RESUMO A maioria dos estudos sobre mudanças no estoque de carbono orgânico do solo no bioma Cerrado está relacionada a dados coletados em Latossolos argilosos ou sob diferentes usos da terra, como se estivessem em equilíbrio. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de tipos de preparo do solo e de sequência de culturas sobre o estoque de carbono orgânico do solo e a produtividade das culturas, em Latossolo arenoso, na Bahia. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Amostras de solo foram coletadas após cinco anos de monocultivo de algodão, soja e milho e de uso de grade de discos pesada e grade niveladora (preparo convencional), e de rotação das culturas do algodão, soja e milho com adubo verde ou planta de cobertura (plantio direto). Amostras adicionais foram coletadas em área não cultivada (Cerrado sensu stricto). Práticas de conservação do solo como o não revolvimento e rotação de culturas com planta de cobertura e adubo verde favoreceram o estoque de carbono orgânico do solo na camada de 0-40 cm, com os maiores valores atingindo 36,03 Mg ha−1. O acúmulo de carbono no solo sob preparo convencional e monocultivo de algodão, milho e soja foi menor do que sob plantio direto, que variou de 30,9 a 54,9 %, com o estoque no plantio direto aumentando à taxa anual de 2,36 Mg ha−1 durante cinco anos. O plantio direto, com a rotação soja-milho-algodão, combinada com planta de cobertura e adubo verde, aumentou a produtividade do algodão e da soja e acumulou carbono orgânico no solo arenoso.

ABSTRACT Most studies about soil organic carbon stock changes in the Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna) biome are either related to field data collected in clayey Ferralsols or different land uses, as if they were in equilibrium. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tillage systems and crop sequences on the soil organic carbon stock and crop yield, in a sandy Ferralsol from Bahia, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four replicates. Soil samples were collected after fve years of cotton, soybean and maize monocropping under heavy disk harrow and leveling harrow (conventional tillage), and of crop rotation of cotton, soybean and maize with green manure or cover crop (no-tillage). Additional samples were collected from a non-cultivated site (Neotropical Savanna, Cerrado sensu stricto). Soil conservation practices such as no-tillage and crop rotation with cover crop and green manure favored the soil organic carbon stock at the 0-40 cm layer, with the highest values reaching 36.03 Mg ha−1. The accrued soil carbon stock under conventional tillage and monoculture of cotton, maize and soybean was lower than under no-tillage, which ranged from 30.9 to 54.9 %, with the soil organic carbon stock increasing at the annual rate of 2.36 Mg ha−1 during fve years. The no-tillage, with the soybean-maize-cotton rotation, in combination with cover crop and green manure, increased the cotton and soybean yields, with a simultaneous organic carbon accumulation in the sandy soil.

Abstract An extraordinary moment of agricultural modernization is currently underway due to innovations in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). In this process, management precepts are renewed, fostering significant gains in efficiency, productivity, and sustainable use of natural resources and the environment. The growing supply of ICTs and the extension of connectivity in rural areas, with their transforming roles in productive practices and economic relations, bring about questions regarding their impacts. These technologies include precision positioning systems and large volume databases, electronic sensors of site-specific production and environmental conditions, repositories of relational data, statistical and crop forecasting software, methodologies and processes; web-based information services, among others. The assessment of impacts focused on ICTs for agriculture needs innovative approaches, due to the peculiarities of their applications, the different scales of their socioenvironmental scopes and, at the same time, the verification of effectiveness of institutional investments on research, development, and innovation (RD&I). Based on these premises, the objectives of this work are to present a ‘module of impact indicators for Information and Communication Technologies (Ambitec-TICs)’, and assess its application to six typical technology adoption cases resulting from agricultural RD&I projects. The results detail critical analyses of the contributions of the proposed module for the registration, interpretation, and communication of impacts, with recommendations for technology transfer and accountability in institutional Social Balance documentation.

Abstract ‘BRS 421’ and ‘BRS 423’ are high-oleic runner type peanut cultivars, adapted to the main peanut-producing areas in Brazil and partially resistant to spotted wilt. ‘BRS 421’ has a medium cycle and large seed size, while BRS ‘423’ has a short cycle and regular runner seed size.

