratificação e meta-regressão. O odds ratio (OR) conjunto para a associação entre café e câncer gástrico (categoria de exposição mais elevada vs. mais baixa) foi de 0,97 (IC95%: 0,86-1,09), semelhante para estudos de coorte (OR = 1,02; IC95%: 0,76-1,37) e caso-controle (populacional: OR = 0,90; IC95%: 0,70-1,15; hospitalar: OR = 0,97; IC95%: 0,83-1,13). O OR foi de 1,26 (IC95%: 1,02-1,57) para cinco estudos efetuados nos Estados Unidos, 0,97 (IC95%: 0,82-1,14) para cinco estudos japoneses, 0,98 (IC95%: 0,81-1,17) para cinco estudos europeus, e 0,64 (IC95%: 0,47-0,86) para dois estudos sul-americanos. Nesta meta-análise não observamos efeito significativo do consumo de café na ocorrência de câncer gástrico. Contudo, o conhecimento dos níveis de exposição a diferentes constituintes do café poderá permitir uma melhor compreensão deste resultado e o verdadeiro contributo do café para a ocorrência de câncer.

We systematically reviewed the literature on the association between coffee consumption and gastric cancer and performed a meta-analysis of the results. Published cohort and case-control studies were identified in PubMed and reference lists. Random effects meta-analysis was used to pool effects from 23 studies, and heterogeneity was explored by stratification and meta-regression. The odds ratio (OR) for the overall association between coffee and gastric cancer (highest vs. lowest category of exposure) was 0.97 (95%CI: 0.86-1.09), similar for cohort (OR = 1.02; 95%CI: 0.76-1.37) and case-control studies (population-based: OR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.70-1.15; hospital-based: OR = 0.97; 95%CI: 0.83-1.13). The OR was 1.26 (95%CI: 1.02-1.57) when considering five studies conducted in the USA, 0.97 (95%CI: 0.82-1.14) for the five Japanese studies, 0.98 (95%CI: 0.81-1.17) for the six studies from Europe, and 0.64 (95%CI: 0.47-0.86) for the two studies from South America. In this meta-analysis we found no adverse effect of coffee associated with gastric cancer. Knowledge on the level of exposure to different coffee constituents may provide a deeper understanding of this reassuring result and the real role of coffee on cancer risk.

Efetuamos uma revisão sistemática dos estudos publicados avaliando a associação entre café e câncer de estômago. Identificamos estudos de coorte e caso-controle na PubMed e nas listas de referências. Foram obtidas estimativas conjuntas do risco por meta-análise de 23 estudos (método de efeitos aleatórios). A heterogeneidade foi explorada por estratificação e meta-regressão. O odds ratio (OR) conjunto para a associação entre café e câncer gástrico (categoria de exposição mais elevada vs. mais baixa) foi de 0,97 (IC95%: 0,86-1,09), semelhante para estudos de coorte (OR = 1,02; IC95%: 0,76-1,37) e caso-controle (populacional: OR = 0,90; IC95%: 0,70-1,15; hospitalar: OR = 0,97; IC95%: 0,83-1,13). O OR foi de 1,26 (IC95%: 1,02-1,57) para cinco estudos efetuados nos Estados Unidos, 0,97 (IC95%: 0,82-1,14) para cinco estudos japoneses, 0,98 (IC95%: 0,81-1,17) para cinco estudos europeus, e 0,64 (IC95%: 0,47-0,86) para dois estudos sul-americanos. Nesta meta-análise não observamos efeito significativo do consumo de café na ocorrência de câncer gástrico. Contudo, o conhecimento dos níveis de exposição a diferentes constituintes do café poderá permitir uma melhor compreensão deste resultado e o verdadeiro contributo do café para a ocorrência de câncer.

We systematically reviewed the literature on the association between coffee consumption and gastric cancer and performed a meta-analysis of the results. Published cohort and case-control studies were identified in PubMed and reference lists. Random effects meta-analysis was used to pool effects from 23 studies, and heterogeneity was explored by stratification and meta-regression. The odds ratio (OR) for the overall association between coffee and gastric cancer (highest vs. lowest category of exposure) was 0.97 (95%CI: 0.86-1.09), similar for cohort (OR = 1.02; 95%CI: 0.76-1.37) and case-control studies (population-based: OR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.70-1.15; hospital-based: OR = 0.97; 95%CI: 0.83-1.13). The OR was 1.26 (95%CI: 1.02-1.57) when considering five studies conducted in the USA, 0.97 (95%CI: 0.82-1.14) for the five Japanese studies, 0.98 (95%CI: 0.81-1.17) for the six studies from Europe, and 0.64 (95%CI: 0.47-0.86) for the two studies from South America. In this meta-analysis we found no adverse effect of coffee associated with gastric cancer. Knowledge on the level of exposure to different coffee constituents may provide a deeper understanding of this reassuring result and the real role of coffee on cancer risk.