Resumo O trabalho objetivou avaliar a composição mineral de folhas e frutos de macieira (Malus domestica Borkh) ‘Fuji’ sobre diferentes porta-enxertos. O experimento foi conduzido durante o período de 2008 a 2011, no município de São Joaquim (SC). Os tratamentos consistiram na avaliação de 14 porta-enxertos: CG.008, CG.24, CG.56, CG.058, CG.210, CG.213, CG.757, CG.814 e CG.969 da série americana Cornell Geneva (CG); JM.2 e JM.7 da série japonesa Japan, Morioka (JM); e M.7, M.9 e M.26 da série inglesa, EMLA (M). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Anualmente, foram coletadas as folhas para a análise química. Apenas nos anos de 2009 e 2010, as amostras de frutos foram coletadas para determinação de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg). O teor foliar de Ca diferiu entre porta-enxertos, com destaque para CG.213 e CG.969, os quais apresentaram maior teor do nutriente. Entretanto, não houve diferenças entre porta-enxertos em relação ao teor de Ca no fruto, o que confirma a baixa relação entre os teores nas folhas e nos frutos. As relações entre os nutrientes, principalmente de (K+Mg)/Ca, são mais sensíveis que o teor individual de Ca para discriminar grupos de porta-enxertos quanto ao possível risco de apresentar distúrbios fisiológicos nos frutos.

Abstract This work evaluated the mineral composition of leaves and fruits of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) ‘Fuji’ on different rootstocks. The experiment was conducted from 2008 to 2011 in the municipality of São Joaquim (SC). The treatments evaluated rootstocks: CG.008, CG.24, CG.56, CG.058, CG.210, CG.213, CG.757, CG.814 and CG.969 of the American series Cornell Geneva (CG); JM.2 and JM.7 of the Japanese series Japan, Morioka (JM); and M.7, M.9 and M.26 of the English series, EMLA (M). The experimental design was randomized blocks with four repetitions. Annually, the leaves were collected for the chemical analysis. Only in the years 2009 and 2010, the fruit samples were collected to determine nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). The leaf Ca content differed between rootstocks, especially for CG.213 and CG.969, which presented a higher content of the nutrient. However, there were no differences between rootstocks in terms of Ca content in the fruit, which confirms the low ratio between the contents in leaves and fruits. Ratios between nutrients, mainly (K+Mg)/Ca, are more sensitive to the Ca content to discriminate groups of rootstocks about possible risk of physiological disorders in the fruits.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of Geneva(r) apple rootstocks for 'Gala'. The experiment was set in a complete randomized block design with four replications of tree plants per plot. It was used ten Geneva(r) rootstocks and M.9EMLA and M.7EMLA as controls. It was evaluated plant vigor, annual yield, cumulative yield, cumulative yield efficiency and fruit weight. For 'Gala' vigor control, G.10 and G.757 were more efficient than M.9EMLA; CG.2022 was equivalent and the other rootstocks were less efficient. 'G.24', 'G.969', 'G.30' and 'G.210' presented vigor equivalent to 'M.7EMLA'. 'G.896' was the most vigorous. Among dwarfing rootstocks, G.213 and G.757 were the most efficient on cumulative yield, the last showing the highest cumulative yield efficiency. Among semi-dwarfing, G.210 showed the highest cumulative yield and the highest cumulative yield efficiency. 'G.896' induced higher cumulative yield than 'M.7EMLA'. The greatest 'Gala' fruit weight was on 'G.213' and 'CG.2022'.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes porta-enxertos no desempenho das cultivares de macieira (Malus domestica) Imperial Gala e Mishima Fuji. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Utilizaram-se os porta-enxertos CG.969, CG.874, CG.210, CG.56, CG.008, JM.2 e JM.7, além da combinação de Marubakaido com interenxerto de M.9 (Marubakaido/M.9). Avaliaram-se as variáveis: produção por planta, produtividade, número de frutos por planta, massa de fruto, área da seção transversal do tronco, sólidos solúveis, firmeza do fruto e índice iodo-amido. A produtividade de ambas as cultivares foi maior com os porta-enxertos Marubakaido/M.9, JM.2, CG.008, CG.874, CG.210 e CG.56. Além disso, os porta-enxertos CG.008, CG.874, CG.210 e CG.56 reduzem o vigor da cultivar-copa, mas sem reduzir a produtividade. O teor de sólidos solúveis dos frutos é maior quando se utilizam porta-enxertos menos vigorosos.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate rootstock effect on the performance of the Imperial Gala and Mishima Fuji apple (Malus domestica) cultivars. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates. The CG.969, CG.874, CG.210, CG.56, CG.008, JM.2, and JM.7 rootstocks were used, besides the combination of Marubakaido with the M.9 interstock (Marubakaido/M.9). The assessed parameters were: production per tree, yield, number of fruit per tree, fruit weight, trunk cross-sectional area, soluble solids, fruit firmness, and starch-iodine index. Both cultivars showed greater yield when grafted onto the Marubakaido/M.9, JM.2, CG.008, CG.874, CG.210, and CG.56 rootstocks. In addition, the CG.008, CG.874, CG.210, and CG.56 rootstocks decrease tree vigor, but without reducing yield. Soluble solids content in fruit is greater when less vigorous rootstocks are used.