ABSTRACT. Sustainable production systems, such as the no-tillage system (NTS), have a tendency to increase organic carbon in the soil. However, in Brazilian cotton production, the conventional tillage system (CTS) is predominant, and long-term studies on cotton crop under the NTS are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of soil management and crop rotation systems on the cotton fiber yield as well as on the carbon and nitrogen accumulation in the soil. This study was conducted in the Brazilian savanna over 9 years and consisted of the following four treatments with different soil management systems: the NTS and CTS with the succession or rotation of crops (cotton, soybean, maize, and Urochloa ruziziensis). The NTS increased the carbon content by 55% in the top 5 cm after 9 years and increased the carbon stock by approximately 20% at a depth of up to 40 cm. Crop rotation with soybean, maize, and cotton was insufficient to increase the carbon stock in the soil under the CTS. In addition to increasing the fiber yield, the cotton crop in a NTS rotated with soybean + U. ruziziensis and with maize + U. ruziziensis increases the carbon stock and nitrogen content in soil.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de matéria seca de plantas de cobertura e seus efeitos supressivos sobre plantas daninhas. O experimento foi conduzido durante três anos em área de cerrado do Estado de Goiás e consistiu de 16 tratamentos com pousio e plantas de cobertura em cultivos solteiros e consorciados. O pousio propiciou alta infestação de plantas daninhas. As plantas de cobertura influenciaram a composição de plantas daninhas, que apresentaram maior diversidade no pousio, seguido dos cultivos de Pennisetum glaucum 'BRS 1501' e de Cajanus cajan. Na média dos três anos experimentais, as maiores produções de matéria seca foram observadas para os tratamentos Panicum maximum (10.857 kg ha-1), Urochloa brizantha 'Piatã' (11.437 kg ha-1), U. ruziziensis (9.463 kg ha-1) e U. ruziziensis consorciada com Crotalaria spectabilis (9.167 kg ha-1), o que impediu a infestação de plantas daninhas. Pennisetum glaucum 'BRS 1501' teve baixa produção de matéria seca (<5.000 kg ha-1) e não suprimiu as plantas daninhas. Panicum maximum, U. brizantha 'Piatã', U. ruziziensis e U. ruziziensis consorciada com C. spectabilis apresentam grande produção de matéria seca e suprimem a infestação de plantas daninhas em área de cerrado.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the dry matter yield of cover crops and their suppressive effects on weeds. The experiment was carried out during three years in a cerrado area of the state of Goiás, Brazil, and consisted of 16 treatments with fallow and cover crops cultivated in single cropping and intercropping. Fallow allowed high weed infestation. Cover crops affected the composition of weeds, which showed greater diversity in fallow, followed by the Pennisetum glaucum 'BRS 1501' and Cajanus cajan crops. In the average of the three experimental years, the highest dry matter yield was observed for the treatments Panicum maximum (10,857 kg ha-1), Urochloa brizantha 'Piatã' (11,437 kg ha-1), U. ruziziensis (9,463 kg ha-1), and U. ruziziensis intercropped with Crotalaria spectabilis (9,167 kg ha-1), which prevented weed infestation. Pennisetum glaucum 'BRS 1501' had a low dry matter yield (<5,000 kg ha-1) and did not suppress weeds. Panicum maximum, U. brizantha 'Piatã', U. ruziziensis, and U. ruziziensis intercropped with C. spectabilis provide high dry matter yield and suppress weed infestation in the cerrado area.

RESUMO O uso de clones adaptáveis a regiões com déficit hídrico e épocas bem definidas e prolongadas de seca, como acontece no Oeste da Bahia, é uma forma de superar tal estresse. O manejo do K também interfere neste aspecto, pois regula a abertura e o fechamento dos estômatos, impedindo que a planta perca água desnecessariamente, tornando-a mais eficiente no uso da água. Logo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo de clones de eucalipto e doses de potássio para as condições edafoclimáticas do município de Luis Eduardo Magalhães, localizado no Oeste do estado da Bahia, visando à produção energética. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Foram testados seis clones de eucalipto (AEC-056, AEC-144, AEC-220, AEC-224, AEC-103 e AEC-1528), e quatro doses de K2O (0, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1). Aos dois anos de idade o clone AEC 1528 foi o que apresentou maior crescimento em altura e diâmetro enquanto o AEC 056 o menor. O clone AEC 1528 apresentou maior produtividade. Notou-se exigência diferenciada de K entre os clones de eucalipto tanto para o crescimento quanto produtividade.

ABSTRACT The use of clones adapted to regions with water deficit caused by well-defined and prolonged dry periods, as happens in the western part Bahia, is a way to overcome water stress. The adjustment of potassium (K) also influences this aspect, because it regulates the opening and closing of stomata, impeding water loss by plants and making them more efficient in water use. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of eucalyptus clones grown for energy production in response to potassium levels in soil and climate conditions, in the municipality of Luis Eduardo Magalhães, located in western Bahia state. A randomized block with four replications in a split plot was used as experimental design. Six eucalyptus clones (AEC-056, CEA-144, CEA-220, CEA-224, CEA-103 and CEA-1528) and four doses of K2O (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) were tested. At two years old, clone 1528 showed greatest productivity, with the tallest height and trunk diameter, while 056 showed the lowest performance. Different K requirements were observed among eucalyptus clones for both growth and productivity.

