Plant flavonoids have been increasingly studied for its importance in plant metabolism, inter-species interactions and human health-promoting effects. Each botanical species has a distinct flavonoid profile, and as such, this work aimed to develop and apply a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method to quantify specific flavonoids in different plants and parts. Six flavonoids (isoquercitrin, quercetin, naringin, naringenin, hesperidin and rutin), two isoflavonoids (daidzin and daidzein) and one coumarin (umbelliferone) were targeted. Calibration curves showed good correlations (R2 > 0.994) and limits of quantification (≤ 500 ng mL-1). The method was applied for detection of analytes in common bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris), soybean leaves (Glycine max), and sour orange (Citrus aurantium), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), and Tahiti lime (Citrus latifolia) flavedo after ultrasound assisted acidic hydroalcoholic extraction. The method was tuned for quick and efficient extraction. Principal component analysis was helpful for the discrimination of matrices based on their flavonoid profiles.

Avaliou-se, em condições de laboratório, a resistência de genótipos de tomateiro, Lycopersicum esculentum(Miller) (cv. ‘Santa Clara' e híbridos: Saladete Italiano Ty Tyna, Santa Cruz Débora Ty, Salada Lumi e Saladete Italiano Andrea Victory), Lycopersicum hirsutum f. glabratum (C.H. Mull.) (linhagens PI 134417 e PI 134418) e Lycopersicum pimpinellifolium (Just) (linhagens NAV 1062 e PI 126931) sobre Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). A linhagem PI 134418 foi, dentre os genótipos avaliados, a que apresentou efeito mais negativo sobre T. absoluta, em relação à testemunha (Santa Clara), alongando a fase larval, reduzindo a sobrevivência larval e a sobrevivência global. A linhagem PI 134417 também prejudicou o desenvolvimento de T. absoluta, alongando a fase larval e reduzindo a sobrevivência larval. Os demais genótipos não apresentaram efeito negativo sobre a biologia de T. absoluta. Concluiu-se que PI 126931 é suscetível, e NAV 1062, Santa Clara, Tyna, Débora, Lumi e Andrea Victory são altamente suscetíveis a T. absoluta, enquanto PI 134418 e PI 134417 destacaram-se com alta resistência e moderada resistência, respectivamente, a T. absoluta, do tipo antibiose.

The resistance of tomato genotypes, Lycopersicon esculentum (Miller) (cv. Santa Clara, hybrids: Saladette Italian Ty Tyna, Santa Cruz Débora Ty, Salad Lumi and Saladette Italian Andrea Victory), Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum (C,H, Mull.) (lines PI 134417 and PI 134418) and Lycopersicum pimpinellifolium (Just) (lines NAV 1062 and PI 126931) to Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The line PI 134418 had the most negative effect on T. absoluta in comparison to the control (Santa Clara), lengthening the larval stage and reducing larval and global survival. The line PI 134417 also affected the development of T. absoluta lengthening the larval stage and reducing the larval survival. The other genotypes showed no negative effect on the biology of T. absoluta. We concluded that PI 126931 is susceptible and NAV 1062, Santa Clara, Tyna, Débora, Lumi and Andrea Victory are highly susceptible to T. absoluta, whereas PI 134418 and PI 134417 highlighted with high resistance and moderate resistance, respectively, to T. absoluta of antibiosis-type.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la distribución temporo-espacial de la infestación de mosca negra de los cítricos (Aleurocanthus woglumi) en huertos de cítricos en sistemas agroforestales y monocultivos para ayudar en la optimización del muestreo. El área experimental se encuentra en el municipio de Capitán Poço, Pará, Brasil, donde fueron tomadas 12 muestras entre septiembre del 2008 a octubre del 2009. Se evalúo la presencia o ausencia la plaga en los naranjos en ambos sistemas de producción. La distribución espacial de la mosca negra se produce predominantemente en grupos con dependencia espacial descrita por el modelo esférico, formando focos de 8,5 a 34 m (alcance del modelo) para ambos sistemas, con una fuerte tendencia de infestar la planta vecina, formando agregados o focos de estos, cuyo crecimiento se encuentra principalmente en la línea del cultivo. Sobre la base del alcance del semivariograma, el promedio de las evaluaciones sugeridas a lo largo del año para el sistema agroforestal fue de 17 evaluaciones/ ha y los monocultivos fue de siete evaluaciones/ ha. En la temporada seca del sistema de monocultivo (agosto, septiembre, octubre y noviembre) y lluviosa (enero, febrero, marzo, abril y mayo) en esta región, no hay diferencia en el número de evaluaciones, manteniéndose 7 evaluaciones/ha. Sin embargo, en un sistema agroforestal en la temporada de lluvias, se sugieren 12 evaluaciones/ ha, mientras que 23 en la estación seca.

This work aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi) infestation in citrus farms in agroforestry and monoculture systems using geostatistics methodology to help the sampling optimization. The experimental area is located in Capitão Poço, Pará State, Brazil, where twelve samplings were taken from September 2008 to October 2009, evaluating the presence or absence of the pest in orange trees in both production systems. The citrus blackfly spatial distribution showed a grouping pattern, clustered in a spatial dependence described as spherical model, forming spots from 8.5 to 34 meters (model's reach) to both planting systems adopted. The citrus blackfly showed a strong tendency to infest the neighbor plant, forming spots that grow through the planting line. Based on the semivariogram reach parameter, the average number of suggested evaluations along the year for the agroforestry system would be 17 evaluations ha-1 and for the monoculture system seven evaluations ha-1. In the monoculture system, during the dry (from August to November) and the wet (from January to May) seasons the number of evaluations should not vary and seven evaluations ha-1 are recommend. However, in the agroforestry system it is suggested 12 evaluations ha-1 during the wet season and 23 evaluations ha-1 during the dry season.