RESUMOEste estudo teve como objetivo verificar o desempenho agronômico de porta-enxertos de macieira da série Geneva® sobre o controle do vigor, a produção anual e acumulada, a eficiência produtiva e a massa fresca média de frutos das cultivares Gala e Fuji, em relação aos porta-enxertos tradicionalmente usados no meio-oeste de Santa Catarina, M.9 e MM.111. Os porta-enxertos da série Geneva® foram mais eficientes no controle do vigor e na eficiência produtiva da ‘Gala’ e da ‘Fuji’ que o MM.111. Todos induziram maior produção acumulada que o M.9, com maior destaque ao ‘G.213’ e ao ‘G.210’ para as duas cultivares; e ao ‘G.202’ para a ‘Fuji’. Em eficiência produtiva, todos foram superiores ao ‘MM.111’. O ‘G.213’ e o ‘CG.22’ foram mais eficientes que o ‘M.9’ para a ‘Gala’. Para a ‘Fuji’, todos foram mais eficientes que o ‘M.9’, com exceção do ‘CG.22’. Considerando todas as características avaliadas, os porta-enxertos G.213 (ananizante) e G.210 (semiananizante) são as opções mais promissoras de novos porta-enxertos para ambas as cultivares de macieira avaliadas. O G.202 também se mostrou promissor para a ‘Fuji’.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of some Geneva® apple rootstocks on plant vigor control, annual yield and cumulative yield, cumulative yield efficiency and fruit weight of ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ scions compared to the traditional apple rootstocks ‘M.9’ e ‘MM.111’, used in Brazil. All the Geneva® apple rootstocks were more efficient than MM.111 on vigor control and cumulative yield efficiency of ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ in the Middle West of the state of Santa Catarina. All of them induced higher cumulative yield than the ‘M.9’, mainly for the ‘G.213’ and the ‘G.210’ for both varieties, and the ‘G.202’ for ‘Fuji’. All the Geneva® rootstocks had more cumulative yield efficiency than ‘MM.111’. The ‘G.213’ and ‘CG.22’ were more efficient than ‘M.9’ for ‘Gala’. For ‘Fuji’, all Geneva® rootstocks were more efficient than ‘M.9’, except for ‘CG.22’. Considering all characteristics evaluated, G.213 (dwarfing) and G.210 (semidwarfing) were the most promising rootstocks for both scion varieties. The rootstock G.202 was very promising to ‘Fuji’ as well.

This study evaluated the diversity of cultivable plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria associated with apple trees cultivated under different crop management systems and their antagonistic ability against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Samples of roots and rhizospheric soil from apple trees cultivated in organic and conventional orchards in southern Brazil were collected, together with soil samples from an area never used for agriculture (native field). Bacteria were identified at the genus level by PCR-RFLP and partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA, and were evaluated for some PGP abilities. The most abundant bacterial genera identified were Enterobacter (27.7%), Pseudomonas (18.7%), Burkholderia (13.7%), and Rahnella (12.3%). Sixty-nine isolates presented some antagonist activity against C. gloeosporioides. In a greenhouse experiment, five days after exposure to C. gloeosporioides, an average of 30% of the leaf area of plants inoculated with isolate 89 (identified as Burkholderia sp.) were infected, whereas 60 to 73% of the leaf area of untreated plants was affected by fungal attack. Our results allowed us to infer how anthropogenic activity is affecting the bacterial communities in soil associated with apple tree crop systems, and to obtain an isolate that was able to delay the emergence of an important disease for this culture.