RESUMO O cultivo de algodoeiro adensado em segunda safra, em ambiente não irrigado, após soja ou feijão, tem aumentado no Cerrado do Centro-Oeste brasileiro. Com essa mudança de época de semeadura, as plantas de algodão estão mais expostas a condições climáticas adversas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de cultivares, densidades de plantas e épocas de semeadura sobre a produção de algodão. Os experimentos foram realizados em três anos consecutivos. Em cada ano, os tratamentos foram constituídos por duas épocas de semeadura (segunda quinzena de janeiro e primeira quinzena de fevereiro), cultivares (ciclo precoce e médio) e densidades de plantas (8,9-33,3 plantas m-2). O algodão foi semeado em segunda safra, após a colheita de soja precoce. Em cada época de semeadura, os experimentos foram instalados no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com o fator cultivar disposto na parcela e a densidade na subparcela. A produtividade do algodoeiro em segunda safra foi pouco influenciada pelas densidades de plantas e cultivares. A semeadura tardia do algodoeiro reduziu a altura de plantas, número de capulhos por área e produtividade de fibra. Com o atraso na data de semeadura, a produtividade de fibra diminuiu aproximadamente 25 %, 17 % e 41 %, respectivamente em 2009, 2010 e 2011. O fator mais determinante para o cultivo do algodoeiro em segunda safra é a época de semeadura.

ABSTRACT The second crop narrow row cotton under rainfed conditions, after soybean or common bean harvest, has increased in the Midwest Brazilian Savannah. This change in sowing date exposes cotton plants to adverse environmental conditions. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of cotton cultivars, plant densities and sowing dates on cotton yield. The experiments were conducted over three consecutive years. In each year, the treatments were two sowing dates (second half of January and first half of February), cultivars (early and mid-cycle) and plant densities (8.9-33.3 plants m-2). Cotton was sowed in the second crop, after the early soybean harvest. In each sowing date, experiments were conducted in a split-plot randomized blocks design, with cultivars arranged in plots and densities in subplots. Cotton yield in the second crop growth season was little affected by plant densities and cultivars. Late sowing reduced plant height, number of bolls per unit area and cotton lint yield. In the second sowing date, lint yield decreased nearly 25 %, 17 % and 41 %, respectively in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Sowing date is the most important factor for cotton production in a second crop.

An adequate supply of boron (B) is required for the optimal growth and development of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants, but the low phloem mobility of B limits the possibilities of correcting B deficiency. There are indications that different cotton cultivars could have different responses to B deficiency. The differences in responses of cotton cultivars to B regarding photoassimilate production and transport were studied in a greenhouse experiment with nutrient solution. Treatments consisted of three cotton cultivars (FMT 701, DP 604BG and FMX 993) and five concentrations of B (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 µmol L−1). Sampling began at the phenological stage B1 (first square) and continued for four weeks. The leaf area and the number of reproductive branches and structures decreased due to B deficiency. A higher level of abortion of reproductive structures was observed under B deficiency. Boron deficiency increased the internal CO2 concentration but decreased the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Despite the decrease in photosynthesis, nonstructural carbohydrates accumulated in the leaves due to decreased export to bolls in B-deficient plants. The response to B deficiency is similar among cotton cultivars, which shows that the variability for this trait is low even for cultivars with different genetic backgrounds.

O uso da massa (g) ou do volume (cm³) como medida da quantidade de solo para determinação do teor de C orgânico do solo (COS), bem como a utilização de diferentes métodos de determinações analíticas empregados para essa mesma finalidade, pode alterar diretamente a interpretação dos resultados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar os métodos colorimétricos e titulométricos de determinação de matéria orgânica em três solos com diferentes texturas, tomando-se as amostras por massa (pesagem) e por volume (cachimbagem). Houve variação no teor de COS entre os métodos estudados para um mesmo solo. O uso da massa e do volume alterou diretamente a interpretação dos teores de matéria orgânica no solo. Há variações nos métodos de determinação de COS entre solos de diferentes texturas.