A lagarta de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) é uma das principais pragas do milho e para seu controle o Bacillus thuringiensis se destaca por sua atividade entomopatogênica. Este trabalho objetivou a caracterização molecular de isolados de B. thuringiensis quanto à presença do gene cry1 e a avaliação da sua eficiência no controle de lagartas de S. frugiperda. Nas análises da PCR, foi utilizado o Gral-cry1 para confirmação da presença do gene cry1 nos 115 isolados. Uma suspensão de 3 x 10(8) esporos/ml banhou a dieta utilizada para alimentação de 30 lagartas por isolado, com três repetições. A identificação do tipo de genes cry1 dos diferentes isolados foi realizada para cinco sub-classes de genes e análises de regressão linear foram realizadas para verificar possíveis associações entre a presença de um gene cry individual e altos níveis de toxicidade. Ttodos os DNAs amplificados com os iniciadores Gral-cry1 apresentaram produto de amplificação com tamanho esperado. Quanto aos níveis de eficiência inseticida contra a lagarta-do-cartucho, 41 isolados apresentaram 100% de mortalidade e 16 apresentaram índice entre 75% e 90%. O gene cry1Ab esteve presente em 80 isolados, cryB em 69 isolados, cry1Ac em todos os isolados, cryV e cry1E em 93 e 27 isolados, respectivamente. Os valores referentes ao efeito individual de cada gene na mortalidade de larvas foram significativos a 1% de probabilidade, para os genes cry1Ac e cry1E.

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is one of the main corn pests and Bacillus thuringiensis is important in its control because of its entomopathogenic property. The objective of this study was the molecular characterization of B. thuringiensis isolates for cry1 locus presence and the assessment of the efficiency of these isolates in controlling S. frugiperda caterpillars. Gral-cry1 was used in the PCR analyses to confirm the presence of the cry1 locus in 15 isolates. A 3 x 10(8) spore/ml suspension bathed the diet used to feed 30 caterpillars per isolate, with three replications. The cry1 locus type genes of the different isolates were identified for five gene subclasses; linear regression analyses were carried out to ascertain possible associations between the presence of an individual cry1 locus gene and high levels of toxicity. All the DNAs amplified with Gral-cry1 presented an amplification product with the expected size. Regarding the levels of insecticide efficiency against the cob worm, 41 isolates presented 100% mortality and 16 presented an index between 70% and 90%. The cry1Ab gene was present in 80 isolates, cryb in 69 isolates, cry1Ac in all the isolates and cryv and cry1E in 93 and 27 isolates, respectively. The values regarding the individual effect of each gene on caterpillar mortality were significant at 1% probability for the cry1Ac and cry1E genes.

Avaliou-se a resistência de genótipos de batata aos afídeos Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) e Aphis gossypii (Glover), e a influência desses genótipos sobre parasitóides, em dois ensaios em plantios de inverno (1996 e 1997), em condições de campo, em Jaboticabal, SP. Os genótipos plantados no primeiro ano foram: Achat, Baronesa, Bintje, BR-2, Contenda, Monalisa, N 140-201 e NYL 235-4, distribuídos em quatro blocos ao acaso. Dois levantamentos foram efetuados, aos 70 e 85 dias após o plantio, avaliando-se o número de pulgões/folha e pulgões parasitados, nos terços superior, médio e inferior da planta. Em 1997 plantaram-se os mesmos genótipos, excetuando-se o N 140-201, com levantamentos aos 72 e 80 dias. O genótipo NYL 235-4 mostrou-se suscetível a M. euphorbiae, sob infestações médias de 2,90 (1996) e 1,19 pulgões/folha (1997); dentre as cultivares comerciais, Baronesa foi a menos atacada por M. persicae (0,12 e 0,10 pulgões/folha em 1996 e 1997), enquanto BR-2 foi bem suscetível (1,10 e 0,66 pulgões/folha). Os afídeos ocorreram em maior população nas partes média e inferior das plantas; maior número de pulgões mumificados por Aphidius ervi Hal. e Diaretiella rapae (McIntosh), com parasitismo variando de 15 a 36%, foi observado em NYL 235-4, que foi o genótipo mais infestado pelos afídeos.

The resistance of potato genotypes to the aphids Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Aphis gossypii (Glover) and the influence of these genotypes on parasitoids were evaluated in field conditions, in 1996 and 1997, in Jaboticabal, SP. The genotypes planted in the first year were: Achat, Baronesa, Bintje, BR-2, Contenda, Monalisa, N 140-201 and NYL 235-4, distributed in a randomized block design with four replications. Two surveys were made at the 70th and the 85th day after planting, by counting the number of aphids/leaf and calculating the proportion of parasited aphids, in the upper, medium and low thirds of the plant. In 1997 the same genotypes were planted (except for N 140-201), with surveys at the 72th and the 80th day a.p. The genotype NYL 235-4 was susceptible to M. euphorbiae, under the medium infestations of 2.90 (1996) and 1.19 aphids/leaf (1997); among the commercial cultivars, Baronesa was one of the least attacked by M. persicae (0.12 and 0.10 aphids/leaf in 1996 and 1997), while BR-2 was very susceptible (1.10 and 0.66 aphids/leaf). The largest population of the aphids was found in the medium and low parts of the plants; a higher number of aphids attacked by Aphidius ervi Hal. and Diaretiella rapae (McIntosh) was observed in NYL 235-4, in which there was a larger infestation of aphids, with parasitism varying from 15 to 36%.