Dentre todas as fruteiras de clima temperado, a macieira é a que mais atenção tem recebido no sentido de se obterem porta-enxertos com características de boa adaptação, resistência ou sanidade. O desenvolvimento de um método eficiente para caracterizar genótipos com tolerância ao alumínio é o primeiro passo para a realização de estudos de mecanismos genéticos envolvidos na herança desse caráter. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a tolerância ao alumínio dos porta-enxertos de macieira M.9 e Marubakaido em cinco concentrações (0; 50;150; 250 e 350 µM L-1) em solução nutritiva. As estacas de Marubakaido, na concentração intermediária de alumínio apresentaram menor crescimento radicular e aéreo. O M.9 mostrou menor crescimento radicular nas concentrações de 250 e 350 mM de alumínio. As características de crescimento avaliadas permitiram discriminar o porta-enxerto Marubakaido como mais tolerante que o M.9, e a concentração de 350 µM L-1 é a mais eficiente para a discriminação da tolerância ao alumínio aos 15 dias de cultivo em solução nutritiva.

Among all of the temperate fruit trees, the apple tree is the one that has attracted more attention when it comes to obtaining rootstocks with characteristics of good adaptation, resistance or sanity. The development of an efficient method to characterize genotypes with tolerance to the aluminum is the first step for the accomplishment of genetic mechanisms studies involved in the inheritance of this character. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the tolerance to aluminum of the apple tree rootstocks M.9 and Marubakaido in five concentrations (0, 50, 150, 250 and 350 µM L-1) in nutritious solution. The cuttings of Marubakaido, in the intermediate concentration of aluminum presented smaller root and aerial growth. M.9 showed smaller root growth in the concentrations of 250 and 350 µM of aluminum. The evaluated growth characteristics permitted to identify the apple rootstock Marubakaido as more tolerant than the M.9, and the concentration of 350 µM L-1 is the most efficient to identify the tolerance to aluminum in the 15 days of cultivation in nutritious solution. It is expected that later, this data can be used in works of individuals' selection in segregated populations accomplished in crossings with these two apple rootstocks.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi resgatar embriões imaturos de porta-enxertos de macieira Malus prunifolia (Marubakaido) e Malus pumila (M9) depois de 40 e 60 dias de polinização e colocá-los em meio de cultura MS suplementado com ágar (6 g L-1) e hidrolisado de caseína (500 mg L-1). Embriões originados do cruzamento interespecífico dirigido e de polinização aberta mostraram diferenças significativas in vitro, tendo sido observadas diferenças quanto ao progenitor feminino, quanto à fase de desenvolvimento do embrião e à composição do meio de cultura. Embriões do porta-enxerto M. pumila, resgatados aos 40 dias depois da polinização e colocados em meio de cultura suplementado com ácido indolacético (AIA), ácido giberélico (GA3), cinetina e maltose, resultaram em desenvolvimento normal das plantas. Porém, foi observada alta porcentagem de embriões oxidados (96,2%), originados de polinização dirigida, cultivados em meio com 14 µM de AIA, 5 µM de cinetina e 1,5 µM de GA3 (MS1), principalmente para o cruzamento M. prunifolia e M. pumila. Embriões de polinização aberta de M. prunifolia x M. pumila formaram calos. Foi possível identificar a influência do progenitor feminino, pelo incremento de brotações de M. pumila derivada de polinização aberta e dirigida. O cruzamento de espécies responsivas e o uso da técnica de cultura de embrião promoveram germinação rápida e uniforme e, por conseguinte, o desenvolvimento de mudas normais.

The objetive of this work was to rescue immature embryos of apple rootstocks Malus prunifolia (Marubakaido) and Malus pumila (M9) after 40-60 days of pollination and to put them into MS culture media supplemented with agar (6 g L-1) and casein hydrolysate (500 mg L-1). Embryos originated from interspecific crosses and open pollination showed differences in the in vitro responses, depending on the female parent, the developmental stage of the embryo, and the culture medium composition. Embryos of the M. pumila rootstock, rescued within 40 days after pollination and put in culture medium supplemented with indolacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), kinetin and maltose, resulted in a normal development of plantlets. However, embryos originating from hand-pollination, cultivated in medium supplemented with 14 µM IAA, 5 µM kinetin and 1.5 µM Ga3 (MS1), mainly those of M. prunifolia x M. pumila, showed a high percentage of rusted embryos (96.2%). Embryos from open pollination of M. prunifolia and M. pumila formed calluses. It was possible to identify the influence of the female parent by the enhanced development of M. pumila shoots derived from open or hand-pollination. The crossing of responsive species and the use of the technique of embryo culture provided a rapid and uniform germination and, consequently, the development of fully normal seedlings.