The use of mass (g) or volume (cm³) as a measure of the amount of soil for determination of soil organic matter (SOM), as well as methods of quantitative analysis used for the same purpose, can directly affect the interpretation of results. Therefore, the methods of titulometric and colorimetric determination of organic matter were compared in three soils with different texture, sampling the soil based on mass and on volume. The organic matter content determined for a same soil differed between the methods. The use of mass or volume directly affected the interpretation of organic matter contents in soils with different texture.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade de cultivares de algodoeiro ao cloreto de mepiquat e verificar se ela está relacionada ao ciclo ou à arquitetura da planta. Foi realizado um experimento em casa de vegetação com seis cultivares de algodoeiro - FiberMax 966, FiberMax 977, Delta Penta, Delta Opal, FMT 501 e FMT 701 - e quatro doses do regulador vegetal à base de cloreto de mepiquat - 0, 7,5, 15 e 22,5 g ha-1 de i.a. -, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 6x4 e quatro repetições. As parcelas experimentais foram constituídas por vasos de 12 L com duas plantas em cada um. As doses do regulador vegetal foram aplicadas sem adjuvante, no estádio de aparecimento dos botões florais, aos 34 dias após a emergência das plântulas. Paralelamente ao experimento com doses, a retenção do regulador pelas folhas das cultivares foi quantificada. O crescimento em altura das plantas de algodoeiro é diminuído com a aplicação do regulador vegetal, e esse efeito se intensifica com o aumento da dosagem aplicada. Existe diferença entre as cultivares estudadas quanto à sensibilidade ao cloreto de mepiquat, sendo que as mais precoces são mais sensíveis. Além da sensibilidade diferenciada, a arquitetura das plantas pode possibilitar maior ou menor deposição do regulador sobre as folhas.

The objective of this work was to assess the sensibility of cotton cultivars to mepiquat chloride and to verify if it is related to plant cycle or architecture. A green-house experiment was carried out with six cotton cultivars - FiberMax 966, FiberMax 977, Delta Penta, Delta Opal, FMT 501 e FMT 701 -, and four concentrations of mepiquat chloride plant growth regulator - 0, 7,5, 15 and 22,5 g ha-1 of the active ingredient - in complete block design with a 6x4 factorial arrangement and four replicates. The plots consisted of 12 L pots with two plants per pot. Regulator doses were applied without adjuvants at the beginning of flowering, 34 days after emergence of seedlings. Besides the experiment with doses, the regulator deposition on leaves of each cultivar was quantified. The growth regulator reduces the growth of cotton plants, and this effect is intensified by increasing the dosage. There are differences among cotton cultivars regarding their sensibility to mepiquat chloride, with the earliest cultivars being the most sensitive. Besides differential sensibility, cultivar architecture can provide greater or lesser regulator deposition on leaves.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento de sementes com inseticidas e um bioestimulante na germinação no crescimento da planta e raiz de soja. Foram realizados dois experimentos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em que as sementes foram tratadas com aldicarb, thiametoxan, imidacloprid e duas testemunhas: uma sem produto e uma com bioestimulante. Em laboratório, as unidades experimentais constituíram-se de rolos de papel toalha com sementes de soja, para avaliar o vigor, a germinação, as plantas anormais e mortas, o comprimento de radículas e de plântulas. Nos testes em casa de vegetação, as unidades experimentais constituíram-se de tubos de PVC, com volume de 16 dm³, e foram avaliados: os teores de N, P e K; a matéria seca; o comprimento, a área e o raio médio radicular; a eficiência de absorção de N, P e K; e a taxa de crescimento radicular da soja. Os tratamentos de sementes de soja com os inseticidas e o bioestimulante levam à formação de raízes mais finas, o que caracteriza um efeito tônico. O produto aldicarb, na dose empregada, prejudica o vigor e a germinação das sementes de soja. O tratamento de sementes com inseticidas e bioestimulante não proporciona maior crescimento das raízes das plantas de soja.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of seed treatment with insecticides and biostimulant on soybean germination and plant and root growth. Two experiments were performed in complete randomized blocks, in which seeds were treated with aldicarb, thiamethoxan, imidacloprid and two checks: one without treatment and one treated with biostimulant. The experimental units at the laboratory were germination sheet rolls with soybean seeds. Plantlet vigor, germination, normal and abnormal plantlets, root and hypocotyl lengths were evaluated. For the greenhouse study PVC pots with 16 dm-3 were used, and determinations were made for: N, P and K contents; dry matter yield; root length, surface and radius; N, P and K uptake efficiency; and root growth rate. Soybean treatments with insecticides and biostimulant led to thinner roots formation, which characterizes plant regulator-like effects. The product aldicarb used in dose applied affects the vigor and germination of seeds. Seed treatment with insecticides and biostimulant does not increase root and plant growth in soybean.